{"id":3144,"date":"2019-11-11T23:09:47","date_gmt":"2019-11-11T16:09:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=3144"},"modified":"2023-12-25T17:26:32","modified_gmt":"2023-12-25T10:26:32","slug":"gioi-thieu-thien-va-van-hoa-nhat-ban","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/gioi-thieu-thien-va-van-hoa-nhat-ban\/","title":{"rendered":"Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u Thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u00f3a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/i>"},"content":{"rendered":"

THI\u1ec0N V\u00c0 V\u0102N H\u00d3A NH\u1eacT B\u1ea2N<\/span><\/h1>\n

Nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c<\/em>: Suzuki T. Daisetsu<\/strong><\/span>
\nD\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3<\/em>: Nguy\u1ec5n Nam Tr\u00e2n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong> Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n Nam Tr\u00e2n (\u0110\u00e0o H\u1eefu D\u0169ng) v\u1eeba xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u1edbn Thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u00f3a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/em> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Suzuki T. Daisetsu (1870-1966) do \u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i r\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng phu. B\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1930, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt. Thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u00f3a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/em> l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Thi\u1ec1n, Zen, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. Zen mang nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u1ea5m s\u00e2u v\u00e0o t\u1ea5m th\u1ea3m v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nh\u1eadt nh\u01b0 trong tr\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o, th\u01a1 haiku, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, k\u1ecbch, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 v\u00f5 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1o, ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea1o…<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1ea5t. Thi\u1ec1n n\u00f3i chung, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9<\/em> (satori<\/em>, enlightenment) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1edfi \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 trung t\u00e2m, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 mi\u1ec1n V\u00f4 th\u1ee9c (unconsciousness), n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed karma<\/em> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u201cn\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5\u201d, kh\u00f4ng ai bi\u1ebft. V\u00f4 th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f5i kh\u00f4ng\u201d, \u201ctr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng\u201d, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-t\u1eed, nh\u1ea5p nh\u00f4 nh\u01b0 su\u1ed1i ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft tu\u00e2n theo l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i v\u00e0 quy \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u201cph\u00e0m nh\u00e2n, t\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n\u201d, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u00f5i v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3. \u201c\u0110\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a tham thi\u1ec1n v\u1eady.\u201d B\u00ed m\u1eadt n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

\u1ede m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, thi\u1ec1n gi\u00fap khai th\u00f4ng “h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh” \u0111ang b\u1ecb stress l\u00e0m ngh\u1ebdn m\u1ea1ch khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o b\u1ecb t\u1eaft, t\u00e1i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f4i khi tu\u00f4n tr\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp ghi xu\u1ed1ng. Tr\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. “S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh”, power, c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec1n ng\u1ed3i nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 “m\u00f4ng m\u1ee5c” v\u00e0 “ti\u00eau ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian v\u00f4 \u00edch”, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u1eefng tia s\u00e1ng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u1ee3t hi\u1ec7n ra, \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u1edbn lao m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e2u. H\u1ecd \u0111ang t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1ed3n \u00e0o th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt l\u00e0m cho ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n manh m\u00fan v\u00e0 t\u1eaft ngh\u1ebdn. H\u1ecd \u0111ang t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 sinh cho. Khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn d\u00f2ng su\u1ed1i ch\u1ea3y d\u1ea1t d\u00e0o li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, d\u00f2ng su\u1ed1i trong veo c\u1ee7a thu\u1edf nguy\u00ean s\u01a1 m\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5 l\u00e0m v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u1eaft ngh\u1ebdn. V\u00ec th\u1ebf s\u1ee3 thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chung s\u1ee3 t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m vui c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng “ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n” tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i, nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n t\u01b0. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n busy v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xung quanh, \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00ean \u0111i ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta. R\u1ed3i v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chung, ch\u00fang ta k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i gi\u00e2y bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn gi\u1eefa thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng-thi\u1ec1n, cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng-thi\u1ec1n m\u1edbi l\u00e0 “t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean”, “th\u1eadt”, c\u00f2n thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec “kh\u00f4ng-t\u1ef1-nhi\u00ean”, “kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eadt”. Khi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed”, “kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i” c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 ra \u0111\u1eddi, th\u00ec bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi common sense “l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh” \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eadt”, “phi l\u00fd”, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u00e0i b\u00e1c d\u1eef d\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n l\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, r\u1ea5t th\u1eadt, r\u1ea5t tinh t\u1ebf, c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta tr\u01b0\u1edbc nay ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. Khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng common sense c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i koan<\/em> v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 trong cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ec1n Zen Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 gi\u00fap gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed – trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng nh\u01b0 trong kh\u00f4ng gian thi\u1ec1n. C\u0103n ph\u00f2ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng thi\u1ec1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf theo Zen: tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, \u0111\u01a1n s\u01a1 v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a, kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0y bi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 l\u00e0m cho r\u1ed1i m\u1eaft. Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1ed7ng th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi m\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec1n, th\u1ea5y nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu trong t\u00e2m can. Thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng trong ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng “v\u00f4 sinh”, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t “th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed” r\u1ed9n r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Yuval Harari c\u1ee7a homo sapiens<\/em> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec1n m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y 2 ti\u1ebfng, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i n\u0103m 2 th\u00e1ng t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9. Steve Jobs c\u0169ng h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t, \u0111\u1ec3 “ngh\u0129 kh\u00e1c”, think different, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn xa tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Xem Thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec? \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. V\u1eady n\u00ean Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Suzuki xem x\u00e9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng bao tr\u00f9m c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c du nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 7, sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi tinh hoa, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb ti\u1ebfp thu v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n s\u1ebd ra sao? \u201c\u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt s\u1ebd tr\u01a1 ra nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 b\u1ecf hoang v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng, kh\u00f4ng tranh \u1ea3nh, kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1edbng, kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea3m d\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1eddn t\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1eafm hoa, kh\u00f4ng tu\u1ed3ng N\u00f4, kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o, v.v\u2026\u201d (trang 230). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 th\u01a1 haiku<\/em> c\u00f3 l\u1ebd minh h\u1ecda \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0o th\u01a1. Cho n\u00ean th\u01a1 haiku c\u00f3 n\u00e9t thi\u1ec1n, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng th\u01a1 kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 ra kh\u1ecfi th\u01a1, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh ch\u1ea5m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n m\u00e0 v\u1ebb l\u00ean c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u1ee9c th\u00ec b\u1eb1ng tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra xung quanh. Nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 haiku c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3. Haiku c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 thi\u1ec1n, c\u1ea3 hai gh\u00e9t h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00f4 b\u00e0y t\u00ednh \u00edch k\u1ef7.<\/p>\n

\u1ede ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng “thi\u1ec1n gia th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c”. H\u1ecd thi\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng sustra khoa h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i to\u00e1n, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng \u00e1n, koan<\/em>, \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd m\u1ea3i m\u00ea \u0111ang \u0111i t\u00ecm l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i. H\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng \u201cgiam m\u00ecnh\u201d trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng, ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0. H\u1ecd d\u00f9ng koan khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c; khi \u0111\u1ee7 s\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u00edn m\u00f9i, satori<\/em> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t ch\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i. \u0110\u00f4i khi nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hay ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 ph\u1ea3i n\u1ebfm tr\u1ea3i c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng, d\u00e0y v\u00f2 c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c, t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f5 c\u1ee5t v\u00e0 b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn; nh\u01b0 Vincent van Gogh l\u00fac tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i nghe th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda nh\u01b0 s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; hay nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Andrew Wiles, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0i to\u00e1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Fermat, tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng nh\u01b0 b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u00f3t h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e1 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i l\u1ed7i c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i trong ch\u1ee9ng minh.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt d\u00f9ng thi\u1ec1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ki\u00ean tr\u00ec du d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, \u201ct\u1eaft\u201d h\u1ebft \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c. Ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 satori<\/em> \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c \u201cxung \u0111\u1ed9ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt\u201d tr\u1ed3i l\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd nghe th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u201c\u00e2m thanh, kh\u00fac nh\u1ea1c t\u1eeb th\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1edbi\u201d v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u201cph\u00e0m nh\u00e2n\u201d.<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ec1n gi\u00fap thi\u1ec1n gia t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u trong m\u1ecdi sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c (Ho Koji) th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: \u201cTh\u1eadt k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u l\u00e0m sao, th\u1eadt b\u00ed \u1ea9n l\u00e0m sao! Chuy\u1ec7n t\u00f4i g\u00e1nh n\u01b0\u1edbc, chuy\u1ec7n t\u00f4i khu\u00e2n c\u1ee7i\u201d. H\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng trong ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u1ea9n n\u00e1u b\u00ean trong s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ea1t t\u1edbi satori<\/em>, thi\u1ec1n gia s\u1ebd \u201cc\u00f3 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn vi\u1ec7c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng c\u1eb7p m\u1eaft kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt ph\u00e0m t\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac th\u1ea7n b\u00ec, l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc trong m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o\u201d (trang 245).<\/p>\n

H\u00e3y nghe van Gogh nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n:<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd l\u00e0 minh tri\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft v\u00e0 kh\u00f4n ngoan, \u00f4ng ta d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian \u2212 cho c\u00e1i g\u00ec? \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng ch\u0103ng? \u2013 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i; \u00f4ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Bismarck ch\u0103ng? \u2013 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i, \u00f4ng ta nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t c\u1ecdng c\u1ecf duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ecdng c\u1ecf n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1eabn d\u1eaft \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 v\u1ebd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e2y c\u1ecf \u2212 r\u1ed3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n m\u00f9a, c\u00e1c phong c\u1ea3nh bao la, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i h\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u00d4ng ta ti\u00eau hao th\u1eddi gian nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

H\u00e3y ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3; ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng trong thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00f4ng hoa hay sao?<\/p>\n

Van Gogh c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e0ng sau nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac tinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Zen c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ef9, hay nh\u00e0 th\u01a1. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ecda s\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 haiku \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch, nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u201cPh\u1eadt t\u00ednh\u201d trong t\u1eebng t\u1ea1o v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch thi\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o hay t\u1eeb c\u00e1c Guru \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Thi\u1ec1n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i, c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n, \u201cxin cho\u201d hay t\u1ee5ng ni\u1ec7m kinh k\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c sutra, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Zen c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1i m\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n gia l\u00e0m l\u00e0, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c ch\u00e2n tay, ng\u1ed3i nghe \u00f4ng th\u1ea7y thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1o, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u n\u00f3i ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u1ea9n d\u1ee5, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 nghe tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u201cqu\u00e1i d\u1ecb\u201d, kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e8m theo nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thi\u1ec1n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u201cnhi\u1ec1u khi v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u2018t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn\u2019 v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u2018phi nh\u00e2n\u2019 n\u1eefa\u201d, nh\u01b0 Suzuki vi\u1ebft (trang 234). Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ebb g\u00e3y c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1eb1n s\u00e2u trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. D\u00f9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 \u2018nguy hi\u1ec3m\u2019, nh\u01b0ng \u201cn\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau\u201d l\u00e0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 (trang 235).<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m chung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u00e2m s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eb1ng sau nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan s\u00e1t, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb1ng sau c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, hay l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb1ng sau c\u1ea3nh \u201ch\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n\u201d c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi sao v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tinh t\u00fa, hay s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u00f3c t\u00f2 m\u00f2 v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m mu\u1ed1n kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf c\u00e1c thang v\u1eadt l\u00fd, \u1edf c\u00e1i h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1i v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp thu khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch th\u00fa v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi, ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p nhau trong t\u01b0 duy t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec sao Suzuki Daisetsu l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Thi\u1ec1n \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3? V\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1, do b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng, d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp thu c\u00e1i m\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2u n\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n hay gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t am hi\u1ec3u v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. D\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n Nam Tr\u00e2n vi\u1ebft trong l\u1eddi k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Suziki Daisetsu:<\/p>\n

Suzuki Daisetsu tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng T\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00e2n t\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111am m\u00ea kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u1eddi sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda gi\u00fap \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ea7n b\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. \u00d4ng nh\u1eadn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f3 qua tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Plotinius, Meister Eckhart, v.v… c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u00e1ch v\u1edf c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111o\u00e0n Th\u00f4ng Thi\u00ean H\u1ecdc m\u00e0 hai v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00eam c\u1ea9n. [\u2026]<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 Suzuki Daisetsu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi \u00c2u M\u1ef9 (nh\u01b0 Jung, Heidegger, Fromm, Ginsberg, Watts, Spranger) l\u1eabn Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ca ng\u1ee3i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta xem \u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 Thi\u1ec1n sang th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y qua s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3ng, d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c ni\u1ec1m tin cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Imakita K\u00f4sen, Shaku S\u00f4en x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean m\u1ed9t tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ra ngo\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng (detraditionalized) c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh (essentials) c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y Ph\u1ea7n d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Suzuki Daisetsu trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Nguy\u1ec5n Nam Tr\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc tham kh\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam hai b\u00e0i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n

v\u00e0<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span>
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"
\nSuzuki T. Daisetsu (1870-1966)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\"\"\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

KI\u1ebeN TH\u1ee8C C\u01a0 B\u1ea2N V\u1ec0 THI\u1ec0N<\/span><\/p>\n

(What is Zen?)<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, t\u00f4i xin ph\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch Thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3. L\u00fd do l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 h\u00e3y c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 Thi\u1ec1n. Nh\u00e2n t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft v\u00e0i quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, h\u00f4m nay, khi b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111i qu\u00e1 s\u00e2u v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn th\u00ec Thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t sau C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean qua trung gian c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 v\u00e0i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt khi t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang Trung Hoa ni\u1ec1m n\u1edf ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n cho l\u1eafm, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n c\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi r\u00e0y \u0111\u00e2y mai \u0111\u00f3, tinh th\u1ea7n si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t l\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi h\u01b0 \u1ea3o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u00f9ng l\u00fac, \u00fd ngh\u0129a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u00e2m s\u00e2u, bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1p tinh t\u1ebf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 suy lu\u1eadn th\u00e2m th\u00fay c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat, k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Trung Hoa, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

So s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c thi\u00ean tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd cho l\u1eafm. H\u1ecd v\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea7n gian; h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 hai ch\u00e2n ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch ng\u1eafm nh\u1eefng v\u00ec sao tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi. Ngay khi t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n Trung Hoa ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1i suy ngh\u0129 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi t\u00ednh \u0111a di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 l\u00e0m ng\u01a1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y. Nh\u1edd \u1edf \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u00f3 t\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Trung Hoa.<\/p>\n

Khi v\u1eeba m\u1edbi t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c sinh ho\u1ea1t trong tu vi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng l\u1eef c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c. Tu vi\u1ec7n (t\u1ee9c thi\u1ec1n vi\u1ec7n) c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb chia l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u01a1 n\u0103ng ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ec3. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ednh n\u1ec3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong c\u00e1c sinh ho\u1ea1t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 ki\u1ebfm c\u1ee7i, v\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea5t, tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt hay h\u00e1i tr\u00e0. Ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 c\u0169ng tham gia v\u00e0 trong khi c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea1o, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y cho h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n (1).<\/p>\n

L\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho tu s\u0129 trong m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec1n vi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u0103ng gi\u00e0 (sangha) v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 th\u1eddi c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u00ean \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. C\u00e1c thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n hi\u1ebfn th\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c kinh t\u1ebf v\u1eeba c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

Trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, Thi\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp thu h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u0103ng k\u00ednh Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng trong c\u00e1ch x\u1eed s\u1ef1 h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y, Thi\u1ec1n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng l\u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a si\u00eau nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eedng d\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i l\u1ed9c. Khi m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng ki\u1ebfp sau \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: \u201cT\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh con la hay con ng\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng\u201d.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa gi\u1eefa Thi\u1ec1n gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tu h\u00e0nh d\u00f9 l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, Ki-T\u00f4 gi\u00e1o hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c Thi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i, c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n, x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i hay \u00e9p x\u00e1c, l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ee5ng ni\u1ec7m kinh k\u1ec7 hay tu h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. C\u00e1i m\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n gia l\u00e0m, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c ch\u00e2n tay hay vi\u1ec7c l\u1eb7t v\u1eb7t, l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i l\u00fac ng\u1ed3i nghe \u00f4ng th\u1ea7y thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1o, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u n\u00f3i ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u1ea9n d\u1ee5, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 nghe tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e1i d\u1ecb, l\u1eafm ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i k\u00e8m b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i xin d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1ef1c \u0111oan. Tuy n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc t\u0103ng m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m h\u1ecdc t\u0103ng v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. M\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc t\u0103ng xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec1n vi\u1ec7n do Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 L\u00e2m T\u1ebf \u81e8\u6e08 (Lin-chi, Rinzai, m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 867) ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o, khi \u0111i gi\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p ba du t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t trong ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi th\u1eed \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi cho \u00f4ng: \u201cS\u00f4ng Thi\u1ec1n s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u?\u201d. \u00d4ng ta h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u00ec l\u00fac \u1ea5y h\u1ecd \u0111ang v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u b\u1eafc ngang con s\u00f4ng, n\u01a1i h\u1ecd g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1. H\u1ecdc t\u0103ng kia h\u00e3y c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1edbi sau nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p v\u1edbi L\u00e2m T\u1ebf – ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ed1n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u2013 b\u00e8n tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng do d\u1ef1: \u201cT\u1ef1 t\u00ecm s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft ngay!\u201d v\u00e0 d\u1ee3m qu\u1eb3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n xu\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng. May thay hai b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 can d\u1ef1, xin l\u1ed7i cho anh v\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u1eady m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c cho th\u1ea5y ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb l\u00e0 c\u00e1i xa r\u1eddi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n gh\u00e9t nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc t\u0103ng v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n ra n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3. Thi\u1ec1n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft l\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111u\u1ed5i theo nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed5ng. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebft tha vi\u1ec7c t\u1ee5ng ni\u1ec7m kinh k\u1ec7 (sustras) v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i sao Thi\u1ec1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, trong c\u00e1i ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb n\u00e0y. Th\u00f4ng qua tinh th\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn do Thi\u1ec1n mang l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

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Hai<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 (enlightenment). Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng (emancipation) kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c. Tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 do. Ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi nhau v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0y t\u1ef1 do n\u1ecd, n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c. Khi n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n mang t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i. T\u1ef1 do th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, anh ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng trong m\u1ecdi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng, n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m anh l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do, v\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a anh. Thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do \u81ea\u7531 (tsuu-yu trong ti\u1ebfng Trung, jiyuu trong ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt, self-reliance) v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i \u81ea\u5728 (tzuu tsai, jizai, self-being).<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba hay \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba, t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c hay tha l\u1ef1c, Ch\u00e2n Ng\u00f4n hay T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ed9, b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ng\u00e0i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 2.500 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, m\u1ed7i Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 trong ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y hay m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp sau. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.Thi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, ch\u00ednh Thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 (hay Wu, Satori) t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u1ea3. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n Satori, Thi\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, hai l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef (verbalism) r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n. V\u00ec n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u1ec1 ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc hay ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef n\u00ean ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c khi ta \u0111em kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cbi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef\u201d \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n. Tuy v\u1eady, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1eeb khi sinh ra ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n. T\u00ecnh y\u00eau l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n trao g\u1eedi. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng b\u00ean nhau \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i b\u00e0y t\u1ecf t\u00ecnh y\u00eau. \u0110\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean l\u1eddi l\u1ebd y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao c\u1ea3m, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Nh\u00e2n v\u00ec Thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf n\u00f3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 cho m\u00ecnh. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef nh\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u00fang theo quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc. N\u01a1i Thi\u1ec1n, th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t. Bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n (Zen verbalism) l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m Thi\u1ec1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eed \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0i v\u00ed d\u1ee5: M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 \u0111em c\u00e2y g\u1eady c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi: \u201cN\u1ebfu c\u00e1c tr\u00f2 kh\u00f4ng g\u1ecdi c\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e2y g\u1eady th\u00ec s\u1ebd g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\u201d. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0111\u00e1m b\u01b0\u1edbc ra, l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i g\u1eady kh\u1ecfi tay th\u1ea7y, b\u1ebb n\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f4i v\u00e0 v\u1ee9t xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t (2).
\nT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra t\u1eeb l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 phi l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u00e0y.
\nM\u1ed9t v\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 kh\u00e1c c\u1ea7m l\u1ea5y c\u00e2y g\u1eady c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u1ebfu c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t, ta s\u1ebd cho ng\u01b0\u01a1i, c\u00f2n nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u1ea3, ta s\u1ebd l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u01a1i\u201d (3). C\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd ch\u00fat n\u00e0o.
\nL\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cKhi ng\u01b0\u01a1i bi\u1ebft c\u00e2y g\u1eady n\u00e0y l\u00e0 g\u00ec th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u01a1i bi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 Thi\u1ec1n!\u201d<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i g\u1ecdi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00f3i tr\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n. Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ra. D\u00f9 sao, tri\u1ebft l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch soi s\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm g\u1eb7p t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 hay sinh s\u00f4i th\u1ee9 tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u00e2y tu\u00f4n ra t\u1eeb m\u1ecfm n\u00fai. C\u00e1i quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i t\u00ecm b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 ra hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh s\u00f4i \u2013 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e2u ch\u1eef hay l\u1eddi n\u00f3i – nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u201cm\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec\u201d \u0111ang \u1ea9n n\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh cho d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1t ra: \u201cN\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2y r\u1ed3i!\u201d B\u1ea3o n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n th\u00ec l\u1ea1i r\u1eddi xa s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cv\u1eadt X\u201d kh\u00f4ng t\u00ean. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ta nh\u01b0 khi m\u1eaft ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ed9p ch\u00fang v\u00e0o trong ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc. Khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec n\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t d\u1ea1ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d (unattainable) hay \u201ckh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d (ungraspable).<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u1eady l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u1eady v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng-g\u1eady, ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y g\u1eady l\u00e0 g\u1eady ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 g\u1eady. L\u1eddi n\u00f3i (danh hi\u1ec7u) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Thi\u1ec1n gia c\u00f3 c\u00e2u: \u201cH\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng (living words), ch\u1edb x\u00e9t chi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft (dead words)\u201d. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i n\u1eefa. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a, b\u1ecb c\u1eaft ra kh\u1ecfi g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n kh\u1edfi d\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu b\u00ean trong ta. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1ea5t c\u00fa\u201d (ikku, i-k\u2019ou, the one word), \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 khi ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u lu\u00f4n h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n c\u00e2u ch\u1eef kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u. Bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u201cl\u1eddi n\u00f3i h\u00e3y c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng\u201d (4)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ba<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u1ede m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1eeba c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1eeba c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng trong h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cth\u00e2n th\u1ec3\u201d c\u00f3 can d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1c quan. Khi Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 L\u00e2m T\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t (\u0111\u1ea1i \u00fd) c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ec7 ng\u1ed3i b\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 n\u1eafm c\u1ed5 \u00e1o \u0111\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n, t\u00e1t v\u00e0o m\u1eb7t r\u1ed3i \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111i. Anh h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 tr\u1eddi tr\u1ed3ng, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u duy\u00ean c\u1edb. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi chung quanh h\u1ecfi: \u201cSao ch\u01b0a ch\u1ecbu c\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7u?\u201d L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m anh t\u1ec9nh m\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 khi anh ch\u1ef1c c\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y th\u00ec anh c\u0169ng v\u1eeba t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 (satori) c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh (5).<\/p>\n

Khi M\u00e3 T\u1ed5 \u99ac\u7956 (Ma-tsu, Baso, m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 788) \u0111ang d\u1ea1o b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi B\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u767e\u4e08 (Pai-chang, Hyakuj\u00f4), m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed th\u00e2n c\u1eadn, \u00f4ng ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0n ng\u1ed7ng tr\u1eddi bay qua n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u201c Ch\u00fang bay \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea5y?\u201d. B\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: \u201cCh\u00fang bay qua m\u1ea5t r\u1ed3i?\u201d M\u00e3 T\u1ed5 m\u1edbi quay l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ee5p l\u1ea5y m\u0169i B\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 v\u1eb7n tr\u00e9o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i. B\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ed1t ho\u1ea3ng: \u201cTh\u00e0y \u01a1i, \u0111au qu\u00e1!\u201d M\u00e3 T\u1ed5 m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n ph\u00e1o: \u201cTh\u1ebf ch\u1ee9 ai b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 bay \u0111i m\u1ea5t?\u201d (6) C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a M\u00e3 T\u1ed5 l\u00e0m cho B\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng th\u1ea7y m\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi \u201cnh\u1eefng con ng\u1ed7ng tr\u1eddi b\u1ecb kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a\u201d \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y xa x\u00f4i. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y l\u00e0 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf B\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e3y l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u201ccon ng\u1ed7ng s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c\u201d \u0111ang di \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111ang n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u00f4ng ta.<\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n nh\u00e2n (con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt) tr\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 nh\u1ed9ng (hay \u0111\u1ecf h\u1ecfn) \u0111ang \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111i ra trong gi\u00e1c quan c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 L\u00e2m T\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi (7).T\u00f4i t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 ba\u201d (the third man) th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y xem nh\u01b0 \u0111ang \u0111i \u201cb\u00ean c\u1ea1nh\u201d, \u201c\u1edf ph\u00eda b\u00ean kia\u201d hay \u1edf \u201csau l\u01b0ng\u201d ta? (8).<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, d\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c thi. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Thi\u1ec1n, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00f2n mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00f5i \u00fd th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ed1n d\u1ec5 x\u00fac c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi nh\u1ecbp m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i (Reality) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb1m s\u1eb5n trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2.<\/p>\n

Tuy v\u1eady. c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c b\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n minh h\u1ecda cho ta th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng s\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh – ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u2013 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00fac m\u1eafc l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng cho h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n \u201ct\u1ef1 do\u201d (t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c, self-reliance) trong Thi\u1ec1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0103n kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ed5 s\u01b0 kh\u00e1c ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201d\u0110\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecdc kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n (sutras) tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft (s\u00e2stras). H\u00e3y t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n cho m\u00ecnh\u201d.<\/p>\n

Ng\u0169 T\u1ed5 Ph\u00e1p Di\u1ec5n \u4e94\u7956\u6cd5\u6f14 (Wu-tsu Fa-yen, Goso H\u00f4yen, m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1104) \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o ch\u00fang ta nh\u01b0 sau khi \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n minh h\u1ecda s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi tri th\u1ee9c, lu\u1eadn l\u00fd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng:<\/p>\n

\u201cN\u1ebfu ai h\u1ecfi Thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 g\u00ec, ta xin n\u00f3i n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc \u0103n tr\u1ed9m. C\u00f3 h\u00f4m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi con m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb tr\u1ed9m th\u1ea5y b\u1ed1 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0 b\u00e8n ngh\u0129: \u201cN\u1ebfu cha gi\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa, ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd ki\u1ebfm mi\u1ebfng \u0103n cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh, ngo\u00e0i m\u00ecnh ra. V\u1eady th\u00ec m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 tr\u1ed9m m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i anh \u0111em \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0a v\u1edbi cha v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cM\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta (cha) \u0111\u01b0a con trai \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9, x\u00e9 r\u00e0o \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u00e0 m\u1edf m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i r\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, b\u1ea3o con chui v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed9m qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o. V\u1eeba khi con \u00f4ng m\u1edbi l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o trong r\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng ngay n\u1eafp xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a tr\u00e1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ea1y ra ngo\u00e0i s\u00e2n, \u0111\u1eadp c\u1eeda \u00e2m \u1ec9(\u0129), \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 d\u1eady r\u1ed3i l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd chui theo k\u1ebd h\u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi r\u00e0o tho\u00e1t ra ngo\u00e0i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u00e0 huy\u00ean n\u00e1o c\u1ea7m \u0111\u00e8n c\u1ea7y \u0111i soi kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u00ean tr\u1ed9m \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

\u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi con l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn b\u1ecb giam trong c\u00e1i r\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f3a tr\u00e1i, th\u1ea7m o\u00e1n tr\u00e1ch \u00f4ng b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn. Trong khi qu\u1eabn b\u00e1ch, b\u1ed7ng m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00f3e s\u00e1ng l\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ea7u. Anh b\u00e8n gi\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng chu\u1ed9t ch\u00ed. Gia ch\u1ee7 b\u00e8n b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 t\u1edb g\u00e1i c\u1ea7m \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1i r\u01b0\u01a1ng. Khi n\u1eafp r\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra, c\u1eadu con trai k\u1eb9t b\u00ean trong b\u00e8n th\u1ed5i t\u1eaft ph\u1ee5t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n tr\u00ean tay c\u00f4 g\u00e1i, \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00f4 ra r\u1ed3i t\u1ea9u tho\u00e1t. Gia nh\u00e2n ch\u1ea1y theo \u0111u\u1ed5i b\u1eaft. Nh\u00e2n th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i gi\u1ebfng b\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, anh ta b\u00e8n khu\u00e2n m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 l\u1edbn r\u1ed3i qu\u1eb3ng \u00f9m xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111u\u1ed5i x\u00fam nhau l\u1ea1i chung quanh mi\u1ec7ng gi\u1ebfng nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edfng k\u1ebb tr\u1ed9m \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft ch\u00ecm trong l\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111en.<\/p>\n

\u201cGi\u1eefa khi \u0111\u00f3 anh ch\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 cha m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n. Anh kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfc l\u1eddi o\u00e1n tr\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho m\u00ecnh thi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ecb b\u1eaft. \u00d4ng ta b\u00e8n b\u1ea3o: \u201cCon \u0111\u1eebng gi\u1eadn cha l\u00e0m g\u00ec. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd thu\u1eadt tao nghe m\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t n\u1ea1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o?\u201d Khi c\u1eadu con k\u1ec3 xong \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111u\u00f4i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n tho\u00e1t hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, cha c\u1eadu \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: \u201c\u0110\u1ea5y con coi, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd con \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0103n tr\u1ed9m!\u201d (9)<\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111i t\u00ecm th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. Satori (Ng\u1ed9) ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di th\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

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B\u1ed1n<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 c\u00e2u danh ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, cho r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec ngo\u00e0i kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y. Khi m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecfi \u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec th\u00ec \u00f4ng n\u00f3i: \u201cKhi \u0111\u00f3i ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0103n, khi kh\u00e1t ng\u01b0\u01a1i u\u1ed1ng, khi g\u1eb7p b\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u01a1i ch\u00e0o h\u1ecfi\u201d(10)<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c g\u00ec b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7t ra, n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c hay tinh th\u1ea7n g\u00ec n\u1eb1m trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2u! N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o, h\u00f3a ra \u0110\u1ea1o l\u00e0 c\u00e1i r\u1ebb m\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 sao?<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ai ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111i v\u00e0o n\u01a1i s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u1eabn v\u00f9ng v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c, s\u1ebd m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i sai l\u1ea7m nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i v\u1eeba m\u1edbi n\u00eau ra. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng n\u00ean nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ea1o l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi kinh nghi\u1ec7m cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan th\u00ec tri th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng tu\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 Kierkegaard c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n n\u00f3i, tri\u1ebft gia ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1i nh\u00e0 kho b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u00f4ng, nh\u00ecn ng\u1eafm.<\/p>\n

M\u1ea1nh t\u1eed vi\u1ebft: \u201c\u0110\u1ea1o \u1edf c\u1ea1nh b\u00ean nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i \u0111i xa \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm n\u00f3\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00f3i \u0110\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. M\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f3 b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1o, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3 ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c. \u00d4i, \u0110\u1ea1o sao m\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ee5p l\u1ea5y, d\u1ec5 vu\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 th\u1ec3 ! \u201cC\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ec7nh danh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0o c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea1o h\u1eb1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng!\u201d (\u0110\u1ea1o kh\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1o, phi th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1o, L\u00e3o t\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Kinh), (Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1o, Ch\u2019ang tao\u5e38\u9053).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng th\u00fa v\u1eadt hay l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng bao h\u00e0m trong \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec n\u1eb1m \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m trong m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh hay v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh (phi t\u00ecnh) v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch khoa h\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00ec b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 qu\u00e1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, g\u1ea7n g\u0169i, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111em ra \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean n\u00f3 b\u00e0y ra \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fang ta nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111e d\u1ecda ta, ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec9nh Everest hi\u1ec7n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi leo n\u00fai.<\/p>\n

\u201cThi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\u201d (c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y c\u0169ng h\u00f3c b\u00faa v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u201c\u0110\u1ea1o l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\u201d)
\nM\u1ed9t v\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 : \u201cTa kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft!\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\u201d
\nM\u1ed9t v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: \u201cNh\u01b0 c\u00e1i qu\u1ea1t l\u1ee5a cho ta \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1i m\u00e1t!\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\u201d
\nTh\u00eam m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi kh\u00e1c: \u201cThi\u1ec1n!\u201d.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a L\u00e3o T\u1eed (Lao-tzu) sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 n\u1ebfu \u0111em so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 (10):<\/p>\n

\u5b54\u5fb7\u4e4b\u5bb9\u30fb\u60df\u9053\u662f\u5f9e\u30fb\u9053\u4e4b\u70ba\u7269\u30fb\u60df\u604d\u60df\u60da\u30fb\u60da\u516e\u604d\u516e\u30fb\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u8c61\u30fb\u604d\u516e\u60da\u516e\u30fb\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u7269\u30fb\u7a88\u516e\u51a5\u516e\u30fb\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u7cbe\u30fb\u5176\u7cbe\u751a\u771f\u30fb\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u4fe1\u30fb\u81ea\u53e4\u53ca\u4eca\u30fb\u5176\u540d\u4e0d\u53bb\u30fb\u4ee5\u95b1\u773e\u752b\u30fb\u543e\u4f55\u4ee5\u77e5\u30fb\u773e\u752b\u4e4b\u72c0\u54c9\u30fb\u4ee5\u6b64<\/p>\n

Kh\u1ed5ng \u0110\u1ee9c chi dung \/ Duy \u0110\u1ea1o th\u1ecb t\u00f9ng \/ \u0110\u1ea1o chi vi v\u1eadt \/ Duy ho\u1ea3ng duy h\u1ed1t \/ H\u1ed1t h\u1ec1 ho\u1ea3ng h\u1ec1 \/ K\u1ef3 trung h\u1eefu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \/ Ho\u1ea3ng h\u1ec1 h\u1ed1t h\u1ec1 \/ K\u1ef3 trung h\u1eefu v\u1eadt \/ Y\u1ec3u h\u1ec1 minh h\u1ec1 \/ K\u1ef3 trung h\u1eefu tinh \/ K\u1ef3 trung th\u1eadm ch\u00e2n \/ K\u1ef3 trung h\u1eefu t\u00edn \/ T\u1ef1 c\u1ed5 c\u1eadp kim \/ K\u1ef3 danh b\u1ea5t kh\u1ee9 \/ D\u0129 duy\u1ec7t ch\u00fang ph\u1ee7 \/ Ng\u00f4 h\u00e0 d\u0129 tri ch\u00fang ph\u1ee7 chi tr\u1ea1ng tai? \/ D\u0129 th\u1eed<\/em> (11)<\/p>\n

(D\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c l\u1edbn \/ Theo c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1o \/ \u0110\u1ea1o sanh ra v\u1eadt \/ Th\u1ea5p tho\u00e1ng m\u1eadp m\u1edd \/ M\u1eadp m\u1edd th\u1ea5p tho\u00e1ng \/ Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh \/ Th\u1ea5p tho\u00e1ng m\u1eadp m\u1edd \/ Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1eadt \/ S\u00e2u xa t\u0103m t\u1ed1i \/ Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 tinh \/ Tinh \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c \/ Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00edn \/ T\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay \/ T\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t (12)\/ G\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \/ Ta l\u00e0m sao bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a N\u00f3 \/ L\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea5y).<\/em><\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c tu Thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 gi\u00fap cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng Thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1i \u0111em t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o. Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Thi\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o Ng\u1ed9 \u5929\u7687\u9053\u609f (T\u2019ien-huang Tao-wu, Tenn\u00f4 D\u00f4go, 748-807) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y qua c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc t\u0103ng, trong khi \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y ki\u1ebfm thu\u1eadt v\u00f4 danh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 h\u01a1n v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o Ng\u1ed9 x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1o Ng\u1ed9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed t\u00ean S\u00f9ng T\u00edn\u5d07\u4fe1 (Ch\u2019ung-hsin, S\u00f4shin). Khi S\u00f9ng T\u00edn m\u1edbi t\u1eadp t\u1ec5nh v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 anh ta ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i th\u1ea7y m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3ng nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc Thi\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 ki\u1ec3u d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 \u1edf nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o Ng\u1ed9 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea1y cho anh b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho S\u00f9ng T\u00edn h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5. M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m anh th\u01b0a v\u1edbi th\u00e0y: \u201cCon \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecdc th\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt l\u00e2u r\u1ed3i, sao th\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi n\u00e0o cho con bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n c\u1ea3!\u201d \u0110\u1ea1o Ng\u1ed9 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: \u201cT\u1eeb khi ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, ta \u0111\u00e3 bao l\u1ea7n d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 y\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ee9!\u201d
\n– \u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y con n\u00e0o?
\n– N\u00e0y nh\u00e9, khi ng\u01b0\u01a1i cho ta t\u00e1ch tr\u00e0 m\u1ed7i s\u00e1ng, ta nh\u1eadn l\u1ea5y. Khi ng\u01b0\u01a1i mang c\u01a1m \u0111\u1ebfn cho ta, ta c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn l\u1ea5y. Khi ng\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00e0o, ta l\u1ea1i g\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00e0o tr\u1ea3. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00f2n tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ta d\u1ea1y cho ng\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u1ec1 Thi\u1ec1n n\u1eefa ch\u1ee9?\u201d
\nS\u00f9ng T\u00edn \u00f4m \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi l\u1ebd r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o Ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u01a1i mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u th\u00ec h\u00e3y hi\u1ec3u t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi. Khi ng\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u suy ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng r\u1ed3i!\u201d.<\/p>\n

Chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y ki\u1ebfm x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t anh h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng th\u1ea7y (13) \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfm. \u00d4ng th\u1ea7y l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ec1 h\u01b0u v\u00e0 \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong n\u00fai, \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd cho anh theo h\u1ecdc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 gi\u00fap \u00f4ng ki\u1ebfm c\u1ee7i, g\u00e1nh n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb con su\u1ed1i g\u1ea7n b\u00ean, b\u1eeda c\u1ee7i, \u0111\u1ed1t l\u00f2, n\u1ea5u c\u01a1m v\u00e0 qu\u00e9t nh\u00e0 qu\u00e9t v\u01b0\u1eddn, n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 lo vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda cho \u00f4ng. Kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i d\u1ea1y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfm c\u1ea3. Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, anh h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 t\u1ecf ra kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u00ec anh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb cho \u00f4ng th\u1ea7y gi\u00e0 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc ki\u1ebfm thu\u1eadt. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t h\u00f4m anh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea1nh th\u1ea7y v\u00e0 xin \u00f4ng d\u1ea1y cho. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd.
\nK\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 anh h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec m\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y an to\u00e0n. S\u00e1ng s\u1edbm khi anh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ea5u c\u01a1m, \u00f4ng th\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadp cho anh m\u1ed9t g\u1eady t\u1eeb sau l\u01b0ng. Gi\u1eefa l\u00fac anh \u0111ang qu\u00e9t nh\u00e0, anh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0103n \u0111\u00f2n ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o. Anh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh an trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n. Anh l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 (qui vive = coi ch\u1eebng c\u00f3 ai). Ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u0103m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi anh \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00f3n \u0111\u00f2n cho d\u00f9 n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u. Tuy v\u1eady, \u00f4ng th\u1ea7y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1ec1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a anh.
\nM\u1ed9t h\u00f4m khi th\u1ea5y th\u1ea7y m\u00ecnh \u0111ang x\u00e0o rau \u0103n c\u01a1m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i l\u00f2. Anh h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf qua c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t. C\u1ea7m l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y g\u1eady l\u1edbn, anh phang xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e0y l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang c\u00fai m\u1eb7t xu\u1ed1ng ch\u1ea3o x\u00e0o n\u1ea5u. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u00e2y g\u1eady c\u1ee7a anh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea7y ch\u1eb7n l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i n\u1eafp vung. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m anh t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ed quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfm thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7y gi\u1eef k\u00edn v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi anh cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4m \u1ea5y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean anh c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebft \u01a1n t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng qu\u00fd h\u00f3a v\u00f4 v\u00e0n c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

B\u00ed quy\u1ebft tuy\u1ec7t lu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea1o n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t khung s\u01b0\u1eddn hay m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n gi\u00fap cho ch\u00fang ta l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Trong khi k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o, t\u1eadp \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 nh\u1edd c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft t\u00ednh to\u00e1n. Tr\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 bi\u1ebft h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng (fluidity\/mobility) nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u00ean nhau th\u01b0\u1eddng khi\u1ebfn cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u00e9m t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 (satori). C\u00e1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y ki\u1ebfm mong mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tr\u00ean, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng theo \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u201cthi\u00ean nhi\u00ean\u201d, tuy b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i k\u1ef3 kh\u00f4i nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft n\u01a1i t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 anh ta hi\u1ec3u th\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1o Ng\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng c\u00e2y g\u1eady c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y ki\u1ebfm v\u1ed1n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ngh\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfm. Trong khi \u1ea5y, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1o Ng\u1ed9 mu\u1ed1n d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 qua m\u1ecdi th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt. V\u00ec v\u1eady khi S\u00f9ng T\u00edn b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh th\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1o Ng\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o ngay: \u201c\u0110\u1eebng suy ngh\u0129 g\u00ec c\u1ea3. Khi ng\u01b0\u01a1i mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u ngay. Khi v\u1eeba b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ea7n ch\u1edd (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho tri th\u1ee9c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c) th\u00ec m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ea5t r\u1ed3i\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, trong vi\u1ec7c tu Thi\u1ec1n, ph\u1ea3i d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a (conceptualization). C\u00f2n nh\u01b0 c\u1ee9 ch\u1ea7n ch\u1edd \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi n\u01a1i m\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1nh c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t khi ch\u00fang ta kh\u00e9p ch\u1eb7t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tri th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 tr\u1eadt vu\u1ed9t kh\u00f3 n\u1eafm khi mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i hay n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf (God) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 tri th\u1ee9c hay kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111em n\u01a1m \u0111i b\u1eaft c\u00e1 tr\u00ea. \u00dd n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng Josetsu \u5982\u62d9 (Nh\u01b0 Chuy\u1ebft) minh h\u1ecda v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15 (14). B\u1ee9c h\u1ecda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t Thi\u1ec1n h\u1ecda danh ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 t\u00f4i in l\u1ea1i trong s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra, ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c tranh ghi \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 v\u1ecbnh t\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 danh ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

N\u0103m<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4i \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 Thi\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdn gh\u1ebd h\u01a1n:<\/p>\n

1) Tu thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m c\u1ea3nh Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 (Ng\u1ed9, Satori).<\/p>\n

2) Satori gi\u00fap ta t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea9n d\u1ea5u trong m\u1ecdi sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng hay c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

3) \u00dd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. N\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, \u0111ang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 \u1ea5y v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh. Trong Nh\u1eadt ng\u1eef, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Kono-mama<\/em> (C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y) hay Sono-mama<\/em> (C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3) (15). Kono<\/em> hay Sono-mama<\/em> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 C\u00e1i-n\u00f3-l\u00e0 (Nh\u01b0, Isness) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i l\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i (Reality) d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

4) C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o: \u201cD\u1ea1ng t\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u01b0-n\u00f3-l\u00e0 (Isness) n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec \u0111\u00e2u!\u201d Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec theo Thi\u1ec1n, d\u1ea1ng t\u01b0\u1edbng \u201cnh\u01b0-n\u00f3-l\u00e0\u201d t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a. Khi t\u00f4i nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong n\u00f3 th\u00ec nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh t\u00f4i chi\u1ebfu ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m k\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

5) Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 B\u00e0ng c\u01b0 s\u0129 \u9f90\u5c45\u58eb (P\u2019ang Chu-shih, H\u00f4 Koji) m\u1ed9t Thi\u1ec1n gia th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 8, \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: \u201cTh\u1eadt k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u l\u00e0m sao, th\u1eadt b\u00ed \u1ea9n l\u00e0m sao! Chuy\u1ec7n t\u00f4i g\u00e1nh n\u01b0\u1edbc, chuy\u1ec7n t\u00f4i khu\u00e2n c\u1ee7i!\u201d(Th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng tinh di\u1ec7u d\u1ee5ng. V\u1eadn th\u1ee7y d\u1eef b\u00e0n s\u00e0i\u795e\u901a\u7cbe\u9032\u5999\u7528\u30fb\u904b\u6c34\u4e0e\u642c\u67f4) (16). Vi\u1ec7c g\u00e1nh n\u01b0\u1edbc khu\u00e2n c\u1ee7i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ngo\u00e0i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch (utilitarianism) c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1ed1n \u201ck\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u\u201d, v\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1ed1n \u201cb\u00ed \u1ea9n\u201d.<\/p>\n

6) Thi\u1ec1n v\u00ec th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a hay kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a. Trong c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n, nhi\u1ec1u khi ta c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea7m c\u00f3 chung c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 Thi\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

7) Satori l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, tinh th\u1ea7n l\u1eabn tri th\u1ee9c khi t\u00f4i \u1edf trong c\u00e1i-t\u00f4i-l\u00e0 (Isness). Ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ea9y s\u1ea1ch m\u1ecdi c\u1eb7n b\u00e3 tri th\u1ee9c, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do trong c\u00e1i ngh\u0129a nguy\u00ean s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

8) M\u1ed9t khi t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n n\u1eb1m \u1edf n\u01a1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i-n\u00f3-l\u00e0 (its Isness) \u2013 m\u00e0 theo c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng th\u00ec n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i (Isness, Reality) \u2013 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng kh\u00fac m\u1eafc tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n ra mu\u00f4n m\u00e0u mu\u00f4n v\u1ebb v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 b\u00ean trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1eebng b\u1ecb che khu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea7m m\u1eaft m\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 th\u00fa.<\/p>\n

9) Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt (Isness of things) b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb ng\u0103n tr\u1edf b\u1edfi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c. T\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e2m thanh, anh ta s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u00e2m thanh. \u0110\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

10) C\u00e1i khi\u1ebfn cho Thi\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 sau: Trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn khung v\u1ea3i b\u1ed1, c\u00e2y c\u1ecd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 c\u01a1 kh\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u00f4i th\u1ec3 trung gian \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00ec Thi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eeb ch\u00ednh \u201cth\u00e2n th\u1ec3\u201d (body) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i coi nh\u01b0 bao b\u1ecdc (embody) l\u1ea5y Thi\u1ec1n gia. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i m\u00e0 nh\u00ecn th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u00fang . T\u00f4i n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi. C\u00e1i m\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0m l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t v\u1ea3i b\u1ed1 r\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian theo ki\u1ec3u con ng\u1ed7ng tr\u1eddi (chim nh\u1ea1n) bay qua v\u00e0 l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i b\u00f3ng m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u00f9 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00e1nh chim tr\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u1ed1 \u00fd.<\/p>\n

11) \u1ede m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Thi\u1ec1n gia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129. Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc d\u00f9ng con dao \u0111\u1ebdo t\u1ea1c n\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh (khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t) \u1ea9n t\u00e0ng trong v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00f4 tri gi\u00e1c, Thi\u1ec1n gia \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o – v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o – theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 trong \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf (17).<\/p>\n

Sau ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf nh\u1eefng trang sau vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0o n\u1eb7n n\u00ean v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u00e1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng V\u00f5 S\u0129 \u0110\u1ea1o (Bushid\u00f4) t\u1ee9c l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn s\u0129, trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 Nho gi\u00e1o song song v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, trong s\u1ef1 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o, trong s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i thi ca c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Haiku. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t ch\u1ee3t.<\/p>\n

(Tr\u00edch \u201cThi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n\u201d)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch (SD v\u00e0 NNT):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(1) C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n c\u1eed th\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 B\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ho\u00e0i H\u1ea3i v\u1edbi c\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng: \u201cNh\u1ea5t nh\u1eadt b\u1ea5t t\u00e1c, nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eadt b\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c\u201d(Ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m, ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0103n).<\/p>\n

(2) T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi T\u1eafc th\u1ee9 43 trong V\u00f4 M\u00f4n Quan (ng\u1eef l\u1ee5c do V\u00f4 M\u00f4n Hu\u1ec7 Khai so\u1ea1n) nhan \u0111\u1ec1 Th\u1ee7 S\u01a1n tr\u00fac b\u1ec1 (C\u00e2y g\u1eady tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ee7 S\u01a1n T\u1ec9nh Ni\u1ec7m).<\/p>\n

(3) T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi T\u1eafc th\u1ee9 44 trong V\u00f4 M\u00f4n Quan nhan \u0111\u1ec1 Ba Ti\u00eau tr\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng (C\u00e2y g\u1eady c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Ba Ti\u00eau Hu\u1ec7 Thanh).<\/p>\n

(4) V\u1ec1 \u201cnh\u1ea5t c\u00fa\u201d, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00ean xem th\u00eam T\u1eafc 13 trong V\u00f4 M\u00f4n Quan: \u0110\u1ee9c S\u01a1n th\u00e1c b\u00e1t (\u0110\u1ee9c S\u01a1n Tuy\u00ean Gi\u00e1m b\u01b0ng b\u00e1t).<\/p>\n

(5) Truy\u1ec7n ch\u00e9p trong L\u00e2m T\u1ebf L\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

(6) Xem B\u00edch Nham T\u1eadp, t\u1eafc th\u1ee9 53. S\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i trong nh\u1eefng trang sau (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XII).<\/p>\n

(7) Xem v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt n\u00e0y trong L\u00e2m T\u1ebf L\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 L\u00e2m T\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

(8) Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m C\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng hoang (The Waste Land) (T\u1eadp V, c\u00e1c c\u00e2u 359-365), nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 T.S. Eliot \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u1ed7i lo \u00e2u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 sau khi \u0110\u1ea5ng Christ ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5 n\u1ea1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i Golgotha:<\/p>\n

\u201cAi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 ba \u0111ang \u0111i b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Ng\u01b0\u1eddi?
\nKhi t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfm, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai l\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u00f4i th\u00f4i.
\nNh\u01b0ng khi t\u00f4i ng\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft nh\u00ecn l\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1eafng x\u00f3a,
\nL\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 k\u1ebb th\u1ee9 ba \u0111i b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Ng\u01b0\u1eddi.
\nTh\u00e2n h\u00ecnh bao b\u1ecdc trong m\u1ed9t manh \u00e1o ch\u00f9ng n\u00e2u,
\nT\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng hay \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0,
\nNh\u01b0ng ai \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ec9, k\u1ebb \u0111ang \u0111i ph\u00eda b\u00ean kia Ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d.<\/p>\n

TS \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00fa th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra trong chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m B\u1eafc c\u1ef1c khi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m s\u1ee9c c\u00f9ng l\u1ef1c ki\u1ec7t c\u00f3 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ra, th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n vi\u00ean \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. (Trong Complete Poems and Plays, trang 48, 54).
\n\u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt th\u1ee9 3 c\u00f3 mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cch\u00e2n nh\u00e2n\u201d m\u00e0 L\u00e2m T\u1ebf n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt huy\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng (hallucinatory projection) ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi ta \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c. D\u00f9 sao , theo S.D, \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t g\u1ee3i \u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

(9) Truy\u1ec7n ch\u00e9p trong ng\u1eef l\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Ng\u0169 T\u1ed5 Ph\u00e1p Di\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n

(10) Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft S.D. mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ai v\u00ec M\u00e3 T\u1ed5, Tri\u1ec7u Ch\u00e2u, L\u00e2m T\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 phong c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u kh\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3 (NNT).<\/p>\n

(11) \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Kinh, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 21. B\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Thu Giang Nguy\u1ec5n Duy C\u1ea7n trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m L\u00e3o T\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Kinh (Nxb Tr\u1ebb, 2015) v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

(12) S.D. mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u Danh (Name) l\u00e0 Ch\u1ea5t (Substance) m\u00e0 Ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Danh, ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t (All). L\u00fac ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (Danh) th\u00ec Ch\u1ea5t tuy kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u00ec b\u1ecb tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a (abstraction) nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t t\u00ednh th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c (T\u00edn, sincerity) v\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (Th\u1ef1c, genuine) c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

(13) C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 Takahara Bokuden (1490-1572), ki\u1ebfm kh\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7 Ashikaga. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ecdc truy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 nay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng. (SD)<\/p>\n

(14) Thi\u1ec1n h\u1ecda Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 b\u1ee9c Bi\u1ec1u Ni\u00eam \u0110\u1ed3 \u74e2\u9b8e\u56f3(Hy\u00f4nenzu) t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh \u201cb\u1eaft c\u00e1 tr\u00ea b\u1eb1ng n\u01a1m\u201dc\u1ee7a h\u1ecda t\u0103ng Josetsu \u5982\u62d9 (Nh\u01b0 Chuy\u1ebft). Tuy n\u0103m sinh n\u0103m m\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1394-1428) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a Shuubun \u5468\u6587 (Chu V\u0103n) (NNT).<\/p>\n

(15) Kono (n\u00e0y), sono (kia) v\u00e0 mama (c\u1ee9 nguy\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf). Kono mama t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit \u201cTath\u00e2ta\u201d. Ti\u1ebfng Trung l\u00e0 Chih-mo hay Shih-mo\u53ea\u9ebc.<\/p>\n

(16) \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 hai c\u00e2u cu\u1ed1i trong b\u00e0i T\u1ea1p Thi \u96d1\u8a69c\u00f3 8 c\u00e2u c\u1ee7a C\u01b0 s\u0129 B\u00e0ng U\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

(17) Khi vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u01a1i lo ng\u1ea1i v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap cho qu\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. M\u1ed7i s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c ng\u00e0y nay h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i m\u1edbi tr\u00edch d\u1eabn th\u00eam hai c\u00f4ng \u00e1n t\u1eeb B\u00edch Nham T\u1eadp (Hekiganshuu) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Kinh Duy Ma (Yuimaky\u00f4) trong ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ee5 L\u1ee5c (t\u1ee9c Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XII, NNT). Ngo\u00e0i ra nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 Thi\u1ec1n, xin m\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i m\u00e0 t\u00f4i (S.D.) \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft (xem Th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf cu\u1ed1i s\u00e1ch).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

THI\u1ec0N V\u00c0 V\u0102N H\u00d3A NH\u1eacT B\u1ea2N Nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c: Suzuki T. Daisetsu D\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3: Nguy\u1ec5n Nam Tr\u00e2n Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u   Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n Nam Tr\u00e2n (\u0110\u00e0o H\u1eefu D\u0169ng) v\u1eeba xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u1edbn Thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u00f3a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Suzuki T. Daisetsu (1870-1966)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[2],"tags":[12,95],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3144"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3144"}],"version-history":[{"count":70,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3144\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10569,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3144\/revisions\/10569"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3144"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3144"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3144"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}