{"id":2967,"date":"2019-09-25T05:02:07","date_gmt":"2019-09-24T22:02:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=2967"},"modified":"2024-07-02T21:28:05","modified_gmt":"2024-07-02T14:28:05","slug":"shibusawa-eiichi-so-luoc-ve-cuoc-doi-va-tac-pham","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/shibusawa-eiichi-so-luoc-ve-cuoc-doi-va-tac-pham\/","title":{"rendered":"Shibusawa Eiichi, S\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0<\/i>SHIBUSAWA EIICHI<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u01a0 L\u01af\u1ee2C V\u1ec0 CU\u1ed8C \u0110\u1edcI V\u00c0 T\u00c1C PH\u1ea8M<\/span><\/h3>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh <\/span><\/strong>gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/i>.<\/strong><\/span> Th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, ng\u00e0y 14\/9\/2019, t\u1ea1i C\u00e0 Ph\u00ea Th\u1ee9 B\u1ea3y, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 bu\u1ed5i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 doanh nh\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb Shibusawa Eiichi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4i v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean trang m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean V\u0169 D\u1ea1 \u0110\u00e0m<\/i> v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra m\u1eaft t\u1ea1i Cty Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam:<\/p>\n

https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/shibusawa-eiichi-doanh-nhan-lap-quoc-vi-dai-cua-nhat-ban\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Nay t\u00f4i xin g\u1eedi th\u00eam nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i cho bu\u1ed5i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i C\u00e0 Ph\u00ea Th\u1ee9 B\u1ea3y, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ee9c tranh chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng, hi\u1ec3u nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a doanh nh\u00e2n l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y. T\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta suy ngh\u0129 l\u1eafm, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u \u01b0u t\u01b0 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3 khi ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, tuy kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t gi\u1ed1ng nhau trong t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m t\u00ednh l\u00e0m \u0103n c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 h\u00e8n m\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u. C\u00e1i \u201cmay m\u1eafn\u201d c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 giai c\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 v\u00f5 s\u0129, samurai, cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd v\u1ef1c d\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc phong ki\u1ebfn, trong khi giai c\u1ea5p \u201cnho s\u0129\u201d Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3, do mentality c\u1ee7a hai gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y qu\u00e1 kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u1eb1m trong quy\u1ec3n V\u0169 d\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e0m<\/i> ([1]) v\u00e0 \u00edt h\u01a1n trong [2]. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a hai quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 Shibusawa Eiichi n\u0103m 2019 c\u1ee7a Cty s\u00e1ch Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac, v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 150 n\u0103m Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n, v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t danh nh\u00e2n s\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vinh danh qua vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in tr\u00ean t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y b\u1ea1c c\u00f3 m\u1ec7nh gi\u00e1 \u00a5 10.000. NXX<\/p>\n

[1]<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

S\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00ean tr\u00ean t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Shibusawa Eiichi. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 70 v\u00e0 80 n\u00eau l\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00f4ng ty kinh doanh v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Michael E. Porter<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, th\u00ec s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, trong khi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt \u2026 Trong kinh t\u1ebf, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t \u00edt v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean) so v\u1edbi k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec l\u1ea1i ngh\u00e8o, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, H\u00f2a Lan, n\u01a1i h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec l\u1ea1i gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3, trong th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc sau s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai\u2026 \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda thua cu\u1ed9c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

Fukuzawa Yukichi<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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\"\"<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea5y b\u1ea1c m\u1ec7nh gi\u00e1 \u00a5 10.000 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1edbi \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Shibusawa Eiichi<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n: \u201cAi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kinh doanh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n? N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: \u2018l\u00e0 t\u00f4i\u2019, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 Shibusawa Eiichi.\u201d<\/p>\n

Shibusawa sinh n\u0103m 1840, 29 tu\u1ed5i khi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Minh Tr\u1ecb l\u00ean thay M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn 1931, ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1eeb ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn sang nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng 500 c\u00f4ng ty kinh doanh, v\u00e0 600 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng \u00edch.<\/p>\n

Fukuzawa g\u1ecdi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u201chai cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n th\u1ec3\u201d. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng qua hai th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi Tokugawa m\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u1eebng h\u1ea5p thu t\u1eeb l\u00fac \u00f4ng c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Con trai c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Hideo, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201cb\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i\u201d, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i tinh t\u00fay \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00f4ng tr\u1ea3i qua cu\u1ed9c b\u1ec3 d\u00e2u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi \u00f4ng, kinh t\u1ebf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e1ng ghi nh\u1eadn. S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u00f3-gi\u00e1-tr\u1ecb-th\u1eb7ng-d\u01b0 (value-added) tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi, \u0111em l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay. Ngh\u1ec1 d\u1ec7t, nu\u00f4i t\u1eb1m, tr\u1ed3ng ch\u00e0m v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o thu\u1ed1c nhu\u1ed9m l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00ed d\u1ee5. Ch\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng \u1edf l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba Yonazawa c\u1ee7a daimyo Uesugi Yozan v\u00e0o n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18. Qua \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 l\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u01b0 s\u1ea3n n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n\u201d (rural bourgeoisie). Thay v\u00ec \u201cc\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0103n\u201d th\u00ec kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y c\u00f3-gi\u00e1-tr\u1ecb-cao v\u00e0 b\u00e1n ch\u00fang\u201d. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 l\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi Tokugawa \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c \u00f4ng Ishida Baigan, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ishida n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, Dazai Shundai, v\u00e0 Suzuki Shosan. H\u1ecd truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 cho th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a cao c\u1ea5p, ca ng\u1ee3i c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n c\u00f9 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec7m, ki\u1ebfm l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn minh b\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. H\u1ecd v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn \u201cs\u0129 n\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u201c\u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f4i thai c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111ang c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u201c\u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7\u201d cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n sau n\u00e0y. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Tin L\u00e0nh m\u00e0 Max Weber cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng gi\u1ea3i h\u00f2a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111ang l\u00ean. Hai lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c tr\u00ean th\u1eadt ra gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i h\u00f2a v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o, gi\u00fap cho t\u01b0 duy l\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung c\u1ed5, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng.<\/p>\n

Shibusawa sinh ra trong v\u00f9ng g\u1ea7n Kyoto v\u00e0 Osaka l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf\u201d kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Osaka l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00e0 b\u1ebfp v\u00e0 t\u1ee7 th\u1ee9c \u0103n\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u1ee3 l\u00faa g\u1ea1o Dojima r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n Chicago \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn tham quan. Kinh t\u1ebf ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eedi ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ec1n, t\u00ean Ryogaesho, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y \u201ccheck\u201d s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n. N\u1ebfu x\u00e0i qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t 5-8 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m. Ryogaesho m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ed1n vay t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m m\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ec1n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 \u201cng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng qu\u1ed1c gia\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n y b\u1edfi Shogun. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Okawasagumi gi\u1eef ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00e3i. N\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, tr\u1eeb m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn. V\u1ec1 giao th\u00f4ng, th\u00ec Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n. Nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, gi\u00fap cho t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n khi chuy\u1ec3n sang th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, tuy r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ea3 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u00ecm trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n-hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Shibusawa l\u1edbn l\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c khai s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nhanh ch\u00f3ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kinh doanh theo phong c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi kia.<\/p>\n

Shibusawa sinh ra trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 n\u00f4ng-th\u01b0\u01a1ng-m\u1ea1i (businessman-farmer), v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thu\u1ed1c nhu\u1ed9m ch\u00e0m cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1ec7t. Eiichi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng minh, nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft ngh\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9. \u1ede tu\u1ed5i 13, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u0111i mua ch\u00e0m m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1 t\u1eebng mua khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n ph\u1ea3i th\u00e1n ph\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

Eiichi c\u00f3 \u0111am m\u00ea \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch t\u1eeb s\u1edbm, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 \u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111am m\u00ea s\u00e1ch d\u1ea1y, d\u1ea1y t\u1eeb l\u00fac 6 tu\u1ed5i, l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 T\u1ee9 th\u01b0 Ng\u0169 kinh, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho \u00f4ng c\u1eadu d\u1ea1y ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n

Khi Eiichi ra \u0111\u1eddi th\u00ec giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh r\u1ed3i. T\u1ea1i Nga, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Peter Stolypin c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

Shibusawa l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/p>\n

-Sinh ra n\u0103m 1840 \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh nha phi\u1ebfn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng hai ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m nay b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ee5m, ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t quy ch\u1ebf b\u00e1n-thu\u1ed9c-\u0111\u1ecba qua H\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc Nam Kinh (1842), H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u1eaft cho Anh qu\u1ed1c. Tin n\u00e0y l\u00e0m rung chuy\u1ec3n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

-1853, l\u00fac Shibusawa l\u00ean 12 tu\u1ed5i, t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eafn ph\u00e1 \u1edf v\u1ecbnh Edo (Tokyo), bu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, bu\u1ed9c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p thu\u1ebf nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u 5% l\u00ean h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o, v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1edbi tinh hoa Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng, ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u nguy \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf duy nh\u1ea5t, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u canh t\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

-1863 s\u1ef1 oanh k\u00edch Kagoshima v\u00e0 Shimonoseki c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba Choshu b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o samurai. \u0110\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i man di kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh \u201cph\u00fa qu\u1ed1c, c\u01b0\u1eddng binh\u201d th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng n\u0103m 1863, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Abraham Lincoln k\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho Shibusawa h\u1ee9ng ch\u00ed mu\u1ed1n tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u00e2m m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7 s\u1edbm. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 chi 200 \u0111\u1ed3ng ryo \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5. Nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng theo l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u00d4ng l\u00ean Tokyo \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh tr\u1edb tr\u00eau l\u00e0 do t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1edbm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lan truy\u1ec1n, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m gia th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c Hitotsubashi trong d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a Shogun, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng mu\u1ed1n l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7, nay l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho ch\u00ednh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9. \u00d4ng t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1:<\/p>\n

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T\u00f4i xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, t\u1eeb gi\u00e3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m ki\u00eau h\u00e3nh v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t huy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thanh ni\u00ean v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea7u khanh t\u01b0\u1edbng, b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f9ng phong tr\u00e0o \u201cT\u00f4n ho\u00e0ng nh\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u201d (T\u00f4n vinh Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i man di), v\u1edbi \u00fd ch\u00ed tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c b\u00ecnh thi\u00ean h\u1ea1, d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n kinh bang t\u1ebf th\u1ebf nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb, ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 trong nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa Hitotsubashi, c\u00f3 ch\u00fat th\u00e0nh danh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi, kh\u00e1t khao g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba Hitotsubashi, l\u00e0m r\u1ea1ng danh ch\u00faa c\u00f4ng Hitotsubashi trong thi\u00ean h\u1ea1.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

N\u0103m 1866, Hitotsubashi Yoshinobu l\u00ean l\u00e0m Shogun, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Shibusawa \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u\u201d c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Tokugawa. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho Shibusawa th\u00eam kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m. Khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t \u201cc\u1ee5c v\u00e0ng\u201d, nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng n\u00f3i, t\u1eeb tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ec9m c\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u00f4ng: \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng ph\u00f2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi em tr\u1ebb c\u1ee7a Shogun l\u00e0 Akitake, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi 14 tu\u1ed5i, \u0111i d\u1ef1 cu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf Paris n\u0103m 1867 do vua Napoleon III m\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t c\u01a1 mai c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 Shibusawa ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1eadn m\u1eaft th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, trau d\u1ed3i th\u00eam ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c cho cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1eafp t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Trong su\u1ed1t chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i, tr\u00ean t\u00e0u hay t\u1ea1i Paris, Shibusawa l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m l\u1edbn, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng quay l\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c gi\u1eefa Shibusawa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u00f2 m\u00f2 v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u00e1i m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi samura \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn, ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n \u201ct\u00f4n vinh Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i man di\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 cao b\u1ea3y t\u00e1m t\u1ea7ng x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch, l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng dinh th\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c daimyo hay qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean ng\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb9p, c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc da tr\u1eafng nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ebft. Trong m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n (Odake Ranko), Shibusawa vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh:<\/p>\n

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N\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n xa h\u01a1n t\u00f4i h\u00ecnh dung, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i m\u1ee5c k\u00edch \u0111\u1ec1u g\u00e2y kinh ng\u1ea1c cho t\u00f4i. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo, m\u1ed9t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u2026.<\/p>\n

Theo thi\u1ec3n \u00fd t\u00f4i, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p thu s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5i n\u1ebfu Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4 l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y m\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u1ea1o ra, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Shibusawa t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ba \u0111i\u1ec3m sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

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  1. D\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n (joint-stock company). C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/li>\n
  2. Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u01a1m m\u00e1u cho c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. V\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u1eb5n c\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed ch\u01a1i ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n, m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap \u00f4ng sau n\u00e0y hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n. \u00d4ng m\u1ee5c k\u00edch cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 s\u0129 quan trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Napoleon, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho gi\u1edbi doanh nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a vi\u00ean s\u0129 quan tr\u01b0\u1edbc doanh nh\u00e2n, cho th\u1ea5y gi\u1edbi doanh nh\u00e2n \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t quy ch\u1ebf r\u1ea5t cao, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. \u00d4ng th\u1ea7m ngh\u0129, ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m sao cho t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.<\/li>\n
  3. \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec vua B\u1ec9 Leopold II n\u00f3i v\u1edbi \u0111o\u00e0n sau khi \u0111o\u00e0n tham quan nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y th\u00e9p \u1edf Li\u00e8ge:
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    \u201cQu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1nh, t\u00f4i tin nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eaft th\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ed3n vinh kh\u00f4ng ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eaft th\u00e9p c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1ea1nh. N\u1ebfu Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1ea1nh, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1eaft th\u00e9p l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 h\u00e3y mua c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

    Nh\u00e0 vua ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Shogun, hay samurai cao c\u1ea5p can d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, kinh doanh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec1 ngay th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Khi Shibusawa d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf th\u00eam \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, th\u00ec sau h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5, v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00fac quanh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng. Th\u00eam v\u00e0i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh trong t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1:<\/p>\n

    \n

    T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf phong ph\u00fa \u1edf Ph\u00e1p trong g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u0103m s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. D\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1ch v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1ch kinh doanh ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, c\u00e1ch v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u00e1i, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u2026 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1edd m\u1eaft th\u1ea5y tai nghe n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00fa c\u01b0\u1eddng. [\u2026]<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n, quan l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 giai c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, c\u1ee9 h\u1ec5 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u00ec d\u1eabu thi\u1ebfu tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7y quy\u1ec1n uy, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n gi\u1edbi quan nh\u00e2n \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ed1n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c khinh b\u1ea1c khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi t\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean quan \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabu ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a g\u00ec, m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng coi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u00f2n t\u1ef1 coi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. Khi t\u00f4i l\u00e0m gia nh\u00e2n cho nh\u00e0 Hitotsubashi, \u1edf Osaka, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecbp giao t\u1ebf v\u1edbi v\u1edbi ph\u00fa h\u00e0o trong v\u00f9ng, th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o khi ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi quan l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7y uy quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

    T\u1eadp qu\u00e1n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh. T\u00f4i d\u1eabu kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf Anh nh\u01b0ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c ch\u00fang ta. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t. T\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 cho r\u1eb1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

    Nh\u00ecn chung, \u1edf Ph\u00e1p m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, kh\u00e1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p gi\u1eefa d\u00e2n c\u01b0 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia, gi\u1edbi qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c. T\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u1edf Ph\u00e1p m\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u1ed1n c\u00f3. \u0110\u1ebfn t\u1eadn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd t\u00f4i v\u1eabn nh\u1edb nh\u01b0 in nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    [2]<\/strong><\/p>\n

    M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh m\u1edbi l\u1ea1i m\u1ec9m c\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u00f4ng. Sau khi v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i qu\u00ea nh\u00e0, \u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m Yoshinobu, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh, t\u1ea1i l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba Shizuoka, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng ty Kinh doanh Shizuoka, hy v\u1ecdng t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi cho l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng n\u1eafm ban kinh t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Shizuoka.<\/p>\n

    C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i th\u00ec, sau m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10\/1869 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Trung \u01af\u01a1ng Minh Tr\u1ecb g\u1eedi gi\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba Shizuoka tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp Shibusawa l\u00ean Tokyo, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Edo. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn thu\u1ebf t\u1ea1i B\u1ed9 t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, do Date Munenari l\u00e0m B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 vi\u00ean Okuma Shigenobu, Ito Hirobumi v\u00e0 Inoue, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

    Ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi C\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edfng thu\u1ebf c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng c\u1ea5p ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y trong \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Shibusawa. \u0110\u00fang l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ea1o anh h\u00f9ng\u201d.<\/p>\n

    Sau n\u00e0y \u00f4ng m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh Date \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch mu\u1ed1n chi\u00eau m\u1ed9 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng gia th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169. Tuy c\u0169ng b\u1ecb m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 l\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Okuma thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng chung tay x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 \u201cm\u1ed9t trong t\u00e1m tri\u1ec7u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng chung tay \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt\u201d theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1o. Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y nghe l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Okuma nh\u01b0 Shibusawa k\u1ec3 trong V\u0169 D\u1ea1 \u0110\u00e0m<\/i>:<\/p>\n

    \n

    Thay v\u00ec n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c tho\u00e1i th\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, t\u1ea1i sao t\u00fac h\u1ea1 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u1edf Suruga (trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba Shizuoka), v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho B\u1ed9 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh?<\/p>\n

    Ta \u0111\u00e3 nghe t\u00fac h\u1ea1 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 t\u00fac h\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qua, hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng t\u00fac h\u1ea1 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e2y th\u00f4i, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn tr\u1ea3i qua bao nhi\u00eau cay \u0111\u1eafng kh\u1ed5 nh\u1ee5c ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec mang ho\u00e0i b\u00e3o x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u00fac h\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e3 theo ph\u00f2 M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7 c\u00f2n ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u00ec chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, t\u00fac h\u1ea1 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Duy t\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9, b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eabn n\u1ea1i. Ta \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ea1i b\u1ed9, t\u00fac h\u1ea1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e3y g\u00f3p s\u1ee9c c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    Nh\u01b0ng Shibusawa c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y l\u1ebb loi trong gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi, n\u00ean mu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u1edf Shizuoka. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa Okuma thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u00f4ng:<\/p>\n

    \n

    B\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n, ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

    B\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 t\u00f4i v\u00e0 t\u00fac h\u1ea1, c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng nhau h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. V\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m m\u1edbi m\u1ebb c\u1ee7a t\u00fac h\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf Shizuoka g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf n\u1ebfu nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. V\u1edbi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, t\u00fac h\u1ea1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1i nh\u1ecf cho m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn l\u1edbn h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    Shibusawa b\u1ecb \u201ch\u00f9ng t\u00e2m tr\u00e1ng ch\u00ed\u201d c\u1ee7a Okuma thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 h\u1ee9a \u201cn\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.\u201d \u00d4ng l\u1eadp t\u1ed5 chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u00f4ng tham gia l\u00e0<\/p>\n

    -C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7, s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ebf,<\/p>\n

    -C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c,<\/p>\n

    -B\u00e3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n,<\/p>\n

    -X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng lu\u1eadt doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 cty c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c cty m\u1edbi,<\/p>\n

    -Khu\u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi<\/p>\n

    Vi\u1ec7c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba phong ki\u1ebfn, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

    \n

    V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m Minh Tr\u1ecb th\u1ee9 4 (n\u0103m 1872), m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba, l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa c\u00e1t c\u1ee9, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n, ti\u00eau h\u1ee7y ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 700 n\u0103m qua. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh gi\u1edbi b\u00ean tr\u00ean, s\u1ee9c t\u00f4i h\u00e8n m\u1ecdn kh\u00f4ng can d\u1ef1 t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

    Tuy nhi\u00ean h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc ti\u1ec1n b\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i nh\u01b0 Okuma, Ito, Inoue l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea1y vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u1eafm b\u1eaft, quan s\u00e1t th\u1ebf cu\u1ed9c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n l\u1edbn lao \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i th\u00edch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc \u0110\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 Inoue, v\u1ed1n ban \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi b\u00e0i b\u1ea3n theo ph\u00e9p t\u1eafc n\u00e0o c\u1ea3 nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1eafc b\u00e9n v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng minh. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3, m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 tham gia nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

    Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u1edbi. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 thu thu\u1ebf, ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\n

    T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n th\u1ef1c thi nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y sao cho hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p. D\u00f9 t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eadc \u0110\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 Inoue khen kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng thi\u00ean b\u1ea9m, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, c\u00f3 \u00edch khi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, th\u1ef1c ra t\u00f4i c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng k\u00edch t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    Qua c\u1ecd x\u00e1t v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p:<\/p>\n

    \n

    N\u1ebfu trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u0169 k\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, th\u00ec c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

    T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh l\u00e0m \u0103n thua l\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cty m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Theo Eiichi, \u201cc\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n thi\u1ebfu kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch.\u201d Shibusawa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ki\u00eam nhi\u1ec7m C\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5n ch\u1ec9nh t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

    Sinh ra trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u0169, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft c\u00fai g\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u k\u00ednh l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 hoang mang b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t quan ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi n\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00ed ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u1edbi. Qu\u00e1 bu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb quan \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc, \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t:<\/p>\n

    \n

    Ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fat gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, tham v\u1ecdng, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy hay k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0o th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0o l\u00e0m cho tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, ch\u1ee9 ch\u1eb3ng ai mu\u1ed1n \u0111i v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kinh doanh t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n c\u1ea3. S\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Fukusuke c\u00f3 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00e2n t\u00ed teo d\u00fam d\u00f3, s\u1ebd c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f9ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    Nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n, \u00f4ng c\u00e0ng nung n\u1ea5u quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m treo \u1ea5n t\u1eeb quan, \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9c cho h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb Inoue thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian n\u1eefa. \u00d4ng \u1edf l\u1ea1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u201cPh\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia\u201d, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh ng\u00e0y 28\/8\/1872. V\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e8o l\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Daiichi Kokuritsu Ginko \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f4ng Mitsui, Ono, Shimada v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia kh\u00e1c \u1edf Tokyo. Ch\u1ec9 2 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i xa x\u00f4i, ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Deutsche Bank c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c, n\u0103m 1870, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201cng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t\u201d, universal bank<\/i>, c\u0169ng d\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n, nh\u1eb1m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp l\u00e0 Georg Siemens c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Siemens. Cho t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

    T\u1eeb quan (23\/5\/1873)<\/em><\/p>\n

    Gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m tr\u00e0n ly l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111i c\u1ee7a Inoue, s\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Shibusawa, trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 Inoue kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1i ch\u00ednh quan \u1edf tr\u00ean. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y. \u00d4ng ph\u1ee5 v\u1ee5 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 4 n\u0103m t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n, v\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng doanh nh\u00e2n theo \u0111\u00fang \u00fd nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5p Th\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Nghe tin b\u1ea1n m\u00ecnh treo \u1ea5n t\u1eeb quan, b\u1ea1n \u00f4ng, Tamano Seiri, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a \u00e1n t\u1ed1i cao, c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o \u00f4ng:<\/p>\n

    \n

    Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00ed ph\u1ea1m kinh kh\u1ee7ng n\u1ebfu t\u1eeb quan. Anh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cao trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n to l\u1edbn. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd anh ngh\u0129 anh s\u1ebd c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i l\u1ed9c h\u01a1n khi r\u1eddi b\u1ecf ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd ch\u00ea c\u01b0\u1eddi anh v\u00e0 anh s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 sai khi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 su\u1ed1t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a anh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u anh mong mu\u1ed1n \u01b0?<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    D\u0129 nhi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3 ngh\u0129 t\u1ed1t. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00e2ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t cho \u00f4ng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t \u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cho ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Daiichi nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u00fap th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c nhau ngo\u00e0i ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0 v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i t\u00e0u, d\u1ec7t, gi\u1ea5y, bia, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng S\u1edf ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n Tokyo, Ph\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Tokyo. M\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 cao c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t m\u1edbi m\u1ebb \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

    \u00d4ng quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u1ecdng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p, x\u00f3a b\u1ecf th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 coi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y. Trong b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p n\u0103m 1904 c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Keika, \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i khi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng minh trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ed3n h\u1ebft n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c cho chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng l\u1ea5y th\u00ed d\u1ee5 Anh qu\u1ed1c:<\/p>\n

    \n

    Tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, Anh qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 lo chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho chi\u1ebfn tranh, c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, m\u00e0 do suy ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean tr\u1eeb khi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng. Nh\u1edd tin r\u1eb1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    V\u00e0 \u00f4ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201c\u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u1ed3n h\u1ebft c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.\u201d R\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfp: \u201cN\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi kinh doanh c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m hay ngo\u1ea1i vi, t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m, th\u00f4ng qua ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kinh doanh v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1.\u201d<\/p>\n

    Gi\u1edbi doanh nh\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c \u0111i, qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf h\u01a1n:<\/p>\n

    \n

    Nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ra g\u00ec v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn sang M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    Shibusawa c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1 cao tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u00f3m (teamwork), tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi di s\u1ea3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi phong ki\u1ebfn:<\/p>\n

    \n

    G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u00e1ch l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn \u2026 Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng hay b\u00e0 ta r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4n ngoan, nh\u01b0ng khi c\u00f3 n\u0103m ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n th\u1ebf h\u1ecdp l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, th\u00ec l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec c\u1ea3. T\u00f4i mong mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1eadt l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh li\u00ean k\u1ebft.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    [3]<\/strong><\/p>\n

    M\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Shibusawa l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, n\u00e2ng c\u00e1c giai t\u1ea7ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi giai c\u1ea5p tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1edbn cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf l\u1ed1i suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00f4n s\u00f9ng quan ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 khinh th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n.\u201d \u00d4ng n\u00f3i: \u201c\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u00e1i th\u00f3i t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng quan ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 khinh th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 khai sinh ra m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi.\u201d H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa vi\u00ean s\u0129 quan qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Napoleon v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng m\u00e0 \u00f4ng m\u1ee5c k\u00edch n\u0103m n\u00e0o \u1edf Paris v\u1eabn theo \u0111u\u1ed5i \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

    Tuy Shibusawa ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 v\u00e0i qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 sau \u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng. N\u0103m 1879, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng 39 tu\u1ed5i, khi t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 Ulysses S. Grant, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f9ng trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, th\u0103m Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Shibusawa l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u00eanh ti\u1ebfp \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i t\u01b0 gia. Sau n\u00e0y \u00f4ng l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft v\u00e0 Woodrow Wilson. Shibusawa tin r\u1eb1ng quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

    \u00d4ng r\u00fat lui kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh l\u00fac \u00f4ng 70 tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kinh doanh \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 76, d\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n \u00e1i (philanthropic). T\u1eeb l\u00fac th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty, Shibusawa c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 khu\u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o lao \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

    Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t rung chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi t\u1eadn n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng, ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1i di s\u1ea3n v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng qua nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn lao \u1ea5y, Shibusawa v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft l\u00fd s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Tokugawa.<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u1ecdc Fukuzawa Yukichi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u0103n minh-khai s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y khai s\u00e1ng. \u0110\u1ecdc Shibusawa Eiichi, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi tr\u00e1i tim, th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 k\u00ednh ph\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em> (ethical capitalism), c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hoang d\u00e3. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc (Masato Kimura) \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a danh t\u1eeb gapponshugi <\/i>c\u1ee7a Shibusawa d\u00f9ng cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u201c\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gh\u00e9p n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1ed1n li\u1ebfng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u00f4ng\u201d. Gapponshugi<\/i> l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh \u0111\u00fang, v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Tachiai Ryakusoku<\/i> (T\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty), quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft khi \u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan ch\u1ee9c tr\u1ebb c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, cho n\u00ean ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ra l\u1ec7nh c\u00f4ng ty ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 chung s\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng n\u00ean ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u00e0 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n; v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t s\u1ee7ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd b\u1ecb khinh mi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

    Shibusawa cho r\u1eb1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Tokugawa, \u201cc\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd, cho n\u00ean ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1i.\u201d<\/p>\n

    Shibusawa \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp d\u1eebng ch\u00e2n t\u1ea1i Hong Kong, Saigon, Singapore, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u \u00c1. Khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 k\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0o Suez, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft: \u201cKhi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecd tr\u00f9 t\u00ednh cho nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u1edbn d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.\u201d (Xem \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a F. Engels v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y trong N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX<\/i>, 2019, ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c)<\/p>\n

    Khi nghe b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Napoleon III t\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m 1867, \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ef1 cao t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec3n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m \u00f4ng nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 Trung qu\u1ed1c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y s\u1ea1ch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. B\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh tro b\u1ee5i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec k\u1ebb th\u00f9, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1o m\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i n\u0103m sau, n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ee5m b\u1edfi Ph\u1ed5 trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Ph\u00e1p-Ph\u1ed5 1870-71. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Ph\u1ed5, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 cao t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Napoleon III \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p.\u201d V\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

    T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y vinh danh Shibusawa Eiichi l\u00e0 c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec1 cao ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/i> cho gi\u1edbi doanh nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f3i chung. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111ang c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1870 v\u00e0 1880, m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbp t\u1edbi. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong gi\u1edbi kinh doanh, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f2n c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch v\u1ea1n l\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

    Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    Nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y m\u01b0a d\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a th\u00e1ng 8-9, 2019<\/span><\/p>\n

    S\u00e1ch tham kh\u1ea3o<\/i>:<\/p>\n

    [1] Shibusawa Eiichi, V\u0169 D\u1ea1 \u0110\u00e0m<\/i>. T\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n. H\u1ed3i \u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 Minh Tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng doanh nh\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/i>. Nguy\u1ec5n L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ea3i Kh\u00f4i ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch. Phuong Nam Book & Nxb Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, 2019.<\/p>\n

    [2] Shimada Masakazu, Shibusawa Eiichi<\/i>. Nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb<\/i>. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam Book & Nxb Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, 2019. Nguy\u1ec5n Duy L\u00ea d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n

    [3] Yamamoto Shichihei, The Spirit of Japanese Capitalism and Selected Essays<\/i>. Translated by Lynne E. Riggs and Takechi Manabu. Introduction by Frank Gibney. Madison Books, 1992.<\/p>\n

    [4] Chuhei Sugiyama, Origins of Economic Thought in Modern Japan<\/i>. Routledge, 1994.<\/p>\n

    [5] Peter F. Drucker, Innovation and Entrepreneurship<\/i>. Harper, 1993.<\/p>\n

    [6] John H. Sagers, Origins of Japanese Wealth and Power<\/i>. Reconciling Confucianism and Capitalism<\/i>, 1830-1885. Palgrave, 2006.<\/p>\n

    \n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u00a0SHIBUSAWA EIICHI S\u01a0 L\u01af\u1ee2C V\u1ec0 CU\u1ed8C \u0110\u1edcI V\u00c0 T\u00c1C PH\u1ea8M Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u   L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u. Th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, ng\u00e0y 14\/9\/2019, t\u1ea1i C\u00e0 Ph\u00ea Th\u1ee9 B\u1ea3y, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 bu\u1ed5i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 doanh nh\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb Shibusawa Eiichi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4i v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean trang m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec3n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[12,90],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2967"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2967"}],"version-history":[{"count":24,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2967\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2980,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2967\/revisions\/2980"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2967"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2967"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2967"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}