{"id":2826,"date":"2019-06-28T15:27:51","date_gmt":"2019-06-28T08:27:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=2826"},"modified":"2022-03-30T19:43:03","modified_gmt":"2022-03-30T12:43:03","slug":"pham-hiep-vannevar-bush","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/pham-hiep-vannevar-bush\/","title":{"rendered":"Vannevar Bush (Ph\u1ea1m Hi\u1ec7p tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y)"},"content":{"rendered":"

VANNEVAR BUSH <\/span><\/h1>\n

v\u00e0 <\/span><\/h1>\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc \u2212 Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/i><\/span><\/h1>\n

Ph\u1ea1m Hi\u1ec7p tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y<\/em><\/span>
\n<\/span><\/h2>\n

(\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2010)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/i>. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i vui m\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 Ph\u1ea1m Hi\u1ec7p cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng Vannevar Bush \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn cho s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn. B\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft cho K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt 200 N\u0103m<\/i>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 2011 t\u1ea1i Nxb Tri Th\u1ee9c, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4 B\u1ea3o Ch\u00e2u \u2013 Pierre Darriulat \u2013 Cao Huy Thu\u1ea7n \u2013 Ho\u00e0ng T\u1ee5y \u2013 Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh \u2013 Ph\u1ea1m Xu\u00e2n Y\u00eam. Ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean Khoa h\u1ecdc \u2013 Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/i> \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho Big Science t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111em l\u1ea1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 an ninh cho qu\u1ed1c gia.\u00a0Tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m t\u1eaft trong ba \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n

-Khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 \u201cng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng tri th\u1ee9c\u201d v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, kinh t\u1ebf qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 y t\u1ebf;<\/p>\n

-Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc (v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trung, \u0111\u00fang theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Humboldt);<\/p>\n

-C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c (partnership) \u201cchi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, colleges, vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00ean, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang M\u1ef9 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 cung c\u1ea5p ng\u00e2n qu\u1ef9 cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ea1nh tranh kh\u00e1ch quan.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Bush l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 phi-t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a<\/em> v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c<\/em> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf s\u1eb5n c\u00f3. \u00d4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ngay c\u1ea3 trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00f4m \u0111\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 chi ph\u00ed cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi ai tr\u1eeb n\u01a1i h\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c.\u00a0NXX<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u \u201cth\u1ea7n k\u1ef3\u201d n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3, qua \u0111\u00f3 \u201ch\u00edch\u201d n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y b\u1ee9t xa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c? Ai l\u00e0 \u201cki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00fa \u201ch\u00edch\u201d \u0111\u00f3? Kh\u00f4ng ai kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Vannevar Bush, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng ra ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ebfu t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn cho Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00f3i chung.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"Vannevar

Vannevar Bush (1890-1974)<\/p><\/div>\n

Vannevar Bush sinh ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1890 v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1974 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ea1i Massachusetts, Hoa K\u1ef3. T\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tuft v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Massachusetts (MIT). Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 I, V. Bush l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho \u1ee6y ban Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia (NRC), tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb r\u00f2 s\u00f3ng trong l\u00f2ng bi\u1ec3n. N\u0103m 1919, V. Bush quay v\u1ec1 MIT v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Khoa K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0110i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1932. C\u0169ng trong qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, V. Bush c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia l\u00e0 Laurence K. Marshall \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra c\u00f4ng ty Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb Hoa K\u1ef3 chuy\u00ean kinh doanh d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m mang t\u00ean S-tube, m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb chuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch s\u00f3ng; v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec Bush \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n t\u1eeb ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1932, Bush b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khi nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c Ph\u00f3 Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a MIT. V.Bush \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb n\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1939, trong qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1n kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c cho vi\u1ec7c ra \u0111\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Kinh t\u1ebf Hoa K\u1ef3, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. N\u0103m 1939 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u0103m \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a V. Bush khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nh\u1eadn 2 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u1edbi: Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c H\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7n Carnegie t\u1ea1i Washington v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n H\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng Qu\u1ed1c Gia (NACA). \u1ede c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, V. Bush c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o trong Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1940, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng c\u0169ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1ee6y ban Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng Qu\u1ed1c gia (NDRC). N\u00f3i l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1edfi, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 nhen nh\u00f3m trong \u00f4ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u00f4ng \u0111ang l\u00e0m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh t\u1ea1i MIT nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 I. Ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, qua \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng l\u00fac c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1943, 1944, V. Bush v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc (OSRD, t\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a NDRC) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u01a1n 30,000 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec d\u1ef1 \u00e1n Manhattan (d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean), \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 200 lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed nh\u01b0 sonar, radar, t\u00ean l\u1eeda fuze, xe t\u0103ng l\u1ed9i n\u01b0\u1edbc, bom s\u00e1ng Norden\u2026. Nh\u1eefng v\u0169 kh\u00ed n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em b\u00e1n cho c\u1ea3 2 b\u00ean tham chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0, Hoa K\u1ef3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau l\u1ee3i \u00edch kinh t\u1ebf. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a V. Bush ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t l\u00ean cao, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Roosevelt c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m C\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1944, khi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c s\u1edbm k\u1ebft th\u00fac chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Roosevelt g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 cho V. Bush v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 17\/11\/1944, v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung xung quanh 4 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Hoa K\u1ef3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eeba chia s\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian chi\u1ebfn tranh, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n y?<\/li>\n
  2. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt v\u00e0 li\u1ec7u Hoa K\u1ef3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh y, d\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3?<\/li>\n
  3. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd?<\/li>\n
  4. Li\u1ec7u Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c t\u00e0i n\u0103ng tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong th\u1eddi gian chi\u1ebfn tranh?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c V. Bush tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd nh\u01b0 James B. Conant, Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard, Karl Compton, Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c MIT, Frank Jewett, Vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c Gia \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

    \"\"

    Vannevar Bush t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp \u1edf Berkeley th\u00e1ng 3, n\u0103m 1940 b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n cyclotron v\u1edbi (t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i sang ph\u1ea3i): Ernest O. Lawrence, Arthur H. Compton, Vannevar Bush, James B. Conant, Karl T. Compton, and Alfred L. Loomis.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n
    \n

    Tinh th\u1ea7n ti\u00ean phong v\u1ed1n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y. Khoa h\u1ecdc cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong tha h\u1ed3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi. Ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ebfm t\u00ecm n\u00e0y cho m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 cho c\u1ea3 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00f3i chung th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 xi\u1ebft. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t cho an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, cho s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0i to\u00e1n th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p, cho ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n minh h\u01a1n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

    Tr\u00edch th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a V. Bush g\u1eedi T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Truman ng\u00e0y 25\/7\/1945 (b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 k\u00e8m theo B\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o Khoa h\u1ecdc \u2013 Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/em>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    T\u00e1m th\u00e1ng sau, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7\/1945 nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a V. Bush \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Truman (ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay th\u1ebf Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y 12\/4\/1945) b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o mang t\u00ean \u201cKhoa h\u1ecdc \u2013 Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/i>\u201d (Science \u2013 The Endless Frontier) trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau ra:<\/p>\n

    An ninh qu\u1ed1c gia<\/b>, V. Bush cho r\u1eb1ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, ngay c\u1ea3 trong th\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u00ec Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, th\u00ec c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n

    Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt<\/b>, V. Bush ph\u00e2n t\u00edch r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n l\u00e2u h\u1ecd m\u1edbi v\u1edbi t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ban \u0111\u1ea7u; khi ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c hai d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t, l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ed1 sinh m\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 binh l\u00ednh n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft trong chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 II. Do v\u1eady, V. Bush \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u00e0o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u y, d\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

    Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/b>, Bush cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh trong c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i. Th\u1ebf c\u00f2n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n? \u2013 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, b\u1edfi n\u1ebfu Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m, th\u00ec s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng ai l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ea3. Ti\u1ebfp theo, V. Bush \u0111\u1eb7t ti\u1ebfp c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u201cTh\u1ebf th\u00ec ai s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u\u201d. T\u1ea1i Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p th\u1eddi \u1ea5y (v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd), \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3, t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. V. Bush kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 II, V. Bush cho r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. C\u0169ng trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, V. Bush l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf h\u00f3a trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng tin khoa h\u1ecdc. V\u00e0 theo V. Bush, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf h\u1ee3p l\u00fd nh\u1eb1m thu h\u00fat c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

    Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c t\u00e0i n\u0103ng tr\u1ebb<\/b>, V. Bush d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o vi\u1ec7c h\u1eabng h\u1ee5t nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai g\u1ea7n b\u1edfi qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u binh l\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf d\u1edf vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. V. Bush cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ebf c\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua. \u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, V. Bush \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ngay c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u1ebb. C\u0169ng trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t quen thu\u1ed9c ng\u00e0y nay, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c: \u201ct\u1ef1 do nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u\u201d. Bush cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o sao cho nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do theo \u0111u\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd; xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 t\u00f2 m\u00f2 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft. V\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u201cnh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra, qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh trung th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan, th\u00ec c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 xem n\u00ean hay kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \n

    S\u1ef0 QUAN TR\u1eccNG C\u1ee6A NGHI\u00caN C\u1ee8U C\u01a0 B\u1ea2N<\/p>\n

    Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n) l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t l\u1ea1i cho ta l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i cho nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m vai tr\u00f2 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y. Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n qu\u00e1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a anh ta; trong khi \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ng\u1eebng tr\u1ec7 n\u1ebfu khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean.<\/p>\n

    Khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111em l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n khoa h\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean sinh ra. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi; m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

    \u2026<\/p>\n

    M\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf trong c\u1ea1nh tranh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

    Tr\u00edch Khoa h\u1ecdc \u2212 Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a B\u00e1o c\u00e1o Khoa h\u1ecdc \u2013 Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/i> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan m\u1edbi nh\u1eb1m t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: \u201cC\u01a1 quan \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. C\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh\u201d. Th\u1eadt may m\u1eafn cho Hoa K\u1ef3 (\u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 cho c\u1ea3 n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i chung) l\u00e0 Truman \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tin t\u01b0\u1edfng V. Bush \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. V\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1947, k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 80 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ef9 Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia NSF (National Science Foundation; h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ban \u0111\u1ea7u do Bush \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t Qu\u1ef9 Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Qu\u1ed1c gia – National Research Foundation), c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ee9ng ra th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u00e0 V. Bush \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 2 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

    \n

    \u201cM\u1ed9t v\u1ecb thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7t t\u00e0i l\u00e8o l\u00e1i con thuy\u1ec1n qua m\u1ecdi tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i d\u00f9 cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u1ea5t.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Tr\u00edch \u0110i\u1ebfu v\u0103n t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb V. Bush c\u1ee7a Th\u1eddi b\u00e1o New York<\/i><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

    Ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a V. Bush \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. Qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 50-70 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX l\u00e0 qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 \u201cn\u1edf hoa\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3. Trong v\u00f2ng 26 n\u0103m t\u1eeb 1950 \u0111\u1ebfn 1975, c\u1ea3 26 gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 g\u00f3p m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3; gi\u1ea3i Nobel Y \u2013 Sinh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i (c\u0169ng 26 gi\u1ea3i); c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, trong qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong 18\/26 gi\u1ea3i. Gi\u1ea3i Nobel Kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1969, v\u00e0 trong 8 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u, Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u0169ng gi\u00e0nh t\u1edbi 6 gi\u1ea3i. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 78 gi\u1ea3i Nobel trong v\u00f2ng 26 n\u0103m, g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00fang 6 l\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3i (13 gi\u1ea3i) m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong v\u00f2ng 40 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb 1900 \u0111\u1ebfn 1940. \u0110\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ra \u0111\u1eddi Qu\u1ef9 NSF, m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng nhanh \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 (n\u1ebfu v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1953, t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng \u1edf quy m\u00f4 to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 5,3%; th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1965 l\u00e0 7,9%; n\u0103m 1975 l\u00e0 10%; n\u0103m 2004 l\u00e0 13,6%).<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00f2n trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u0169ng li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u kh\u1ea3 quan. L\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1edfi m\u1edf khi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sang Hoa K\u1ef3 h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, Hoa K\u1ef3 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u201ctinh hoa\u201d tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c1, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd sau khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n

    Ng\u00e0y nay, khi \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i \u201cKhoa h\u1ecdc: Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 t\u1eadn\u201d c\u1ee7a V. Bush, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng nh\u01b0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0: \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng d\u00e0nh cho sinh vi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n\u2026. Nh\u01b0ng, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng, V. Bush \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft ra t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n 60 n\u0103m, t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc thua xa hi\u1ec7n nay r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n; v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a V. Bush t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, hi\u1ec7n nay c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang n\u1eefa; hay c\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n V. Bush \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i V. Bush l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed g\u00e2y n\u00ean th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1945; nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, V. Bush \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd ra ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. C\u00f2n m\u1ed9t chi ti\u1ebft n\u1eefa c\u0169ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a V. Bush, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1930, ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t ra \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng Memex m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Internet m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00e0y nay. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec n\u1eefa, V. Bush x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n vinh nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX.<\/p>\n

    T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/p>\n

    [1] Atkinson and Blanpied, \u201cResearch Universities: Core of the U.S Science and Technology System<\/i>\u201d, Research & Occasional Paper Series: CSHE, University of California, Berkeley, 2007.<\/p>\n

    [2] Atkinson, \u201cThe role of Research in the University of the future<\/i>\u201d, report in The United Nations University Tokyo, Japan, November, 1997.<\/p>\n

    [3] Vannevar Bush, wikipedia<\/p>\n

    Vannevar Bush, \u201cScience \u2212 The Endless Frontier<\/i>\u201d, A report to the President, July, 1945.<\/p>\n

    \n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    VANNEVAR BUSH v\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc \u2212 Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn Ph\u1ea1m Hi\u1ec7p tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y (\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2010)   L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i vui m\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 Ph\u1ea1m Hi\u1ec7p cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng Vannevar Bush \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2826"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2826"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2826\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2840,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2826\/revisions\/2840"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2826"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2826"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2826"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}