Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n Gettysburg<\/i><\/a> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, Lincoln d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201cproposition\u201d, t\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t \u2018m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1\u2019 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd trong to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n![\"Bia](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2017\/07\/Bia20Euclid.jpeg?resize=445%2C650&ssl=1\" "\\"\\"")
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B\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t quy\u1ec3n Euclid, C\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/em>, 2016, c\u00f3 L\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a GS Ng\u00f4 B\u1ea3o Ch\u00e2u<\/p>\nNg\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 Albert Einstein v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. L\u00fac 12 tu\u1ed5i, \u00f4ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u201ck\u1ef3 quan th\u1ee9 hai\u201d, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng (c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n 1 c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/i>; k\u1ef3 quan th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc la b\u00e0n). \u00d4ng t\u1ef1 tay ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Pythago. M\u1ed9t \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng l\u00e0, m\u1ed9t khi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 (axioms, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u00fang hay sai), th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 trong su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean. Ai t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc ch\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac n\u00e0y. Trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1 c\u1ee7a Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng<\/i>\u00a0Einstein(1)<\/sup> c\u00f2n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn \u201ct\u00f2a nh\u00e0 ki\u00eau h\u00e3nh c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid\u201d. Xa h\u01a1n, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i, Ai kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau th\u00edch quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i sinh ra \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft. Theo \u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 C\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/i> c\u1ee7a Euclid v\u00e0 Principia<\/i> c\u1ee7a Newton l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu cho m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 duy khoa h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ra nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc ch\u00fang. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, Einstein sau n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa: kh\u00f4ng gian phi-Euclid, hay Riemann.<\/p>\n(C\u00f2n m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1eefa c\u0169ng t\u1eebng h\u00e1o h\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc C\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/em>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Anh Thomas Hobbes)<\/p>\nTh\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, ngo\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1eefa Galilei v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3, c\u00f2n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh d\u1eef d\u1ed9i n\u1eefa \u00edt bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid (\u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c cha D\u00f2ng T\u00ean, v\u00e0 Thomas Hobbes) theo c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 to\u00e1n vi ph\u00e2n (infinitesimals), m\u00f4n to\u00e1n mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111ang manh nha. Thomas Hobbes, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u d\u1eef d\u1ed9i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid, b\u00ean kia \u201cchi\u1ebfn tuy\u1ebfn\u201d l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc John Wallis, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Royal Society<\/i>, Galilei, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 Cavalieri v\u00e0 Torricelli. Trong khoa h\u1ecdc, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 c\u1ef1c hay v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 b\u1ecb tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00e9p k\u00edn v\u00e0 h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n, bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng cho c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, trong khi v\u00f4 c\u1ef1c hay v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng (nh\u1ecf) l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n vi t\u00edch ph\u00e2n \u2018r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng\u2019. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cha D\u00f2ng T\u00ean, tr\u00ean h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Christoph Clavius, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid, cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c t\u00ednh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u0129nh, b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111ang c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00eda, t\u1eeb C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch<\/i>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111ang l\u00ean. H\u1ecd l\u00ean \u00e1n to\u00e1n vi ph\u00e2n \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u201cthuy\u1ebft nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc\u201d \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i, \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, x\u00f3i m\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee9c tin. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, theo h\u1ecd. Clavius, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u thu\u1ed9c D\u00f2ng T\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/i> c\u1ee7a Euclid th\u00e0nh s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa t\u1ea1i Collegio Romano (\u201c\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Roma\u201d), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng D\u00f2ng T\u00ean trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn hai b\u00ean l\u00e0 dai d\u1eb3ng.<\/p>\n
K\u1ebft th\u00fac d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Hobbes v\u00e0 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Wallis, th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n vi t\u00edch ph\u00e2n m\u00e0 Leibniz v\u00e0 Newton l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp nhau sau \u0111\u00f3. Quan ni\u1ec7m \u201ccontinuum (\u0111a t\u1ea1p) to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c nhau\u201d ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc to\u00e1n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u2018v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i v\u1ea1\u2019, nh\u01b0ng ba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 r\u01b0\u1ee1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m rung chuy\u1ec3n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i giao th\u1eddi. Tranh \u0111\u1ea5u cho to\u00e1n calculus<\/i> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tranh \u0111\u1ea5u cho s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t T\u00e2n Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng suy di\u1ec5n gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o theo \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a, v\u00e0 kh\u1ecfi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng dung h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n
C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t giai tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eb7ng cho m\u1ed9t ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e0ng trong m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf <\/i>(h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/i>) <\/i>c\u1ee7a Euclid, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1 v\u00e0ng<\/i>. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o kia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cha D\u00f2ng T\u00ean. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch m\u1ea1 v\u00e0ng cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid d\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o. Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u00ec l\u00ean v\u1ecb ch\u00faa kia kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 ghi l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng? T\u1ea1i Trung Hoa, Matteo Ricci, m\u1ed9t linh m\u1ee5c D\u00f2ng T\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o quan tr\u1ecdng, sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n H\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid c\u1ee7a Clavius \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Hoa \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 17, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1865 m\u1edbi xong. V\u00e0 Trung Hoa, do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c D\u00f2ng T\u00ean, c\u0169ng thi\u1ebfu h\u1eb3n to\u00e1n calculus vi t\u00edch ph\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Newton v\u00e0 Leibniz v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n
Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Hideki Yukawa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 mang gi\u1ea3i Nobel \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt, khi sang mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t su\u1ed1i ngu\u1ed3n Hy L\u1ea1p, \u0111\u00e3 thao th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea1i sao ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 duy tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, logic s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 Pythagoras (tr\u01b0\u1edbc Euclid) v\u00e0 Democrit (cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft nguy\u00ean t\u1eed).<\/p>\n
To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, n\u00f3i chung, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ebft. Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 Morris Kline<\/strong> vi\u1ebft, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho quan \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1eb1ng<\/p>\nTo\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a quan tr\u1ecdng trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. H\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. \u00cdt ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc mang tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u00fd lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Ngay c\u1ea3 \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft h\u01a1n l\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u cho c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111em l\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng cho ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 phong c\u00e1ch v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00eam logic, v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00fd tr\u00ed (rationale spirit), to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, phong t\u1ee5c, th\u00f3i quen, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf ch\u00fang v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n
V\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ed l\u00fd: \u201cM\u1eb7c cho nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n n\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1edf th\u00edch tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/em>\u201d. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\nNguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nTh\u00e1ng 3, 2016<\/strong><\/p>\nXem th\u00eam<\/p>\n
To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt<\/a><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n <\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i:<\/p>\n
(1). Xem quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng<\/em>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m b\u1edfi Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh, NXB T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 HCM, 2014.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" EUCLID, C\u01a0 S\u1ede C\u1ee6A H\u00ccNH H\u1eccC Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u Quy\u1ec3n Euclid, C\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t (Cty Zenbook, nxb Tri Th\u1ee9c, 350 trang, gi\u00e1 99.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng). Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng: \u0110\u00e0m Thanh S\u01a1n v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00ed D\u0169ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft l\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u: GS Ng\u00f4<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/346"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=346"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/346\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11838,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/346\/revisions\/11838"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=346"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=346"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=346"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}