{"id":314,"date":"2017-07-19T15:49:46","date_gmt":"2017-07-19T08:49:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=314"},"modified":"2022-01-11T16:20:04","modified_gmt":"2022-01-11T09:20:04","slug":"nam-quoc-te-anh-sang","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/nam-quoc-te-anh-sang\/","title":{"rendered":"N\u0103m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng 2015"},"content":{"rendered":"

D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp v\u1ec1<\/span> <\/i><\/p>\n

N\u0102M QU\u1ed0C T\u1ebe \u00c1NH S\u00c1NG 2015
\n<\/span><\/h1>\n

\u0110\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u 1000 n\u0103m t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m qui m\u00f4 v\u1ec1 quang h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc <\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1ed5i gi\u00e1o Ibn al-Haytham
\n<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u00eam t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a tim t\u00f4i<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u1ecdc theo m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb9p<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i d\u00f2 d\u1eabm; v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn k\u00eca\u2212 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng!<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t b\u00e1t ng\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Rumi<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 lo c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u00e8n d\u1ea7u,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e8n \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Thomas Edison<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\"\"\n

Alhazen (Ibn al-Haytham, 965-1040)<\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u. <\/i>B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y n\u0103m 2015 n\u1eb1m trong d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh. Nay xin \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i cho b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc quan t\u00e2m. N\u00f3 v\u1ebd l\u00ean ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng xuy\u00ean qua l\u1ecbch s\u1eed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. NXX 2017<\/p>\n

\u2b50<\/span>\u2b50<\/span><\/h2>\n

N\u0103m 2015 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0m N\u0103m Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng (YIL 2015)<\/i>. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u 1000 n\u0103m t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m qui m\u00f4 v\u1ec1 quang h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc H\u1ed5i gi\u00e1o Ibn al-Haytham (965-1040), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 311 n\u0103m t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Opticks<\/i> c\u1ee7a Newton, 150 n\u0103m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a James Clerk Maxwell v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n, 120 n\u0103m k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 tia quang tuy\u1ebfn X b\u1edfi R\u00f6ntgen, v\u00e0, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft, 110 n\u0103m v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t h\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng mang t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Albert Einstein v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u0103m 1905.<\/p>\n

T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Ibn al-Haytham (t\u00ean La tinh: Alhazen) c\u00f3 t\u00ean Book of Optics (S\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 quang h\u1ecdc)<\/i>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ec7t t\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t trong khoa h\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, \u0111i xa h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. S\u00e1ch g\u1ed3m b\u1ea3y t\u1eadp. Optics<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng La tinh v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai hay \u0111\u1ea7u m\u01b0\u1eddi ba, d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean Perspectiva<\/i>. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y, k\u00edch th\u00edch vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quang h\u1ecdc. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Ibn al-Haytham c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft th\u00eam ch\u00edn ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng: \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a tr\u0103ng, V\u1ea7ng h\u00e0o quang v\u00e0 C\u1ea7u v\u00f2ng, L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u00f3ng, \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a sao, Kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng<\/i>, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

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Book of Optics c\u1ee7a Ibn al-Haytham 1000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/p><\/div>\n

B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/i> c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u2018th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 g\u00ec\u2019? Th\u00e1nh Augustin ch\u1eafc c\u0169ng s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian, r\u1eb1ng \u201cN\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ai h\u1ecfi t\u00f4i, t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ai h\u1ecfi, th\u00ec t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft.\u201d C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p Euclid, Aristote, Ptolemy, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng; Kepler v\u00e0 Galileo th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng c\u0169ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, Descartes c\u0169ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u (\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 n\u0103m 1637). Nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, \u0111\u1ea7u 18 tr\u1edf \u0111i, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi ghi nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp s\u00e2u v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u2018l\u1ed9 di\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean h\u00ecnh\u2019: b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, v\u1eeba s\u00f3ng v\u1eeba h\u1ea1t<\/i>.<\/p>\n

\u00c1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111em l\u1ea1i v\u0103n minh cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 20, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u00e8n d\u1ea7u, \u0111\u00e8n c\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e8n gas, \u0111\u00e8n \u0111i\u1ec7n, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e8n LED. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0m n\u00ean nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 to l\u1edbn trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, v\u1edbi v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, y khoa, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng mang trong m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng \u2018th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p\u2019 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed m\u1edbi di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ba tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi b\u1ea3y m\u00e0u, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 qua hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7u v\u1ed3ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, ngo\u00e0i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t s\u00f3ng, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u00eam t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u1ea1t, nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t photon, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u2018nguy\u00ean t\u1eed\u2019 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u, l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng, g\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau tranh c\u00e3i. T\u00ednh nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean<\/i>, v\u1eeba s\u00f3ng v\u1eeba h\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t photon (Einstein), c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh t\u00ednh nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea5p vi m\u00f4 n\u00f3i chung (de Broglie), v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f3 v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng s\u1ebd cho s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec7n nghi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb y t\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m nghi\u1ec7m ng\u00e0y nay, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng. \u201cTri th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh\u201d. Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng tin b\u1eb1ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng (c\u00e1p quang), m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i t\u1ee9c th\u00ec. Ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, th\u00ec nay con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi nhau d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng trong kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i l\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u2018si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc\u2019: \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a creation<\/i>, c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf, cung c\u1ea5p ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a cho hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o thi\u00ean l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba, cho v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc, thuy\u1ebft Big Bang. Kinh th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t: \u201cL\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Cha l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n con, v\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng r\u1ecdi l\u1ed1i \u0111i c\u1ee7a con.\u201d (Psalms 119:105); \u201cSau \u0111\u00f3 Jesu l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, r\u1eb1ng Ta l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi: ai theo ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111i trong b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i, m\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi.\u201d (John 8:12)<\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00e8n d\u1ea7u (cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1)<\/p><\/div>\n

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\u0110\u00e8n c\u1ea7y (th\u1eddi La M\u00e3)<\/p><\/div>\n

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\u0110\u00e8n \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19\/20<\/p><\/div>\n

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\u0110\u00e8n LED th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20\/21<\/p><\/div>\n

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Xin \u0111i\u1ec3m qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng:<\/p>\n

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    Newton\u2019s Opticks 1704: <\/i>Sau khi Hooke qua \u0111\u1eddi, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Royal Society, Newton cho xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee9 hai quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng sau Principia<\/em>: Opticks<\/em>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 30 n\u0103m v\u1ec1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. Trong Opticks<\/em> Newton \u0111\u01b0a ra hai nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi: i) \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng 7 lo\u1ea1i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u00e0u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00e0u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa (tr\u1eeb hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c); ii) \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng h\u1ea1t m\u00e0 \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 corpuscules. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a Newton b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb thuy\u1ebft nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u201cc\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t\u2026nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng, nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft l\u00fd h\u1ecd.\u201d<\/p>\n

    S\u1edf d\u0129 Newton ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd ph\u00fat Hooke qua \u0111\u1eddi m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u00f4ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i hai k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a Newton t\u1edbi c\u00f9ng. \u00dd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho \u00f4ng. Newton trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi khoa h\u1ecdc g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u r\u1eafc r\u1ed3i v\u1edbi Hooke. Hooke l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 cho r\u1eb1ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i s\u00f3ng truy\u1ec1n, b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc Thomas Young. Hai \u00f4ng c\u00e3i nhau d\u1eef d\u1ed9i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u sai ho\u1eb7c c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00fang c\u1ea3, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft h\u1ebft s\u1ef1 t\u00ecnh! Newton \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh 30 n\u0103m v\u00e0 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y Hooke m\u1ea5t m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u Newton vi\u1ebft: \u201cThi\u1ebft k\u1ebf trong quy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y<\/i> (Opticks c\u00f3 3 quy\u1ec3n chung trong m\u1ed9t) l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng b\u1eb1ng Gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng L\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/i> (reason) v\u00e0 Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m<\/i> (experiments).\u201d \u0110o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft: \u201cC\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng V\u1eadt th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eabn nhau; ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c V\u1eadt th\u1ebf th\u00f4ng qua \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra ph\u00e1t quang, ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu, kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 n\u00f3; v\u00e0 \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng th\u00f4ng qua V\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng ch\u00fang l\u00ean, l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang rung \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 sinh ra nhi\u1ec7t?<\/i>\u201d \u00d4ng b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t cho th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Ngo\u00e0i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, quy\u1ec3n Opticks<\/i> c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

    \"http:\/\/media-3.web.britannica.com\/eb-media\/62\/147562-050-42020E12.jpg\"<\/p>\n

    Newton th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u1eafng th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3y m\u00e0u.<\/p>\n

    \u201cT\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u1ea9n n\u1ea5p trong b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i:
    \n<\/i>Ch\u00faa ph\u00e1n: H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 Newton xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n! v\u00e0 T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u00e1ng l\u00ean.\u201d (A. Pope)<\/i><\/p>\n

    Ba tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u T\u1ed1 Nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng 300 n\u0103m sau thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u2018t\u00e2m s\u1ef1\u2019 c\u1ee7a Newton, bao g\u1ed3m l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn t\u1eeb xa v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t! N\u1ebfu ai \u0111\u1ecdc Principia,<\/i> s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t \u201ct\u00e2m s\u1ef1\u201d l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean t\u00e0i:<\/p>\n

    \n

    C\u1ea3 g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y: t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t (\u0111\u1ec3) nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y suy ra chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh, sao ch\u1ed5i v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n. T\u00f4i mong mu\u1ed1n ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ra ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i l\u00fd lu\u1eadn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc; v\u00ec t\u00f4i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c h\u00fat c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, hay \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u00fang xa nhau. B\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, n\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ho\u00e0i c\u00f4ng; nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0a ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, ho\u1eb7c cho m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 cho tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc.\u201d<\/i><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18.<\/p>\n

    \"D:\\DATA<\/p>\n

    T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Opticks c\u1ee7a Newton n\u0103m 1704<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  2. \n

    Thomas Young (1773-1829) \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, t\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Opticks<\/i>, \u0111\u01b0a ra thuy\u1ebft s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng giao thoa c\u1ee7a hai ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c v\u00e2n, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quan \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a Robert Hooke, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u1ee7a Christian Huyghens (1629-1695). T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. Newton thua. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u00f9 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Young r\u1ea5t l\u00f4gic, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean \u00e1n c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u201cthi\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb\u201d.<\/p>\n

    Kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m sau, Maxwell xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa s\u1ebd kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i.<\/p>\n

    \"D:\\DATA<\/p>\n

    Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m hai khe. Thomas Young kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 r\u1eb1ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng khi \u0111i qua hai l\u1ed7, hay hai khe nh\u1ecf g\u1ea7n nhau, s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng v\u00e2n s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7t ph\u00eda sau. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. C\u00e1c s\u00f3ng \u0111i qua hai khe s\u1ebd ch\u1ed3ng l\u1eadp l\u00ean nhau, n\u01a1i th\u00ec h\u1ee3p l\u1ef1c (c\u00f9ng pha, v\u00e2n s\u00e1ng), khi th\u00ec tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau (v\u00e2n t\u1ed1i, ngh\u1ecbch pha).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  3. \n

    Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Maxwell nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1860 v\u1ec1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb, k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng sau hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Newton. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng phong ph\u00fa, \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a \u00d8rsted v\u00e0 Faraday: \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb<\/i>. S\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e3y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u00f3ng radio, truy\u1ec1n tin, quang tuy\u1ebfn X, s\u00f3ng vi ba, rada v\u00e2n v\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb. Tia h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c t\u00edm \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 (Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel, nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 Johann Wilhelm Ritter). Kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, kh\u00f4ng n\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Maxwell l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Einstein ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

    Ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean thay, n\u1ebfu Newton \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 h\u1ea5p l\u1ef1c cho Principia<\/i> v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1666 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0ng qu\u00ea y\u00ean t\u0129nh, th\u00ec Maxwell c\u0169ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1865 trong l\u00fac lui v\u1ec1 \u1edf \u1ea9n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0ng qu\u00ea y\u00ean t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 hai annus mirabilis<\/em> c\u1ee7a Maxwell v\u00e0 Newton c\u00e1ch nhau \u0111\u00fang 200 n\u0103m, di\u1ec5n ra trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Trong b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00f3 t\u00ean A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field<\/em> n\u0103m 1865, Maxwell ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u1eeb truy\u1ec1n \u0111i trong kh\u00f4ng gian d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng s\u00f3ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. [Ghi ch\u00fa: Th\u1eddi gian 1867-68, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ngay sau khi thuy\u1ebft Maxwell \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1, l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh Vi\u1ec7t Nam: Nguy\u1ec5n T\u01b0\u1eddng T\u1ed9 \u0111i c\u00f4ng c\u00e1n \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u1edbi vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, trong khi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111ang m\u1edf toang c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda Duy t\u00e2n, ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n.]<\/p>\n

    \"James<\/p>\n

    James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)<\/p>\n

    M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1ec9a mai, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Anh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nghi\u00eam t\u00fac thuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a Maxwell, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c. [\u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean]. N\u0103m 1879, n\u0103m Maxwell m\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u0103m Einstein sinh (!). Hermann Helmholtz, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 r\u1ea5t cao \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Maxwell, thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c Vi\u1ec7n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m khoa h\u1ecdc Ph\u1ed5 treo gi\u1ea3i cho ai ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m thuy\u1ebft Maxwell. Kh\u00f4ng ai kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u01b0ng s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Heinrich Hertz, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1. Ch\u00ednh Hertz \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a b\u1ed9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Maxwell. V\u1edbi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng t\u00e1m n\u0103m li\u1ec1n, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng (1887) Hertz \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00f3ng radio trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu, kh\u00fac x\u1ea1, giao thoa, ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111i v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m s\u00f3ng Hertz, t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 Hertz. N\u0103m 1889, Hertz tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i \u201cH\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u00e1c s\u0129 \u0110\u1ee9c\u201d: \u201c\u00c1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 lo\u1ea1i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, c\u1ee7a n\u1ebfn, hay c\u1ee7a \u0111om \u0111\u00f3m. L\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec7n ra kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u0169ng s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t theo.<\/i>\u201d [C\u00e2u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m ch\u00fang ta nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Einstein v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng: N\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y h\u1ebft v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u2026th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1eefa.<\/i>]<\/p>\n

    Nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb th\u00e1nh th\u1ea7n ghen t\u1ecb, Hertz \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng may m\u1ea5t s\u1edbm \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 37! kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb n\u1eefa h\u1eefu \u00edch cho c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 R\u00f6ntgen kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u0103m 1895, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tia X, g\u1ecdi th\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u00ec d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn r\u1ea5t hoang mang tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t cho n\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u00ean tia X theo c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ea9n s\u1ed1.) [Th\u1eadt ra Maxwell c\u0169ng m\u1ea5t s\u1edbm, \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 48.]<\/p>\n

    \"Heinrich<\/p>\n

    Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894)<\/p>\n

    Einstein tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Maxwell: \u201cM\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Clerk Maxwell.\u201d<\/i> C\u00f2n Feynman, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u00e0i hoa \u2018flamboyant\u2019 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1: \u201cT\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u2212 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0n n\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u2212 c\u00f3 \u00edt nghi ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Maxwell v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc.\u201d<\/i><\/i> C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Maxwell, v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. S\u1eefng s\u1edd tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u00c1o Ludwig Boltzmann cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 trong C\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft Maxwell<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1t ra: \u201cC\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng n\u00e0y ch\u0103ng?<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

    Thuy\u1ebft Maxwell, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n, t\u1eeb v\u00e0 quang h\u1ecdc, bao g\u1ed3m t\u1eeb c\u1ea7u v\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ebfn radio, t\u1eeb s\u00f3ng vi ba \u0111\u1ebfn quang tuy\u1ebfn X, t\u1eeb tia h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc (electrodynamics).<\/i><\/p>\n

    \u00cdt ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n v\u0103n<\/em> c\u1ee7a Maxwell, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Newton. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/em> c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng, vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n khai m\u1ea1c ph\u00f2ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi Cavendish m\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p, \u00f4ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc:<\/p>\n

    \n

    Ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng (\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng) nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, hay c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac cao qu\u00fd, bao l\u00e2u anh ta s\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng \u0111\u1eddi h\u1ecd cho vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd nghe \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i h\u1ecd? Hay l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf kh\u1ecfi suy x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c?<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    Hay qu\u00e1.<\/p>\n

    M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n vui b\u00ean l\u1ec1:<\/i> N\u0103m 1960 Royal Society<\/em> t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 300 n\u0103m ng\u00e0y th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Anh \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ef1. Trong b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u, b\u00e0 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u00e1c fellows n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Royal Society, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u v\u00ec sao b\u00e0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i t\u00ean Maxwell! \u00c1i cha! Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng v\u00ec Maxwell l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scotland? Ch\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i, l\u1ed7i \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eafc do m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u01a1 s\u00f3t t\u1eeb ph\u00eda Royal Society. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Maxwell \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0 Mexico, Nicaragua v\u00e0 San Marino, n\u1eb1m trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh tem Maxwell \u0111\u1ec3 vinh danh \u00f4ng. (C\u00f2n VN?)<\/p>\n

    \"http:\/\/matidavid.com\/pioneer_files\/Hertz_files\/hertz_maxwell_stamp.jpg\"<\/p>\n

    M\u1ed9t con tem v\u1edbi \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a James Clerk Maxwell v\u00e0 Heinrich Hertz c\u1ee7a Mexico n\u0103m 1967 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 100 n\u0103m thuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  4. \n

    Ngay \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, Max Planck \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, v\u00e0 Einstein b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 t\u00ednh h\u1ea1t<\/i>. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 photon, hay c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed quanta. Hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau Newton, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Einstein ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0 Einstein \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng s\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a Maxwell. Newton th\u1eafng l\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c h\u1ea1t n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 qua c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c Planck-Einstein: E = h\u03bd<\/i>, trong \u0111\u00f3 h<\/i> l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Planck v\u00e0 \u03bd<\/i> l\u00e0 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n<\/i> thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (qua h<\/i>) v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft s\u00f3ng (qua \u03bd<\/i>). Einstein \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quang \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u. C\u00e1c h\u1ea1t photon c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao b\u1eafn v\u00e0o t\u1ea5m kim lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eadt ra c\u00e1c electron c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea5m kim lo\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (Robert Milikan \u0111o).<\/p>\n

    Einstein kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1c b\u1ecf t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t s\u00f3ng, v\u00ec c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh, v\u1eeba s\u00f3ng v\u1eeba h\u1ea1t (duality). \u00d4ng h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng giao thoa kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh t\u1ee9c th\u00ec c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c photon, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

    L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quang \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban gi\u1ea3i Nobel d\u1ef1a l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i Nobel cho \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

    Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Planck v\u00e0 quanta \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Einstein l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Aristote \u201cV\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c\u201d b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y l\u1eaft l\u00e9o: c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4i, v\u1eeba s\u00f3ng v\u1eeba h\u1ea1t, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eadt k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u1eaft l\u00e9o c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m khe k\u00e9p (double slit experiment). (Xem Richard Feynman, \u201cQED, The strange Theory of Light and Matter.<\/i>\u201d)<\/p>\n

    T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t hai m\u1eb7t s\u00f3ng-h\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a photon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Ph\u00e1p, Louis de Broglie, t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho photon m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 electron ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t s\u00f3ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn quan tr\u1ecdng trong thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed.<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c quanta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u2018nguy\u00ean t\u1eed\u2019 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, r\u1ed3i c\u00e1c \u2018nguy\u00ean t\u1eed\u2019 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111i t\u00ecm c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nguy\u00ean t\u1eed<\/i> c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (quantum gravity), nh\u1eb1m t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ea5p l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Quan ni\u1ec7m ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u00e3y c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 th\u00f4. M\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Do Th\u00e1i nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, Moses Maimonides (kho\u1ea3ng 1135 \u2013 1204), \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean: \u201cTh\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed th\u1eddi gian\u2026ch\u00fang th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng chia c\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em>\u201d. \u1ede c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 Planck c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfm c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 Planck (10-43<\/sup> gi\u00e2y), v\u00e0 n\u00f3i chung, v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

    V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1916, n\u0103m r\u1ea5t b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a Einstein, sau khi v\u1eeba ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t xong thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng, th\u00ec \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd: \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng laser. Photon l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t boson, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ea1t Fermi c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u1ee7a Pauli, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7, cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh \u1edf d\u1ea1ng tia laser so v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

    V\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ea1t, m\u1ed7i h\u1ea1t mang theo n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f9y theo m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u00ean \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi h\u00fat v\u00e0 u\u1ed1n cong khi n\u00f3 \u0111i qua, v\u00e0 Einstein c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 cong t\u1ea1i kh\u00fac r\u1ebd. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Einstein \u0111\u00fang\u00a0100 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng b\u1ecb cong tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi khi \u0111i ngang qua tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi,\u00a0\u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng n\u0103m 1919 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Anh. Khi kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian b\u1ecb cong b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, th\u00ec \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111i trong \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o cong c\u0169ng b\u1ecb cong, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh, m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 th\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ra nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u2018\u1ea3o \u1ea3nh\u2019, nh\u01b0 trong minh h\u1ecda (c\u1ee7a Lawrence M. Krauss):<\/p>\n

    \"D:\\DATA<\/p>\n

    S\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ch\u01b0a h\u1ebft, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra trong thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a Einstein. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1 k\u1ef3: n\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111i v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1<\/em>, 300.000km\/s, h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nhau trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh,k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi h\u1ec7 qui chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec1u nhanh th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa. Suy nghi\u1ec7m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u2018phi l\u00fd\u2019 so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd c\u1ed9ng v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong hai ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i paradigm<\/em> v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb m\u1ea5y ng\u00e0n n\u0103m! Trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p, \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd c\u1ed9ng v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu ch\u1ec9nh.<\/p>\n

    N\u1ebfu v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u1ef1c, th\u00ec Newton \u0111\u00fang, v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i n\u1eefa trong si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd. C\u00e1i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n<\/em> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t tr\u00ean, bu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. Kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i n\u00e0o tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea3, ch\u00fang h\u00f2a quy\u1ec7n nhau \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn l\u1eabn nhau, th\u1eddi gian th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng gian, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1edbi l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

    G\u1ea7n 2.500 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p ti\u1ec1n-Socrate, Empedocles, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111i trong kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn nh\u01b0ng h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n. Ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra thuy\u1ebft v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1.<\/p>\n

    Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Max Planck g\u00e2y n\u00e1o nhi\u1ec7t trong d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 th\u00fa v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m: \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng hay b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb thanh s\u1eaft trong l\u00f2 th\u1ee3 r\u00e8n (th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong m\u1ed9t \u2018v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111en\u2019, blackbody, k\u00edn b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed1n b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng kim lo\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111un l\u00ean) nh\u01b0 h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Berlin nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. Planck l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn sau, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u201cti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n may m\u1eafn\u201d, \u0111\u00e3 tu ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a thanh s\u1eaft tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/i> ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1eebng m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tin: N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ed5i theo t\u1eebng g\u00f3i<\/em>, quanta, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1edfng. Ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a thanh s\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nung \u0111\u1ecf m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t. Thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u2018b\u1eaft b\u00ed\u2019. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a l\u00f2 r\u00e8n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Dante, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t vi m\u00f4 k\u1ef3 b\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a photon l\u00e0 k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1: C\u00e1c electron trong nguy\u00ean t\u1eed th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u2018c\u00fa nh\u1ea3y l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed\u2019 t\u1eeb qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y sang qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thu th\u00eam photon hay nh\u1ea3 ra, lo\u1ea1i photon c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eefa hai qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o. C\u00e1c electron \u0111\u1ea9y nhau b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u2018b\u1eafn\u2019 photon qua l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u2018\u0111u\u1ed5i\u2019 nhau \u0111i xa. T\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u01a1n, Planck v\u00e0 Einstein \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trung gian b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c photon.<\/p>\n

    N\u00f3i theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/i>, photon, h\u1ea1t nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t \u2018con c\u01b0ng\u2019 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa v\u00e0o th\u1eddi t\u1ea1o thi\u00ean l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\n

    \"C:\\Users\\xanhnguyen\\Documents\\DATA\\Higgs<\/p>\n

    Khi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed ph\u00e1n: \u201cH\u00e3y cho \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng!\u201d th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd Ng\u00e0i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n: \u201cH\u00e3y cho m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Yang-Mills SU v\u1edbi c\u00e1c boson chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t, r\u1ed3i \u0111em b\u00e1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 boson v\u00e0o ng\u1ee5c h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i, tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t boson kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Boson chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 con c\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ta (h\u1ea1t photon). H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 bay xa \u0111\u1ec3 soi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ta!\u201d C\u00f3 l\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u1edbi s\u00e1t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Anthony Zee vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch duy\u00ean d\u00e1ng v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  5. \n

    Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i 1940, sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, Schwinger, Feynman v\u00e0 Tomonaga ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng (photon) v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (electron). Thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u2018\u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00e9t\u2019 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/i>, QED (Quantum Electrodynamics). N\u00f3 n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng thuy\u1ebft Maxwell v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Dirac. \u201cPh\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n quen bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 electron (h\u1ea1t trong nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t), trong h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n\u201d, Feynman vi\u1ebft. Thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1eeda ng\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. Thuy\u1ebft Yang-Mills cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng t\u1eeb thuy\u1ebft QED n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

    Thuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Feynman tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf \u201cQED, The strange Theory of Light and Matter.<\/i>\u201d Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 cao. Feynman v\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c n\u00e0y: n\u1ebfu \u0111o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa New York v\u00e0 Los Angeles th\u00ec sai s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft QED ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee3i t\u00f3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi! Khi\u1ebfp th\u1eadt.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  6. \n

    \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc. Robert Grosseteste, gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oxford, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft v\u1edbi hai kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1220, De luce<\/i> (Si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng) v\u00e0 De motu corporali et luce <\/i><\/i>(V\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng), trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 sau. V\u0169 tr\u1ee5, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1o ra d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00e1ng trong m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ban s\u01a1, trong su\u1ed1t, kh\u00f4ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc; \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111i t\u1ee9c th\u00ec v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3n n\u1edf, qua \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng, nh\u1edd v\u00e0o \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o trong t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng gi\u1ea3n n\u1edf, t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc Aristote. Grosseteste di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3:<\/p>\n

    \n

    T\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 (body)\u2026l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng (lux<\/i>), v\u00e0 khi n\u00f3 t\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n l\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng ra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo, n\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 di \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ee9c th\u00ec xuy\u00ean qua m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong su\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Nh\u01b0ng, th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, khi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng theo c\u00e1c chi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c nhau, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1edbi n\u00f3, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m hay t\u0103ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t\u2026T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u00e2n l\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e8m kh\u00e1t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh v\u1eadt th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13, v\u00ec th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0y, tuy ch\u1ec9 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 bi\u1ec7n, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u00e9p m\u1ea7u hay s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, th\u1ee9 hai, n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng big bang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n gi\u1ea3n n\u1edf, bao g\u1ed3m l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t, r\u1ed3i k\u1ebft tinh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh. Qu\u1ea3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u2018\u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u2019 thuy\u1ebft big bang b\u1ea3y th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc A. C. Crombie g\u1ecdi Grosseteste l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 duy khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Oxford Trung c\u1ed5, v\u00e0, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i Anh\u201d. \u00d3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc th\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

    \"Bishop<\/p>\n

    Robert Grosseteste (1175-1253), nh\u00e0 kinh vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00ec t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 Roger Bacon m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 \u00f4ng sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

    Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 n\u1ec1n (CMB, cosmic microwave background) \u1edf d\u1ea1ng s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb vi ba c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u0103m th\u1ee9 380.000, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 cho th\u1ea5y v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t big bang (Robert Wilson v\u00e0 Arno Penzias nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960). S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p chi\u1ebfc \u2018h\u1ed9p \u0111en\u2019 \u0111un n\u00f3ng n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, g\u1ee3i th\u00eam t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t big bang thu\u1edf ban \u0111\u1ea7u. Cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn ban s\u01a1, c\u00f2n dai d\u1eb3ng \u1ea9n tr\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

    \"Full-sky<\/p>\n

    B\u1ee9c tranh b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 n\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/p>\n

    \"\"

    K\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Galilei<\/p><\/div>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \"\"

    Edwin Hubble v\u00e0 vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng k\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/p><\/div>\n

    \u00a0T\u1eeb Galilei \u0111\u1ebfn Hubble, m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i trong thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc nh\u1eb1m kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  7. \n

    Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 electron cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 electronics<\/i>. Sau photon, k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 \u0111ang c\u00f3 th\u00eam ng\u00e0nh photonics<\/em>. Photonics l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh ra, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 d\u00f2 ra photon. Photonics l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a smartphone, laptop, internet \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb y khoa v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. Hai ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u1ebfu th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o electronics th\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi 21 v\u00e0o photonics. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng (laser) c\u00f3 th\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng tin (optical fibres) \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i, thay cho \u0111i\u1ec7n (electron) tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 nhanh g\u1ecdn h\u01a1n, kinh t\u1ebf h\u01a1n, m\u1edf ra s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu nh\u1ecf l\u1ea1i h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 photonics c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u20ac300 t\u1ec9, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh s\u1ebd h\u01a1n \u20ac600 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2020, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u Einstein v\u00e0 Planck ch\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 cho c\u00e2y c\u1ecf, m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u0103ng hoa, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c khai th\u00e1c. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

    \u2b50<\/span>\u2b50<\/span><\/h2>\n

    \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Khai minh<\/i> (enlightenment), t\u1eeb thu\u1edf Plato v\u1edbi ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n hang \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 v\u1edbi Kant v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00e1ch khoa th\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p, Anh. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho l\u00fd t\u00ednh, hay ch\u00e2n l\u00fd: \u201cL\u00fd t\u00ednh s\u1ebd khai s\u00e1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u00fd t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng<\/em>\u201d, hay \u201cL\u00fd t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tia s\u00e1ng th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0, sau khi kinh qua c\u00e1c c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 minh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y Ch\u00faa, m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t<\/em>\u201d nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p Paul Hazard n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t si\u00e8cle des lumi\u00e8res<\/em>, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ee9c tranh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u0103m 1784, trong ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn \u201cWas ist Aufkl\u00e4rung?<\/em>\u201d (Khai minh l\u00e0 g\u00ec?) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 Khai minh, Immanuel Kant b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 bi quan nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u201cN\u1ebfu ai h\u1ecfi, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai s\u00e1ng h\u00f4m nay kh\u00f4ng, c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi s\u1ebd l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng.<\/em>\u201d Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp ngay, \u201cch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Khai minh.<\/em>\u201d C\u00f2n Voltaire kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p. \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 Khai minh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa<\/em>\u201d, Georg Christoph Lichtenberg m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng \u0110\u1ee9c vi\u1ebft. \u201cNh\u01b0ng Ch\u00faa \u01a1i, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1ed1t l\u00e0m g\u00ec khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eaft, hay n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 m\u1eaft, h\u1ecd c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft nh\u1eafm l\u1ea1i?<\/em>\u201d Diderot, trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00fat tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng, vi\u1ebft cho Hume: \u201c\u00d4i, nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u01a1i! H\u00e3y kh\u00f3c than v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111i. Ch\u00fang ta thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ebfc v\u00e0 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn c\u00f2n xa v\u1eddi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh.<\/em>\u201d B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n David Hume ngh\u0129, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Khai minh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00f2n an b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t sa m\u1ea1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i, s\u1ef1 b\u00e0ng quang \u01b0\u01a1ng b\u01b0\u1edbng, c\u1ee7a m\u00f9 ch\u1eef v\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn, ngu mu\u1ed9i v\u00e0 d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

    Nh\u01b0ng Kant l\u1ea1c quan. \u00d4ng nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u201cn\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u00ea t\u00edn\u201d kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p v\u0103n minh, g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Aufkl\u00e4rung<\/i>, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Aufkl\u00e4rer<\/em>. Xung quanh \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. L\u00fd t\u00ednh th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. Khi chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, Khai minh b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, truy b\u1ee9c \u2018ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y\u2019, thi\u00eau s\u1ed1ng d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 chi\u00eam tinh, ma thu\u1eadt. Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Khai minh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng tinh th\u1ea7n \u00c2u ch\u00e2u kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m v\u1ea3i che m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u, kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. C\u00e1n c\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa intelligentsia th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tu s\u0129 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ch\u00fang ta ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con c\u1ee7a khai minh.<\/p>\n

    \"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5b\/Oer-Weimarer_Musenhof.jpg\"
    \nTh\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Khai minh<\/i> \u1edf Weimar, \u0110\u1ee9c, v\u1edbi Schiller, Goethe, Wieland v\u00e0 Herder.<\/p>\n

    \u2b50<\/span>\u2b50<\/span><\/h2>\n

    Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 g\u1ee3i \u00fd m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. N\u00f3i chung c\u00f3 n\u0103m l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i: L\u1ecbch s\u1eed khai ph\u00e1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng; \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng nh\u1ecf (l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed); \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn (v\u0169 tr\u1ee5); \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (\u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong kinh t\u1ebf); \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a khai minh. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m quan tr\u1ecdng Opticks <\/i>c\u1ee7a Newton d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed Maxwell, nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a photonics. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 VN \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 hai t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a GS Tr\u1ecbnh Xu\u00e2n Thu\u1eadn ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cNh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng\u201d, do Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n Thi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 Ng\u00f4 V\u0169 d\u1ecbch. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch qu\u00fd, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0 v\u1ec1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i, v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c hay v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean kinh t\u1ebf. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i hoan ngh\u00eanh m\u1ecdi s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, y\u00eau th\u00edch khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

    V\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u00fang t\u00f4i k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u00e3y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m N\u0103m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u00eam \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam, g\u00e2y \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t d\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i th\u1eadt phong ph\u00fa. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng n\u00ean ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng con tem mang h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0 Newton, Maxwell, Hertz v\u00e0 Einstein. M\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i chu\u1ed9ng khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n vinh nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc khai ph\u00e1 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn l\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

    Xin c\u00e1m \u01a1n.<\/p>\n

    Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u1ecdng Hi\u1ec1n<\/p>\n

    Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/p>\n

    Ph\u1ea1m Xu\u00e2n Y\u00eam<\/p>\n

    Th\u00e1ng Ba, 2015<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp v\u1ec1 N\u0102M QU\u1ed0C T\u1ebe \u00c1NH S\u00c1NG 2015 \u0110\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u 1000 n\u0103m t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m qui m\u00f4 v\u1ec1 quang h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc H\u1ed5i gi\u00e1o Ibn al-Haytham   Trong \u0111\u00eam t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a tim t\u00f4i D\u1ecdc theo m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb9p T\u00f4i d\u00f2 d\u1eabm; v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn k\u00eca\u2212 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng! M\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t b\u00e1t ng\u00e1t c\u1ee7a<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[36],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/314"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=314"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/314\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7160,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/314\/revisions\/7160"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=314"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=314"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=314"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}