{"id":2883,"date":"2019-07-17T19:54:49","date_gmt":"2019-07-17T12:54:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=2883"},"modified":"2022-03-28T15:03:47","modified_gmt":"2022-03-28T08:03:47","slug":"alan-turing-duoc-chon-anh-tren-dong-bang-anh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/alan-turing-duoc-chon-anh-tren-dong-bang-anh\/","title":{"rendered":"Alan Turing \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn \u1ea3nh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea3ng Anh!<\/i>"},"content":{"rendered":"

ALAN TURING<\/span><\/h1>\n

\u0110\u01af\u1ee2C GI\u1ea2I H\u1ea0N V\u00c0 H\u1ed2I SINH<\/span><\/p>\n

NGUY\u1ec4N XU\u00c2N XANH<\/span><\/h2>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/i>. Tin m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t l\u00fac chi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 Ba, 16\/7\/2019, tr\u00ean b\u00e1o M\u1ef9 cho bi\u1ebft, Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng Anh qu\u1ed1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho ra t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y b\u1ea1c m\u1ec7nh gi\u00e1 \u00a350 v\u1edbi \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Alan Turing v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m, 2021. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tin m\u1eebng cho gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd, ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eadt v\u1eeba qua, ng\u00e0y 14\/7, C\u00e0 Ph\u00ea Th\u1ee9 B\u1ea3y TP HCM \u0111\u00e3 cho chi\u1ebfu phim<\/p>\n

THE IMITATION GAME <\/b><\/p>\n

NG\u01af\u1edcI GI\u1ea2I M\u00c3<\/b>
\nT\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 bi k\u1ecbch<\/p>\n

\"Image<\/p>\n

Phim The Imitation Game<\/i> (2014)<\/p>\n

v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Alan Turing thi\u00ean t\u00e0i nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh m\u00e0 b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c bi th\u1ea3m t\u1eeb tay c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u201cc\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng\u201d, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i \u00f4ng \u201cl\u00e0m b\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1i thu\u1ea7n phong m\u1ef9 t\u1ee5c\u201d, “gross indecency” n\u0103m 1952, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t \u00f4ng, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u201cthi\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t\u201d, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111au th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 41, tu\u1ed5i c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y b\u1ea1c 50 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea3ng Anh lan truy\u1ec1n nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp h\u00e0nh tinh, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i xin l\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Alan Turing, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 tin vui nh\u1ea5t 65 n\u0103m sau ng\u00e0y m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng Alan Turing l\u00ean ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y Anh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean qua, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. C\u00f4ng l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho \u00f4ng. Alan Turing \u0111ang h\u1ed3i sinh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng Anh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i Alan Turing v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh. Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f2n c\u00f3 72 qu\u1ed1c gia trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p (36 trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed1i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung) v\u00e0 11 qu\u1ed1c gia trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed. S\u1ef1 vinh danh Alan Turing g\u1eedi \u0111i m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi: con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 nhau (T\u1edd The Guardian Anh).<\/p>\n

\u201cAlan Turing l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c to l\u1edbn l\u00ean c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ng\u00e0y nay\u201d, Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Anh Mark Carney n\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

\"The<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1t h\u1ecda gi\u1ea5y b\u1ea1c \u00a350 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh Alan Turing s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2021<\/p>\n

\u201cL\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb anh h\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfn tranh, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a Alan Turing l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Turing l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean vai\u201d, Carney ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Alan Turing tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t nhi\u1ec1u thi\u00ean t\u00e0i v\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, n\u1ebfu qu\u1ed1c gia h\u00e0nh x\u1eed k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7, v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, hay v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fd do g\u00ec. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 cho nh\u1eefng \u201c\u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 th\u00f9 h\u1eb1n\u201d chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o BBC vi\u1ebft, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi con nh\u01b0 Turing.<\/p>\n

N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean h\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y: Rosalind Franklin, Stephen Hawking, Ada Lovelace, James Clerk Maxwell, Ernest Rutherford, Srinivasa Ramanujan \u2026<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i notes<\/i> ghi nh\u1eadn v\u00e0i n\u00e9t ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Alan Turing, ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, do t\u00ednh th\u1eddi gian gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh cho bu\u1ed5i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 phim The Imitation Game n\u00f3i tr\u00ean t\u1ea1i CPTB.<\/p>\n

\u2055\u2055\u2055<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ed5 m\u00e1y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ea5t k\u00ednh chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 khi ch\u00fang ta sinh ra con c\u00e1i: \u0110\u00fang h\u01a1n, ch\u00fang ta trong c\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u00fd mu\u1ed1n Ng\u00e0i, l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd cho nh\u1eefng linh h\u1ed3n m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i t\u1ea1o ra.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

ALAN TURING<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/p>\n

Khi nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd M\u1ef9 Robert Oppenheimer ch\u1edd khai tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ee6y ban th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n \u0111ang c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb t\u1ed1i m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u00f4ng Isadore Rabi t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch an \u1ee7i \u00f4ng: \u201cOppy, n\u1ebfu ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf Anh qu\u1ed1c, th\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecb hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed r\u1ed3i\u201d.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu Oppenheimer \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn Th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1edd c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n Manhattan, th\u00ec Alan Turing c\u0169ng s\u1ebd x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eadt m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u1ea1o m\u1eadt m\u00e3 Enigma c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3.<\/p>\n

Turing nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t vinh d\u1ef1 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n vinh d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecb hi\u1ec7p s\u0129, b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecb hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng khai c\u00f4ng lao b\u1ebb kh\u00f3a m\u1eadt m\u00e3 \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh mu\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh v\u00e0 gi\u1eef k\u00edn 25 n\u0103m, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 sau khi Turing m\u1ea5t. Vinh d\u1ef1 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n th\u00ec ti\u1ebfc thay kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap \u00edch cho Turing khi \u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 k\u1ebft \u00e1n v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i \u201cl\u00e0m b\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1i thu\u1ea7n phong m\u1ef9 t\u1ee5c\u201d.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/p>\n

Alan Turing sinh ng\u00e0y 23\/6\/1912 t\u1ea1i London, m\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y 7\/6\/1954 t\u1ea1i Wilmslow, Cheshire.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, l\u00f4 g\u00edc h\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng cho to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, l\u00f4 g\u00edc h\u1ecdc, gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 m\u1eadt m\u00e3, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, sinh h\u1ecdc to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 cho l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c (b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7), tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Alan Turing t\u1eebng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng xa \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. M\u1eb9 \u00f4ng, Saha Turing, c\u00f3 thai \u00f4ng \u1edf Chhatarpur, \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9, v\u00e0 sinh ra t\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4n khi b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec9. Khi \u00f4ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u00ec b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng giao \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i cho m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng nh\u1edd nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. Sau n\u00e0y m\u1eb9 Alan tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 Alan s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi m\u1eb9. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Alan:<\/p>\n

-L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea7y \u00f3c t\u00f2 m\u00f2, v\u00e0 h\u00f3m h\u1ec9nh;<\/p>\n

-Th\u00edch ch\u01a1i tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u00e0 c\u1edd vua, th\u00edch tr\u1ebb em.<\/p>\n

-Th\u00edch s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea1y b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 h\u1ea1ng hay \u0111i xe \u0111\u1ea1p; ch\u1ea1y b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u00f4ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd b\u00ean trong b\u1edfi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

-M\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Alan m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o nh\u1ebfch nh\u00e1c, t\u00f3c d\u00e0i, v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1:<\/p>\n

Alan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3ng tr\u00ed xa r\u1eddi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 m\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng, r\u00fat m\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1c suy ngh\u0129 anh ta, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0m cho anh ta tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u2026 C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fac s\u1ef1 nh\u00fat nh\u00e1t l\u00e0m cho anh v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 … Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, anh ta tin r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1ea9n d\u1eadt trong m\u1ed9t tu vi\u1ec7n Trung c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd r\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi anh h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

-T\u00ednh t\u00ecnh l\u1eadp d\u1ecb (eccentric)<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t tr\u00ean l\u00e0m cho \u00f4ng g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t t\u1ef1 k\u1ef7-Asperger.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc n\u1ed9i tr\u00fa Sherborne, Turing kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh. \u00d4ng y\u00eau v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh y\u00eau say \u0111\u1eafm c\u1ee7a tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb m\u1ed9t b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc t\u00ean Christopher Morcom. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p, Morcom th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh lao. Turing v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn. Trong l\u00e1 th\u01b0 g\u1eedi cho m\u1eb9 m\u00ecnh, Turing vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

Con c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng con s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i Morcom \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c chung cho ch\u00fang con \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, b\u1edfi con \u0111\u00e3 tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c chung cho ch\u00fang con \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd con b\u1ecb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh, con kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m cho anh th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng. N\u1ebfu con th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, con s\u1ebd x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n anh \u1ea5y h\u01a1n l\u00e0 con b\u00e2y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n

Bi k\u1ecbch n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 se l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ri\u00eang t\u01b0. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 tr\u1ecd c\u1ee7a Turing vi\u1ebft cho m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng n\u0103m 1927: \u201cKh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i, anh ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu con trai \u2018b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng\u2019; m\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng l\u1eafm, nh\u01b0ng c\u1eadu \u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00edt h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac h\u01a1n.\u201d<\/p>\n

Turing lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh l\u00e0m cho \u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y l\u1ea1c l\u00f5ng h\u01a1n, \u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c cam k\u1ebft t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi ai. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, \u00f4ng l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 h\u1ecfi v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eef trong nh\u00f3m gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi, v\u00ec \u00f4ng t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0i to\u00e1n th\u1ee9 3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c David Hilbert \u0111\u1eb7t ra. N\u0103m 1928, t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 VIII t\u1ea1i Bologna, \u00dd, Hilbert \u0111\u1eb7t ra ba v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. T\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n (Consistency): M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n khi kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 P v\u00e0 v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng(P), cho m\u1ecdi m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 P c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
  2. T\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 (Completeness): M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n cho ph\u00e9p ch\u1ee9ng minh ho\u1eb7c P v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng(P).<\/li>\n
  3. T\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, Entscheidungsproblem, <\/i>c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc: Cho m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 P c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n, r\u1eb1ng P c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy di\u1ec5n ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 cho hay kh\u00f4ng. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang th\u1eadt (truth) hay t\u00ednh sai (falsity) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o cho tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft nhau, h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a r\u1eb1ng trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, m\u1ed7i m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u00fang hay sai, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t trong hai \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f4i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, completeness<\/i>, c\u1ee7a Hilbert. Hilbert tin c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u00e0o hai b\u00e0i to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 yes: \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u00e0i to\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d, trong khi b\u00e0i to\u00e1n th\u1ee9 3 l\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf.<\/p>\n

    Trong v\u00f2ng 3 n\u0103m, Kurt G\u00f6del, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi 25 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi m\u1eb9 \u1edf Vienna, m\u1edbi xong lu\u1eadn \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 t\u1ea1i \u0110H Vienna, \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf hai \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kinh ng\u1ea1c: kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng. Trong c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00fd b\u1ea5t to\u00e0n<\/i> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, G\u00f6del ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fang hay sai. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kinh ng\u1ea1c cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho David Hilbert.<\/p>\n

    N\u0103m 1934, Turing bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u1ee9 3, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n 1935 \u0111\u1ebfn 1936. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a Hilbert \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay kh\u00f4ng. Khi gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 to\u00e1n Max Newman \u1edf Cambridge d\u1ea1y Turing v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Hilbert, \u00f4ng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y: C\u00f3 ch\u0103ng m\u1ed9t \u201cqu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u01a1 kh\u00ed\u201d (mechanical process) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00f4 g\u00edc cho tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh kh\u00f4ng? M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u1ecd v\u00e0o h\u00e8 1935, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3, Turing nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea1y b\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh d\u1ecdc theo s\u00f4ng Ely, sau v\u00e0i d\u1eb7m \u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u201cm\u00e1y \u1ea3o\u201d (imaginary machine) l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u201cqu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u01a1 kh\u00ed\u201d kia \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o b\u00e0i to\u00e1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

    B\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u201cComputable numbers with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem<\/i>\u201d, ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng b\u00e0i to\u00e1n th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a Hilbert l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u00e1y Turing<\/i>. T\u1ea1i \u0110H Princeton, Alonzo Church c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. Nh\u01b0ng Church c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Turing c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1eeb m\u00e1y Turing<\/i>. \u1ede tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi 24, t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ghi kh\u00f4ng phai m\u1edd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng concept c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 (Isaacson, 47).<\/p>\n

    Trong khi Church s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng cho l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, th\u00ec Turing \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m computer, t\u1ee9c m\u00e1y Turing<\/i>. M\u00e1y Turing l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t computer th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf: \u201cchi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e9t (scanning head) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u0103ng gi\u1ea5y d\u00e0i v\u00f4 t\u1eadn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u201cb\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn\u201d (instructions table, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, program). Turing c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y \u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u201cph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t\u201d (universal) theo ngh\u0129a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u00e1y \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n trong m\u1ed7i l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, M\u00e1y Turing<\/i> t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u00f4 g\u00edc c\u1ee7a computer hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

    N\u0103m sau \u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Princeton \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i Logic To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc<\/i> d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Church (ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1938). \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng g\u1eb7p John von Neumann. Sau khi Turing t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p, von Neumann m\u1eddi \u00f4ng \u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi \u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn d\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh, n\u00ean \u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m b\u1ebb kh\u00f3a m\u1eadt m\u00e3 \u0110\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c, gi\u00fap Anh v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed3ng minh tr\u00e1nh t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t, r\u00fat ng\u1eafn chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng.<\/p>\n

    John von Neumann nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng concept trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u0103m 1936 c\u1ee7a Turing. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, m\u00e1y Turing l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u00ednh to\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

    R\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc Turing kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh to\u00e1n. N\u0103m 1965, hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, Association for Computing Machinery<\/em>, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng A. M. Turing \u0111\u1ec3 vinh danh \u00f4ng; gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i Nobel cho t\u00ednh to\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

    Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh l\u1edbn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Turing \u0111ang n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng tai h\u1ecda th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do n\u1ebfu c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Turing di\u1ec5n ra 15 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Turing l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 b\u00ed \u1ea9n m\u1eadt m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 (Stephen Hawking).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Alan Turing c\u1ee7a Stephen Kettle t\u1ea1i Bletchley Park, n\u01a1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a
    \nT\u1ed5 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 Enigma, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e1 n\u00fai v\u00f9ng Wales.
    \n(Wikipedia)<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    B\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m Alan Turing d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Turing t\u1ea1i Sackville Park \u1edf Manchester<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Turing l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o cho gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh. N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc khoan dung v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (\u0110\u1ea1i hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1215, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a vua) v\u00e0 khoan dung v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o (n\u0103m 1689, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o) t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, t\u1eebng l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, t\u1ef1 do cho Hoa K\u1ef3, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t h\u1eb9p h\u00f2i v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh. C\u0169ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u1edfi m\u1edf kinh t\u1ebf, c\u1ee7a laissez-faire, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc. C\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Alan Turing l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111en t\u1ed1i s\u0103n l\u00f9ng \u201cph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y\u201d m\u1ea5y th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Do t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, m\u00ea t\u00edn suy gi\u1ea3m. N\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u1edf Anh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Janet Horne v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1727.<\/p>\n

    V\u0103n h\u00f3a Thung l\u0169ng Silicon n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nhi\u1ec1u cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 n\u1eef Sappho s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Lesbos c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 TCN, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1eeb lesbian.<\/p>\n

    [4]<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c thi\u00ean t\u00e0i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay. Nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh nghi\u1ec7t ng\u00e3, mang nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i \u00fd mu\u1ed1n, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh t\u1ef1 k\u1ef7-Asperger, c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n s\u1ed1ng b\u00ean l\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u201cTHI\u00caN T\u00c0I TH\u01af\u1edcNG L\u00c0 M\u1ed8T S\u1ef0 B\u1ea4T B\u00ccNH TH\u01af\u1edcNG\u201d, Genius is likely to be an abnormality, nh\u01b0 TS Temple Grandin, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng autism-Asperger vi\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i: \u201cBLESSED ARE THE CRACKED, FOR THEY SHALL LET IN THE LIGHT\u201d. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ban \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u201cn\u1ee9t r\u1ea1n\u201d, b\u1edfi v\u1ecb h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y. \u201cN\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y \u0111i h\u1ebft c\u00e1c gene b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf to\u00e1n\u201d nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c vi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

    Gi\u1edbi t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u00ean t\u00e0i. Thi\u00ean t\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra hay sinh ra? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i tranh c\u00e3i l\u00e2u n\u0103m. Thi\u00ean t\u00e0i v\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Schopenhauer \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa t\u00e0i n\u0103ng (talent) v\u00e0 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i (genius) nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

    T\u00e0i n\u0103ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a ai gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Thi\u00ean t\u00e0i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u1eb7t ra.<\/p>\n

    -Naiveness and childishness, T\u00ednh th\u01a1 ng\u00e2y v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb con, s\u1ef1 v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi (Mozart, Beethoven, Einstein; Mozart \u201cnh\u00ecn m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 th\u1ea5y v\u00e0ng nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 kim tuy\u1ebfn l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh\u201d nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u00f3i). Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, th\u1ea5y \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n

    Mozart vi\u1ebft cho b\u1ed1:<\/p>\n

    Con kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thi v\u1ecb, v\u00ec con kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1. Con kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u v\u0103n l\u1ea1i kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 s\u1eafc th\u00e1i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec con kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ecda s\u1ef9. Con c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 hay d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u, v\u00ec con kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khi\u00eau v\u0169. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 con c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n

    (Th\u01b0 g\u1eedi cha ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 11, 1777 t\u1eeb Mannheim)<\/p>\n

    Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 th\u01a1 ng\u00e2y d\u1eabn d\u1eaft h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd theo \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft, nh\u01b0 Einstein ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd cho r\u1eb1ng, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

    R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u thi\u00ean t\u00e0i m\u1eafc h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng autism-Asperger. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta:<\/p>\n

    -R\u00fat lui, s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh, trong c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n, c\u00f4 l\u1eadp<\/p>\n

    -L\u1eadp d\u1ecb (eccentric)<\/p>\n

    -Kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i t\u1eadp th\u1ec3<\/p>\n

    -Kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xung quanh; kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ebb b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 \u0103n m\u1eb7c<\/p>\n

    -V\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng<\/p>\n

    -Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd khoe khoang nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, xem \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd<\/p>\n

    -Si\u00eau-t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, khoa h\u1ecdc hay ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 qu\u00ean \u0111i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xung quanh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Einstein n\u00f3i, s\u1ef1 \u0111am m\u00ea khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

    -C\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng suy ngh\u0129 \u201cbottom-up\u201d t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean tr\u00ean, t\u1eeb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng (association), t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (imagination), s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o (creative) \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, ph\u00e1t minh nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e0i n\u0103ng (talent).<\/p>\n

    -Th\u00f4ng minh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng h\u00e3y ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3i Nobel \u1edf nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m B+ nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111i\u1ec3m A, hay A+. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ecfi \u1edf nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u00f3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd theo \u0111u\u1ed5i t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. C\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u00f4n kh\u00e1c h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m. Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp thu tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

    -Si\u00eau nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m (Mozart: \u201cT\u00f4i c\u00f3 tr\u00e1i tim qu\u00e1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m\u201d)<\/p>\n

    -Kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/p>\n

    -Th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t tai h\u1ecda s\u1eafp x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd<\/p>\n

    -Kh\u00f4ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xung quanh<\/p>\n

    -D\u1ec5 b\u1ecb tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 khi ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 t\u1eed<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean l\u1ea1c gi\u1eefa Genius v\u00e0 Madness, v\u00e0 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea1y xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed qua r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u thi\u00ean t\u00e0i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 Archimedes, Thomas Jefferson, Spinoza, Isaac Newton, Immanuel Kant, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Vincent van Gogh, Charles Darwin, Gregor Mendel, David Hilbert, Marie Curie, Albert Einstein, Norbert Wiener, Kurt G\u00f6del, Paul Erd\u00f6s, Srinivasa Ramanujan v.v.<\/p>\n

    Kurt G\u00f6del \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n b\u1ecb t\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 n\u1eb7ng. \u00d4ng su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u00e2m m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9c, n\u00ean \u00edt \u0103n. \u00d4ng s\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 Adele ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0103n, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u0103m 1978 b\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng lo cho \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa, khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng sau \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0103n v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u1eddi. Nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Ramanujan c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. \u00d4ng \u0103n chay tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m do \u00f4ng t\u1ef1 n\u1ea5u. Do qu\u00e1 \u0111am m\u00ea c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, \u00f4ng \u0103n u\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00ean s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng xu\u1ed1ng d\u1ed1c v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh lao. \u0110\u01b0a v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian th\u00ec \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

    Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 John Nash gi\u1ea3i Nobel Kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean phim A Beautiful Mind<\/i>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i C\u00e0 Ph\u00ea Th\u1ee9 B\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Alan Turing, minh h\u1ecda cho th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn \u0111au th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u00ean t\u00e0i. \u201cCh\u1eef t\u00e0i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ch\u1eef tai m\u1ed9t v\u1ea7n\u201d (Nguy\u1ec5n Du), nh\u01b0ng tai \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cl\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh\u201d s\u1eb5n cho ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn thi\u00ean t\u00e0i, tr\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 Alan Turing, tai l\u00e0 do ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e2y ra.<\/p>\n

    Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng thi\u00ean ph\u00fa mu\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c, khao kh\u00e1t t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong t\u01b0 duy, \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u1ebfu x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cb\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d, th\u00ec c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Alan Turing cho th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

    Tham kh\u1ea3o <\/i><\/p>\n

    [1] Douglas R. Hofstadter, G\u00d6DEL, ESCHER, BACH: An Eternal Golden Braid<\/i>. BasicBooks, 1999.<\/p>\n

    [2] Walter Isaacson, The Innovators. How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution<\/i>. Simon & Schuster, 2014.<\/p>\n

    [3] Stephen Hawking (edited, with commentary), God Created the Integers<\/i>. The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History<\/i>. Running Press, 2005.<\/p>\n

    [4] Martin Campbell-Kelly, William Aspray, Nathan Ensmenger, Jeffrey R. Yost, Computer. A History of the Information Machine<\/i>. Westview Press, 2014.<\/p>\n

    [5] Andrew Hodges, The Imitation Game<\/i>. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho phim c\u00f9ng t\u00ean. Princeton University Press; Revised ed., 2014.<\/p>\n

    [6] Wikipedia: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alan_Turing<\/a><\/p>\n

    [7] Temple Grandin, Thinking in Pictures<\/i>. Vintage Books, 2006.<\/p>\n

    [8] Temple Grandin and Richard Panek, The Autistic Brain<\/i>. Mariner Books, 2014.<\/p>\n

    [9] Michael Fitzgerald, Autism and Creativity<\/i>. Brunner-Routledge, 2004.<\/p>\n

    [10] Michael Fitzgerald, The Genesis of Artistic Creativity<\/i>. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2005.<\/p>\n

    [11] Norm Ledgin, Asperger\u2019s and Self-Esteem<\/i>. Insight and Hope Through Famous Role Models<\/i>. Foreword by Dr. Temple Grandin. Future Horizons Inc., 2002.<\/p>\n

    [12] Norm Ledgin, Diagnosing Jefferson<\/i>. Comments by Temple Grandin. Future Horizons, 2000.<\/p>\n

    [13] Michael Fitzgerald & Brendan O\u2019Brien, Genius Genes<\/i>. How Asperger Talents Changed the World. APC, 2007.<\/p>\n

    \n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    ALAN TURING \u0110\u01af\u1ee2C GI\u1ea2I H\u1ea0N V\u00c0 H\u1ed2I SINH NGUY\u1ec4N XU\u00c2N XANH L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u. Tin m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t l\u00fac chi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 Ba, 16\/7\/2019, tr\u00ean b\u00e1o M\u1ef9 cho bi\u1ebft, Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng Anh qu\u1ed1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho ra t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y b\u1ea1c m\u1ec7nh gi\u00e1 \u00a350 v\u1edbi \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Alan Turing v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2883"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2883"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2883\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2889,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2883\/revisions\/2889"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2883"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2883"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2883"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}