{"id":2909,"date":"2019-09-05T05:03:28","date_gmt":"2019-09-04T22:03:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=2909"},"modified":"2024-07-02T21:39:44","modified_gmt":"2024-07-02T14:39:44","slug":"shibusawa-eiichi-doanh-nhan-lap-quoc-vi-dai-cua-nhat-ban","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/shibusawa-eiichi-doanh-nhan-lap-quoc-vi-dai-cua-nhat-ban\/","title":{"rendered":"Shibusawa Eiichi: Doanh Nh\u00e2n L\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c V\u0129 \u0110\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n"},"content":{"rendered":"

SHIBUSAWA <\/span>EIICHI <\/span><\/h1>\n

DOANH NH\u00c2N L\u1eacP QU\u1ed0C V\u0128 \u0110\u1ea0I TH\u1edcI<\/span><\/h1>\n

MINH TR\u1eca DUY T\u00c2N<\/span><\/h1>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/i><\/strong><\/span>. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 hai b\u00e0i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u, m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a GS Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Th\u1ecd, m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, cho quy\u1ec3n T\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u00ean V\u0169 D\u1ea1 \u0110\u00e0m<\/i> (N\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u00eam m\u01b0a) c\u1ee7a Shibusawa Eiichi, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb. N\u1ebfu Fukuzawa Yukichi truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u0103n minh khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, th\u00ec Shibusawa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc qua vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tri th\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. M\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng khai s\u00e1ng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi ph\u00fa c\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1eb1ng mu\u00f4n v\u00e0n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi con th\u00e2n y\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc gieo nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tri th\u1ee9c, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, tr\u00ean m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t khai s\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f3. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Kant m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean h\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 Krupp. V\u00e0 h\u01a1n n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111i sau. \u0110\u1ecdc V\u0169 D\u1ea1 \u0110\u00e0m<\/i> ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t N\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt m\u1edbi manh nha th\u1ebf n\u00e0o t\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c Duy T\u00e2n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c c\u00f2n ph\u00f4i thai h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ed3ng n\u00e0n, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft cao \u0111\u1ed9. Shibusawa, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi n\u00e0o c\u1ea3, m\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Mu\u1ed1n l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i trong c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam hay Trung Hoa, th\u00ec \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i nhanh ch\u00f3ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh kinh t\u1ebf ngang b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, Shibusawa \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p – theo \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb n\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay – m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m c\u00f4ng ty \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m 150 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201ckh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t\u201d \u2013 serial entrepreneur – theo ki\u1ec3u Thung L\u0169ng Silicon, \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u, m\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u201cs\u1ef9 phu doanh nh\u00e2n\u201d \u1edf bu\u1ed5i giao th\u1eddi, l\u00e0m cho tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m \u0103n m\u1edbi lan t\u1ecfa tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i. M\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi con v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 trung th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eabu v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. Shibusawa xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac l\u1ecbch s\u1eed y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Shibusawa kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng ty, m\u00e0 d\u1ef1ng c\u1ea3 qu\u1ed1c gia. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia, t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to l\u1edbn, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, l\u00ean s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. Nh\u00ecn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p-t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

Xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi qu\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

S\u00e1ch Shibusawa Eiichi, V\u0169 D\u1ea1 \u0110\u00e0m<\/i>, ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3: TS Nguy\u1ec5n L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ea3i Kh\u00f4i,<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi l\u1eddi d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a GS Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Th\u1ecd v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/p>\n

D\u00e0y 350 trang, gi\u00e1 b\u00eca 159.000 VN\u0110, ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i Cty Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam TP HCM, th\u00e1ng 8, 2019<\/p>\n

C\u1eacP NH\u1eacT 2020<\/strong>: Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao Gi\u1ea3i S\u00e1ch Hay 2020<\/strong> t\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 trao gi\u1ea3i ng\u00e0y 27.9.2020<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[I]<\/span><\/p>\n

Shibusawa Eiichi: Hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a
\n<\/span><\/h1>\n

Tinh th\u1ea7n Doanh nghi\u1ec7p Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span><\/h1>\n

TR\u1ea6N V\u0102N TH\u1ecc<\/span><\/h2>\n

(Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Waseda, Tokyo)<\/span><\/h2>\n

Trong kho\u1ea3ng 150 n\u0103m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ecd th\u00ec Nh\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Toyota, Honda, Sony, Matsushita, Canon, v.v.. \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n t\u1ee5ng m\u00e3i v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 Shibusawa Eiichi (1840-1931). \u00d4ng h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 – m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh, m\u1ecdi t\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. V\u00e0 h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, s\u1ed1ng trong bu\u1ed5i giao th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a hai ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9, s\u1ed1ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb s\u0129 th\u1ee9c th\u1eddi \u1edf \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Minh Tr\u1ecb duy t\u00e2n. V\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong kinh doanh, nh\u01b0 ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y chi ti\u1ebft trong s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Nguy\u1ec5n L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ea3i Kh\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch, c\u1ed5 kim \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 ai h\u01a1n Shibusawa? C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Shibusawa c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 m\u00e3i l\u00e0 v\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edbi, v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec1n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Shibusawa \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb mai m\u1ed9t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n

Sinh ra v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Edo trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ed3ng d\u00e2u nu\u00f4i t\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i Saitama, m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1p Edo (t\u00ean c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Tokyo) v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, Shibusawa l\u00fac nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng minh, ham h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tokugawa Yoshinobu, t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Edo, tuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o cung \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y cho c\u00f4ng t\u1eed h\u1ecdc. Sau c\u00f4ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi sang Ph\u00e1p du h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Shibusawa c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi theo \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y k\u00e8m. Trong l\u00fac \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, Shibusawa kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty, c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i \u00f4ng v\u1eeba l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y k\u00e8m v\u1eeba v\u00f9i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, ghi ch\u00e9p c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Khi Shibusawa v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc (1868) th\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra chung quanh Minh Tr\u1ecb Thi\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ec1 \u1edf \u1ea9n t\u1ea1i Shizuoka, m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00fai Ph\u00fa S\u0129. Shibusawa c\u0169ng theo ch\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 \u1edf Shizuoka. V\u1ec1 \u1edf \u1ea9n nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng v\u1eabn b\u0103n kho\u0103n v\u1ec1 v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u00f4ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi th\u1ed1 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng. \u00d4ng suy ngh\u0129 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh mong g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u00d4ng b\u00e8n l\u1eadp ra S\u1edf gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p (lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i) t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i \u1edf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi mong mu\u1ed1n gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng doanh nh\u00e2n v\u1eeba ra \u0111\u1eddi trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Minh Tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u201cph\u00fa qu\u1ed1c c\u01b0\u1eddng binh\u201d, \u201cquy\u1ebft theo k\u1ecbp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y\u201d, v.v.. v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia am hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh, ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng,… H\u1ecd chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb g\u1eedi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i du h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 Shibusawa, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1eddi \u00f4ng tham gia ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 cho gi\u1eef ngay m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng trong B\u1ed9 T\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh. V\u1edbi c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn n\u1ea7y, Shibusawa \u0111\u00e3 thi th\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ebft t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u0103m 1872, \u00f4ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu, sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh cho m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1877-1880. Trong c\u00e1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1880 v\u00e0 1890, Shibusawa c\u00f2n l\u1eadp ra h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng ty hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i, d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i, \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u, h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i, b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, v.v.. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ty h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n nay thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng lao x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a Shibusawa. \u0110\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi doanh nh\u00e2n, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1eadp Ph\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c. Th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ngoa khi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi Shibusawa l\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

Shibusawa c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u00f4 h\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong kinh doanh, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e0 kinh doanh ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ho\u00e0i b\u00e3o \u0111em n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c no \u1ea5m. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty \u00f4ng l\u1eadp ra sau khi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o, \u00f4ng r\u00fat lui nh\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u00ec gi\u1edd l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc non tr\u1ebb c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t huy n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty, nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c do \u00f4ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn con \u00f4ng v\u00e0o trong ban l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. \u00d4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng con ch\u00e1u \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, trau d\u1ed3i v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng th\u00ec x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd tr\u1ecdng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

Shibusawa b\u1ecf c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 tham gia s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00f4 v\u1ecb l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hitotsubashi, n\u01a1i t\u00f4i h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c do \u00f4ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u Minh Tr\u1ecb (S\u1edf gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00f3i tr\u00ean).<\/p>\n

T\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Shibusawa Eiichi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1ee5ng m\u00e3i \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u1edbn trong s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa cho h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt x\u00e9t t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9, v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb9p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e1u \u0111\u00edch t\u00f4n 4 \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Shibusawa Eiichi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Shibusawa Masahide (1925-). \u00d4ng c\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i (t\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5) c\u1ee7a Masahide l\u00e0 Shibusawa Eiichi v\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u1ed1 ngo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Iwasaki Yataro (\u00f4ng t\u1ed5 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n Mitsubishi). T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1 th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u00f4ng Shibusawa Masahide, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Qu\u1ef9 K\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m Shibusawa Eiichi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u01b0\u1eddng N\u1eef h\u1ecdc qu\u00e1n Tokyo (Tokyo Jogakkan). Khi t\u00f4i v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi \u1edf Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Trung t\u00e2m Kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 Th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u01a1ng (VAPEC) t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam (n\u0103m 1993), \u00f4ng Masahide c\u00f3 tham gia v\u00e0o ban c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: N\u0103m 1993 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch (b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt) c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i (xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1992) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Ch\u00e2u \u00c1 Th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u01a1ng (do Nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o Mainichi v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u00c1 ch\u00e2u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c). T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eb7ng cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng (C\u1ea5p 3) \u1edf H\u1ed9i An \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m qu\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng cho h\u1ecdc sinh ngh\u00e8o. Th\u1eadt ra \u1edf b\u1eadc trung h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 s\u1edf (C\u1ea5p 2) t\u00f4i h\u1ecdc \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf huy\u1ec7n \u0110i\u1ec7n B\u00e0n (Qu\u1ea3ng Nam). L\u1ebd ra ti\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng n\u00ean chia hai \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eb7ng cho c\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i, c\u00f2n n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00edt l\u00e2u, trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i \u0103n tr\u01b0a tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi \u00f4ng b\u00e0 Shibusawa Masahide, t\u00f4i vui mi\u1ec7ng k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng n\u00f3i tr\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea5p 2 n\u1eefa. \u00d4ng Masahide n\u00f3i ngay: \u201cV\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4i gi\u00fap s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 anh l\u1eadp qu\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng cho Tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea5p 2\u201d. T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng r\u1ea5t nhanh v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Masahide. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 qu\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng. Qua c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00ec c\u00f4ng \u00edch, v\u00ec x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5m v\u00e0o m\u00e1u th\u1ecbt c\u1ee7a con ch\u00e1u Shibusawa Eiichi.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n doanh nghi\u1ec7p (entrepreneurship) nh\u01b0ng theo t\u00f4i, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong tinh th\u1ea7n doanh nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kinh doanh, l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam ta hi\u1ec7n nay r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 Shibusawa Eiichi.<\/p>\n

Tokyo, m\u00f9a anh \u0111\u00e0o n\u0103m 2019<\/p>\n

TVT<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[II]<\/span><\/p>\n

Shibusawa Eiichi<\/span><\/h1>\n

Doanh Nh\u00e2n L\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c V\u0129 \u0110\u1ea1i<\/span><\/h1>\n

C\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb<\/span><\/h1>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2019, ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh ba lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ea5y b\u1ea1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ec1m m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i t\u1eed Naruhito ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 5 s\u1eafp t\u1edbi. Gi\u1ea5y b\u1ea1c m\u1ec7nh gi\u00e1 \u00a510,000, cao nh\u1ea5t trong ba \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n m\u1edbi, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Shibusawa Eiichi, s\u1ebd l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c n\u0103m 2024, thay cho gi\u1ea5y b\u1ea1c c\u00f9ng m\u1ec7nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng Yukichi Fukuzawa. V\u1eady Shibusawa l\u00e0 ai?<\/p>\n

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Shibusawa Eiichi (1840-1931)<\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam:<\/p>\n

Shibusawa Eiichi, s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n Minh Tr\u1ecb 150 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3o qu\u1ed1c nh\u1ecf \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng b\u1ed7ng nhi\u00ean bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng s\u1ea3i c\u00e1nh, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c kinh t\u1ebf-qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia v\u0103n minh \u1edf v\u00f9ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c ch\u01b0a t\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 \u201canh h\u00f9ng\u201d tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t, m\u1ecdi b\u1eadc thang x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng anh h\u00f9ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u01b0 Fukuzawa Yukichi trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 khai minh \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng, Ito Hirobumi trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quan tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, Shibusawa Eiichi, nh\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u2013 entrepreneur \u2013 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kinh t\u1ebf l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c thu\u1ed9c \u201c\u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t thi\u00ean h\u1ea1\u201d.<\/p>\n

Shibusawa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i ba, t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ngo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng to l\u1edbn trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n<\/i> qua s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u201cgiai c\u1ea5p doanh nh\u00e2n m\u1edbi\u201d l\u00e0m tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. Giai c\u1ea5p doanh nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi, b\u1edfi n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 th\u1eddi Tokugawa ch\u00fat n\u00e0o, t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m \u0103n, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 tri th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, tinh th\u1ea7n y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn cho qu\u1ed1c gia. Cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai s\u00e1ng, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p doanh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, \u0111i \u0111\u00fang qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u201cqu\u00e2n h\u00f9ng d\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh\u201d. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, Shibusawa ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi cha c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n\u201d, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cgi\u00e1o s\u0129\u201d truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi \u201cph\u00fac \u00e2m\u201d c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh, ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p doanh nh\u00e2n m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/span><\/p>\n

Shibusawa l\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb, \u00f4ng chao \u0111\u1ea3o gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 n\u00f3 v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 phong tr\u00e0o l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7 Tokugawa, v\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u1ecf ra b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c trong cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c. Sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean quy ch\u1ebf samurai do nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u1ed1t, \u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Shogun cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 n\u0103m 1868. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u00f4ng l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1867, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn th\u00e1p t\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi em c\u1ee7a Shogun c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, Akitake, \u0111i d\u1ef1 Tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Paris. Tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Napoleon III, di\u1ec5n ra t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 4 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 11, v\u1edbi 42 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n, thu h\u00fat t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 15 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 Nga ho\u00e0ng II, Vua Wilhelm v\u00e0 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Otto von Bismarck c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

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Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Tokugawa Akitake tham gia h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 Paris 1867<\/p>\n

L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tranh kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7, t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd l\u00ean gi\u1edbi h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 van Gogh m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 kh\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p m\u00ea tranh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 h\u1ecd n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u201cth\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n\u201d, Japonism<\/i>. C\u0169ng trong cu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m n\u00e0y, nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0110\u1ee9c Krupp l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y lo\u1ea1i s\u00fang c\u00e0-n\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebfn 50 t\u1ea5n l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4n l\u01b0\u1eddng trong th\u1ebf c\u1edd ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u qua cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Ph\u1ed5-Ph\u00e1p di\u1ec5n ra ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i n\u0103m s\u1eafp t\u1edbi. Trong chuy\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng du Iwakura n\u0103m 1871-73 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Nh\u1eadt s\u1ebd th\u0103m t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t Krupp t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Essen.<\/p>\n

Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i n\u00e0y m\u1edf m\u1eaft Shibusawa. \u00d4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n (joint-stock) b\u1ec1 th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p<\/i> quan tr\u1ecdng cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chung s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1ea1i. Lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, 17, v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c kinh t\u1ebf, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0103n l\u1edbn, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng. Nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e2u ra nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n? Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn gi\u1edbi kinh doanh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0m \u0103n manh m\u00fan v\u1edbi t\u00e2m t\u00ednh l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu th\u1eddi phong ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

Khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, Shibusawa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u014ckuma Shigenobu (ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Wasade n\u0103m 1882), l\u00fac n\u00e0y l\u00e0 B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi 1868, thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong B\u1ed9 T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi Inoue Kaoru, th\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1872 th\u00ec \u00f4ng t\u1ef1 \u00fd r\u1eddi b\u1ecf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed r\u1ea5t h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n n\u00e0y, v\u00ec sao? V\u00ec \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n to\u00e0n t\u00e2m to\u00e0n tr\u00ed v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n<\/i>. Shibusawa gi\u00fap x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u201c\u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng qu\u1ed1c gia\u201d (Dai Ichi Gink\u014d<\/i>) th\u00e1ng 11, 1872, l\u00e0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 then ch\u1ed1t trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng. L\u1ea5y ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1p<\/i>, \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 Imperial Hotel, Nippon Usen, Nippon Steel, Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Tokyo, Cty ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n Tokyo, Cty k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i Osaka v\u00e0 Bia Sapporo. \u00d4ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf can d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 doanh nghi\u1ec7p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ecfa xa, c\u00e1c cty t\u00e0u th\u1ee7y, \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1, cty in, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y th\u00e9p, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ga v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p khai th\u00e1c m\u1ecf v\u00e0 d\u1ea7u h\u1ecfa.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i Osaka, m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ti\u00ean phong trong ng\u00e0nh k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft v\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i bi\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 cho h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng v\u1edbi hai c\u00f4ng ty kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 l\u00e0 Mitsui v\u00e0 Mitsubishi. V\u1ec1 sau, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i-v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 Ph\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, Imperial Theater, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, H\u1ed9i ch\u1eef th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao v\u1ec1 kinh doanh nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hitotsubashi, Tokyo Keizai, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0. \u00d4ng can d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 600 \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Shibusawa, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kinh doanh t\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i giao th\u1eddi. \u1ede Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1eddi Tokugawa, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cc\u00f4ng ty c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n\u201d l\u00e0 g\u00ec, v\u00e0 khi b\u01b0\u1edbc qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Minh Tr\u1ecb, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u0169ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m \u0103n c\u0169 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh, s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 xa l\u1ea1. Mitsui l\u00e0 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Minh Tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, Iwasaki Yatar\u014d ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Shibusawa. Khi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Minh Tr\u1ecb, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Shibusawa, tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n cho lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng ty m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, th\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n th\u1eddi c\u0169 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1i t\u00ean ya<\/i> (c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng) th\u00e0nh kaisha <\/i>(c\u00f4ng ty). C\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n giai c\u1ea5p-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ebft h\u1eb1n t\u00e2m l\u00fd, th\u00f3i quen v\u1eabn ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb trong \u0111\u1ea7u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, samurai l\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng ty m\u1edbi, b\u1edfi h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Samurai, nh\u00ecn chung, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n. N\u0103m 1899, nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n, Shibusawa cho r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 do lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u01a1i kinh doanh ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o gia \u0111\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kinh doanh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o (entrepreneurial leaders) th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa Minh Tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 \u00edt \u1ecfi. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng ra tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c lo. V\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khi khi gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft xong, h\u1ecd \u0111i t\u00ecm m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u1edbi. Shibusawa l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o k\u1ef3 t\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. \u1ede v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0y hay v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00e1c, Shibusawa c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 500 c\u00f4ng ty \u0111a d\u1ea1ng lo\u1ea1i, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u2013 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c, t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n hay c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f4ng. \u00d4ng v\u1eeba l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng (banker) chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. S\u1edf d\u0129 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u00ec tuy \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u00edt v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 then ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0m t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn doanh nghi\u1ec7p. R\u1ed3i \u00f4ng giao l\u1ea1i cho qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. Khi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nan gi\u1ea3i, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p. Shibusawa l\u00e0 \u201cproblem solver\u201d \u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, nh\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty Shibusawa th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

[1] M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 cao c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, C\u00f4ng ty c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, nh\u01b0 Cty k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i Osaka, Cty s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t g\u1ea1ch Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Cty Ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o Tokyo, B\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i Tokyo, X\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u Ishikawajima Tokyo, Cty gi\u1ea5y Oji, Cty kh\u00ed Tokyo, v\u00e0 Cty bia Sapporo.<\/p>\n

[2] Nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, c\u1ea3ng, khai m\u1ecf, bao g\u1ed3m Cty \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Cty \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Hokkaido, Cty \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Hokuriku, Cty x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ea3ng Wakamatsu, Cty x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ea3ng Moji, Cty khai th\u00e1c m\u1ecf than Iwaki, v\u00e0 Cty khai th\u00e1c than Nagato kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

Shibusawa nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u201csi\u00eau th\u1eeba th\u00e3i\u201d c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t c\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. \u00d4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y, trong ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda h\u1eebng h\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra, thanh ni\u00ean d\u1ec5 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p kinh t\u1ebf. C\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u1edbn lao v\u00e0 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, gi\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a giai t\u1ea7ng tinh hoa k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kinh t\u1ebf. Cho n\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c thu h\u00fat t\u00e0i n\u0103ng tr\u1ebb d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Theo \u00f4ng, kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Kinh t\u1ebf y\u1ebfu, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1ea1nh. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. \u00d4ng r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 trong B\u1ed9 t\u00e0i c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a quan li\u00eau l\u00e0 hai k\u1ebb th\u00f9 nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf. \u00d4ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, b\u1edfi \u00f4ng t\u1eebng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p Minh Tr\u1ecb hay d\u1ef1a d\u1eabm v\u00e0o ti\u1ec1n bao c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e9o b\u1edf m\u00e0 c\u00e1c zaibatsu<\/i> (“t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0i phi\u1ec7t”) th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i. \u00d4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3i \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy Shibusawa c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 doanh nh\u00e2n l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn xa nh\u1ea5t trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u00edch l\u0169y t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean qui m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Iwasaki Yatar\u014d, \u014ckura Kihachir\u014d, Yasuda Zenjir\u014d, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t zaibatsu <\/i>c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang \u00f4ng? \u00d4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m c\u00f4ng ty m\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb? Zaibatsu Shibusawa c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u00f4ng. S\u1edf d\u0129 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u00f4ng ngh\u0129 kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu kh\u00e1c. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia<\/i> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng doanh nghi\u1ec7p<\/i>, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb trung th\u00e0nh. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 doanh nh\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft t\u1eadp trung ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n, t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u00edch l\u0169y. \u00d4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 xoay quanh t\u00edch l\u0169y t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. M\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m trong tr\u00e1i tim \u00f4ng xa h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kinh doanh v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh. \u00d4ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 tri th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201cgi\u00e1o s\u0129\u201d trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh doanh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c zaibatsu<\/i> t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c, v\u00ec h\u1ecd t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 \u00edt quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c. C\u00f2n Shibusawa ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng doanh nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1ng m\u00e3i trong k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng doanh nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c hay ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c, m\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y. [Hirschmeier, 236]<\/p>\n

Theo \u00f4ng, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1ed1n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t l\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/i> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/i> kinh doanh m\u1edbi. Trong th\u1eddi Tokugawa, nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb phi-kinh t\u1ebf dai d\u1eb3ng b\u00e1m s\u00e1t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 xem th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf. Theo Shibusawa, doanh nh\u00e2n \u2013 entrepreneur, g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u2212 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t: gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/i>, ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/i>, \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh<\/i>, nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch<\/i> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa Lu\u1eadn ng\u1eef<\/i> c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 b\u00e0n t\u00ednh<\/i> (abacus). \u00d4ng di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea1o<\/i> c\u1ee7a Samurai (bushid\u014d) trong th\u1eddi kinh doanh m\u1edbi. Hai t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

\"Confucian<\/p>\n

Tranh “Lu\u1eadn ng\u1eef v\u00e0 B\u00e0n t\u00ednh” c\u1ee7a h\u1ecda s\u0129 Koyama Sh\u014dtar\u014d (Shibusawa Memorial Museum)<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c (gakumon<\/i>) l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kinh doanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c du nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kinh doanh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? Cho n\u00ean \u00f4ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. Gakumon<\/i> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p samurai. Giai c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Tokugawa l\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m quan, m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n, x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt khai ph\u00f3ng \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung c\u1ed5. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 t\u00ednh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c m\u00f4n khai ph\u00f3ng, h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kinh vi\u1ec7n hay gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ti\u1ebfng La tinh v\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eb1m r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh \u201ckh\u00ed t\u00ednh\u201d con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ni\u1ec1m h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi samurai Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u201cnh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi man di ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y\u201d. Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi Tokugawa l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc c\u0169 sang c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i phong ki\u1ebfn sang x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa gi\u1edbi samurai Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi nho gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Tokugawa n\u1eefa nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129. Trong s\u1ed1 231 tri\u1ec7u ph\u00fa trong th\u1eddi Edo, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 20 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb. Ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi l\u00ean. Mitsui v\u00e0 Sumitomo t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Edo v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 qui lu\u1eadt. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n th\u1eddi Tokugawa \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi th\u00f3i quen c\u0169, v\u1eabn g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i kinh doanh c\u0169. Nh\u1eefng doanh nh\u00e2n th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn thu\u1ed9c giai c\u1ea5p samurai c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n cao h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111a s\u1ed1 g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c samurai c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u1edbi h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p Lu\u1eadn ng\u1eef v\u1edbi b\u00e0n t\u00ednh l\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c kinh doanh. Trong khi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh tinh th\u1ea7n<\/i>–j\u014di<\/i>, ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i ra kh\u1ecfi b\u1edd c\u00f5i ngay t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc, th\u00ec Shibusawa n\u00f3i, h\u00e3y bi\u1ebfn tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng th\u00e0nh s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u00f4ng th\u00ec nh\u1eefng doanh nh\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n m\u1edbi gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng<\/i> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i trong cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Fukuzawa, nh\u01b0ng Shibusawa n\u00f3i \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u201cx\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi b\u00e0n t\u00ednh (abacus) v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadn ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng t\u1eed\u201d. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n th\u00f4i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u00edch l\u1ee3i cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o. \u00d4ng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c s\u1ebd suy gi\u1ea3m n\u1ebfu gakumon<\/i> b\u1ecb c\u00e1c t\u01b0 duy l\u1ee3i \u00edch thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o th\u1ef1c ra c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 l\u00ean \u00e1n s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u201ch\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. V\u00e0 r\u1ed3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201c\u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7\u201d [Xem John H. Sagers]. Nh\u01b0ng, t\u1eeb \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf tr\u00ean, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt mu\u1ed1n n\u1eafm \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb1ng c\u00e1n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u1eafm \u0111\u1eb1ng chu\u00f4i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1880 \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u1ea3o tr\u00ean to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh \u00dd ch\u00ed \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/i> n\u0103m 1879, v\u00e0 \u201cPh\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/i>\u201d n\u0103m 1890. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n: \u201cKhoa h\u1ecdc\/c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng\u201d. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n mu\u1ed1n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c gia (kokumin d\u014dtoku<\/i>) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh ti\u00ean phong c\u1ee7a Shibusawa. Ng\u00e0nh d\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u0169i nh\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i Osaka m\u00e0 Shibusawa th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf thanh m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh hoa ti\u00eau th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u1edbi l\u1edbn v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i Osaka l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh d\u1ec7t Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

Shibusawa v\u00e0 Cty k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i Osaka (Osaka Boseki Kaisha)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i Osaka l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. N\u00f3 ra \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n cho th\u1ea5y b\u00e0n tay kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/i> c\u1ee7a Shibusawa. N\u0103m 1877, m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean 26 tu\u1ed5i t\u00ean Yamanobe (hay Yamabe) Takeo \u0111ang h\u1ecdc l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m t\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n. M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u1ecd, anh ta nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng quen bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, t\u00ean Shibusawa Eiichi. L\u00e1 th\u01b0 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: \u201cYamanobe th\u00e2n m\u1ebfn, t\u00ean c\u1ee7a anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n t\u00f4i nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111ang nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ee3i cotton. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 xe s\u1ee3i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o c\u1ea3 hai, v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd l\u1eabn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0nh k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 cotton \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng? T\u00f4i s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty.\u201d<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd Yamanobe c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu. Ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e1m khuy\u00ean t\u00f4i thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc? Nh\u01b0ng sau khi suy ngh\u0129 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3i, anh ta quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m theo l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Shibusawa. Anh \u0111\u1ebfn King\u2019s College v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7. Anh cho \u0111\u0103ng qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o tr\u00ean b\u00e1o: H\u00c3Y THU\u00ca T\u00d4I NH\u01af M\u1ed8T NG\u01af\u1edcI H\u1eccC VI\u1ec6C C\u00d4NG NGHI\u1ec6P S\u1ee2I, T\u00d4I S\u1ebc TR\u1ea2 TI\u1ec0N, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0o tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, anh ta g\u1eb7p \u00f4ng W. E. Braggs, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn Yamanobe l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p anh ti\u1ebfp thu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n trong x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4ng trong t\u00e1m th\u00e1ng. Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc bao g\u1ed3m c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. Yamanobe l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1eadt l\u1ef1c. Shibusawa g\u1eedi Yamanobe 1.500 yen \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n t\u00fai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Shibusawa nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i sau n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 cho anh ta, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. \u201cV\u1ed1n m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m\u201d.<\/p>\n

Khi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc xong, Yamanobe \u0111\u1eb7t mua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00e1y d\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00e1y n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 Platt v\u00e0 Hargreaves, v\u00e0 quay v\u1ec1 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. N\u0103m 1882, Shibusawa v\u00e0 Yamanobe ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf Osaka. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng ty, 250.000 yen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 c\u1ee7a Shibusawa g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 (c\u1ee7a Osaka v\u00e0 Tokyo) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc phong ki\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f4ng, trong khi ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a Shibusawa s\u1ebd g\u00f3p v\u1ed1n l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u0103m 1883 x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i Osaka \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng. Yamanobe l\u00e0m k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y xe s\u1ee3i c\u01a1 kh\u00ed h\u00f3a quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u1edbi 10.500 c\u1ecdc s\u1ee3iFOOTNOTE: Footnote v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u201ckh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p\u201d r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0m hai ca ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam, x\u1eed l\u00fd cotton ngo\u1ea1i nh\u1eadp, g\u1eedi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt vi\u00ean ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n. N\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ty k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 sau.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1900, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c suy tho\u00e1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 trong ng\u00e0nh d\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 nhanh h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng Yamanobe nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty. Ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u00f4ng. Tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n ra \u0111i, Yamanobe \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m Shibusawa t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 ri\u00eang. Shibusawa b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m Yamanobe r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng s\u1ebd \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 anh ta 100 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u anh ta ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho c\u00f4ng ty. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c, Yamanobe \u1edf l\u1ea1i. Khi cu\u1ed9c suy tho\u00e1i qua \u0111i, Yamanobe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1t l\u00ean l\u00e0m Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Cty k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i Osaka. [Kenichi Ohno, 70-71]<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau khi khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec c\u1ed5 t\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u00e0 18%! C\u00e1i g\u00ec m\u1edbi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y? V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ng\u00e0nh k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i c\u01a1 kh\u00ed h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. M\u1ed9t \u00edt nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 2.000 c\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1edbi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 bao c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, qui m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ee9c n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Shibusawa gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y th\u1ee9 hai theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u0103m 1886 v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 c\u1ecdc l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 20.800 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y Osaka, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Shibusawa n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 c\u1ed3n. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i s\u0103n t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1edd t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng ty k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i Mie. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap cho c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 sau v\u00e0i n\u0103m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t, C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 hi\u1ec3u b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Shibusawa, v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt cho ng\u00e0nh k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i. T\u1eeb 1886 \u0111\u1ebfn 1894 c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 33 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, trong \u0111\u00f3 10 c\u00e1i t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u1eadn Osaka.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

[6]<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea5y b\u1ea1c mang \u1ea3nh Shibusawa \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2019. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201canh h\u00f9ng kinh t\u1ebf\u201d, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i anh h\u00f9ng m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea3n sinh ra nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng m\u1edbi trong kinh doanh l\u1eabn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gi\u00fap Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n nay? Shibusawa l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ni\u1ec1m tin, r\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u00e0i h\u00f2a, l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng, khi tinh th\u1ea7n \u201ck\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 xem nh\u1eb9 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i g\u00ec \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u1edbi L\u1ec7nh H\u00f2a c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn?<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ng 4, 2019<\/span><\/p>\n

Tham kh\u1ea3o<\/i><\/strong><\/span>:<\/p>\n

[1] William W. Lockwood (ed.), The State and Economic Enterprise in Japan<\/i>. Essays in the Political Economy of Growth<\/i>. Princeton University Press, 1965<\/p>\n

[2] Kenichi Ohno, History of Japanese Economic Development. Origins of Private Dynamism and Policy Competence<\/i>. Routledge, 2018.<\/p>\n

[3] Shimada Masakazu, The Entrepreneur Who Built Modern Japan: Shibusawa Eiichi<\/i>. Translated by Paul Narum. Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture, 2017.<\/p>\n

[4] Edwin O. Reischauer, Japan. The Story of a Nation<\/i>. Fourth Edition. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1970.<\/p>\n

[5] Andrew Gordon, A Modern History of Japan<\/i>. Second edition. Oxford University Press, 2009.<\/p>\n

[6] John H. Sagers, Origins of Japanese Wealth and Power<\/i>. Reconciling Confucianism and Capitalism<\/i>, 1830-1885. Palgrave McMillan, 2006.<\/p>\n

[7] Hugh Borton, Japan\u2019s Modern Century<\/i>. Second edition.The Ronald Press Company, 1970.<\/p>\n

[8] Edwin O. Reischauer & Albert M. Craig, Japan. Tradition & Transformation<\/i>. Revised edition. 1989.<\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

SHIBUSAWA EIICHI DOANH NH\u00c2N L\u1eacP QU\u1ed0C V\u0128 \u0110\u1ea0I TH\u1edcI MINH TR\u1eca DUY T\u00c2N L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 hai b\u00e0i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u, m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a GS Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Th\u1ecd, m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, cho quy\u1ec3n T\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u00ean V\u0169 D\u1ea1 \u0110\u00e0m (N\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u00eam m\u01b0a) c\u1ee7a Shibusawa Eiichi, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2909"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2909"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2909\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2918,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2909\/revisions\/2918"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2909"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2909"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2909"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}