{"id":3498,"date":"2019-12-16T15:28:01","date_gmt":"2019-12-16T08:28:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=3498"},"modified":"2024-12-03T16:15:05","modified_gmt":"2024-12-03T09:15:05","slug":"dan-nhap-sach-hoang-de-minh-tri-cua-donald-keene","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/dan-nhap-sach-hoang-de-minh-tri-cua-donald-keene\/","title":{"rendered":"<i>D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp s\u00e1ch Thi\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng Minh Tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Donald Keene <\/i>"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #008000;font-size: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 24pt\">THI\u00caN HO\u00c0NG MINH TR\u1eca<\/span> <\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080;font-size: 18pt\"><em>v\u00e0\u00a0 <\/em><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;color: #000080\">TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI C\u1ee6A \u00d4NG<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080;font-size: 14pt\">T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 <strong>Donald Keene<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong>Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong> <em>gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2021\/03\/picture-7.png?resize=74%2C48&amp;ssl=1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 160px\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;color: #000080\">-\u201c<em>C\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o trung qu\u00e2n, \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c h\u01a1n (Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n) kh\u00f4ng<\/em>?&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 160px\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;color: #000080\">-\u201c<em>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3<\/em>\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 400px\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">(Trong <em>V\u00f5 S\u0129 \u0110\u1ea1o, Linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3\u00a0Inaz\u014d Nitobe<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 120px;text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;color: #000080\"><em>H\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n<\/em>, h\u00e3y hi\u1ebfu th\u1ea3o v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9, y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi anh ch\u1ecb, h\u00e3y ho\u00e0 thu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi b\u00e8 b\u1ea1n; h\u00e3y s\u1ed1ng khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tha \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi; theo \u0111u\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vun x\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">\u00a0\u201c<em>Ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/em>\u201d n\u0103m 1890<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3471\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2019\/12\/Bia-sach-1-cho-rosetta.jpg?resize=523%2C797&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"523\" height=\"797\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, do Cty \u0110\u00f4ng A xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u00e1ng 11, 2019.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">C\u00f3 b\u1ea3n b\u00eca m\u1ec1m, b\u00eca c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u00eca da.<\/p>\n<p>N\u0103m 2018 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00fang 150 n\u0103m Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n 1868-2018, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 ch\u00e2u \u00c1. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m <em>Thi\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng Minh Tr\u1ecb<\/em> <em>v\u00e0 Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng<\/em>, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Donald Keene, ra m\u1eaft \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd h\u01a1n trong th\u1eddi kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng qu\u1ed1c gia 150 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>[1]<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m <em>Thi\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng Minh Tr\u1ecb<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb 1868-1912 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. Donald Keene l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u00d4ng nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Columbia gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi 30 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Minh Tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n khai sinh ra n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eadt m\u1edbi, chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc phong ki\u1ebfn sang c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Minh Tr\u1ecb m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong cu\u1ed9c khai sinh n\u00e0y v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed li\u00ean can.<\/p>\n<p>Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch k\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n; v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng cho nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o, s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f9, \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cao v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng; \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i; 100.000 b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, s\u1ef1 vinh quang v\u00e0 ra \u0111i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. V\u1ecb nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng xa \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u vua kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng cai tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb cung \u0111i\u1ec7n di\u1ec5m l\u1ec7, m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng du gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c n\u1ebbo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Minh Tr\u1ecb th\u00edch \u0103n m\u1eb7c c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u sang tr\u1ecdng, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00f5 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Trung Hoa n\u0103m 1894, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y g\u00ec l\u00e0m vui tr\u01b0\u1edbc tin chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng Nga n\u0103m 1905. Minh Tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y trong nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t, Nogi Maresuke, v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103m x\u01b0a trong hai cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Trung-Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 Nga-Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb anh h\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, v\u1ed1n ch\u1ecbu \u01a1n Minh Tr\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi v\u1ee3 t\u1ef1 tay th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n <em>junshi<\/em> l\u00e0 nghi th\u1ee9c ch\u1ebft theo ch\u00faa sau khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 v\u0129nh bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00e0 h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n Minh Tr\u1ecb, Donald Keene \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m hi\u1ec7n ra l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng nh\u01b0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Nga. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<p>Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch <em>Thi\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng Minh Tr\u1ecb<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Donald Keene. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean 60.000 b\u1ea3n sau \u0111\u00f3 (gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n). V\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t sung s\u01b0\u1edbng khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng H\u00e0n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Nga.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">\u00a0<strong>[2]<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u00edch n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00e9t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i mang t\u00ednh th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cgi\u1ea3i m\u00e3\u201d th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u2018quy lu\u1eadt\u2019 m\u1edbi cho con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 \u0111i sau trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 c\u0169ng di\u1ec5n ra xung quanh qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Park Chung Hee c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n<p>Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Minh Tr\u1ecb k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb 1868-1912 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, c\u00f3 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u2018l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n\u2019, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang ng\u1ea5t ng\u00e2y v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n m\u1edbi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edbi, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng m\u1edbi h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n r\u1ee7 s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac phong ki\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Tokugawa, (v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp thu nh\u1eefng di s\u1ea3n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c), ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n, x\u00f3a b\u1ecf \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f5 s\u0129, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn th\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho m\u1ecdi giai c\u1ea5p, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o.<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecd g\u1eedi h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t sinh vi\u00ean \u0111i du h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3. Gi\u1eefa 1868 \u2013 1902, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 34 n\u0103m, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5p 11.248 h\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu du h\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee3t du h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Hoa K\u1ef3 thu h\u00fat h\u01a1n n\u1eeda sinh vi\u00ean du h\u1ecdc, do v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o M\u1ef9. Nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1870, s\u1ed1 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea cho th\u1ea5y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 du h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111i \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc, lu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean \u0111i M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 l\u1ea1i khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n \u201ctho\u00e1t \u00c1\u201d, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi Nga. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu v\u00e0 b\u1ec7 r\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ngay c\u00e1c \u2018anh c\u1ea3\u2019 ch\u00e2u \u00c1 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u1eebng th\u00e1n ph\u1ee5c. S\u1ef1 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Trung Hoa c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa. C\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c gi\u1edbi tinh hoa. S\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch, hay s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y b\u00e1n ra h\u00e0ng v\u00e0i tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n trong m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng 30 tri\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<p>Hai th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u00f3m c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u2018l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n\u2019 mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u0169 k\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. H\u1ecd ng\u1ea5t ng\u00e2y v\u1edbi v\u0103n minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u1ecfi khung x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. H\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111i t\u00ecm khai minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00e0i b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp thu ng\u1ecdn gi\u00f3 \u201cv\u0103n minh v\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng\u201d. Chuy\u1ebfn <em>c\u00f4ng du Iwakura<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 mang ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi, tr\u1ebb, \u0111\u1ea7y nhi\u1ec7t huy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn 20 qu\u1ed1c gia M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1eadn m\u1eaft v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 r\u00fat ra nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng. H\u1ecd quan s\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, sinh ho\u1ea1t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt.\u00a0 Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 50 n\u0103m th\u00f4i, cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111u\u1ed5i k\u1ecbp v\u00e0 qua m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1ee9 hai, Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, g\u1ed3m C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Tin l\u00e0nh, \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng trong v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. H\u1ecd ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 sao qu\u00e1 s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 Kinh th\u00e1nh, \u0111i nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n ng\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt, kh\u1eafp l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1.<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>S\u1ef1 h\u1ed3 h\u1edfi khi\u1ebfn cho b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1i giao Inoue Kaoru di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t say s\u01b0a: \u201cCh\u00fang ta h\u00e3y thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf phong c\u00e1ch-ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (European-style). Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u00fang ta th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c phong th\u00e1i-ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf phong th\u00e1i-ch\u00e2u \u00c2u tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng.\u201d Mutsu Munemitsu, tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u n\u0103m 1886, n\u00f3i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng s\u1edd m\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u1edf. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u201cth\u1ed5i c\u00f2i\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>[3]<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>T\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn Thi\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng (<em>Tenn\u014d)<\/em> l\u00e0m bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n? Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi Tokugawa h\u01a1n 250 n\u0103m, v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt ho\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng. It\u014d Hirobumi, v\u1ecb th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed5i\u00a0 m\u1edbi, n\u00f3i r\u00f5 trong trong c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn n\u0103m 1888, trong s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt ho\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t cho Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p. \u00d4ng b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, l\u00e0m tr\u1ee5c \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, trong khi \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">Cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1ea1i cho s\u1ef1 tranh lu\u1eadn tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u00ec s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t \u0111i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd ti\u00eau vong. [\u2026] Trong h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecb \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp s\u00e2u v\u00e0o tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu c\u1ea3, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u0103ng hoa nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thu h\u00fat tr\u00e1i tim con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y nay \u0111ang \u0111i v\u00e0o suy tho\u00e1i. \u0110\u1ea1o Shint\u014d tuy d\u1ef1a l\u00ean nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n \u00f4ng cha ta \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00edt s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n<p>Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi It\u014d kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh m\u1ee5c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Motoda, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n cho Minh Tr\u1ecb, c\u0169ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. Cho n\u00ean, It\u014d \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: \u201cC\u00e1i duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tr\u1ee5c trong \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf\u201d. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i tr\u1ee5c b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m, thay th\u1ebf cho v\u1ecb tr\u00ed Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (Masao Maruyama).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>[4]<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt? Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Anh C. Townsend \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng su\u1ed1i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi to l\u1edbn cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u1eb1m <em>b\u00ean trong n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/em> h\u1ecd. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch l\u1ea1i trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m <em>Bushido \u2013 Linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/em>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o kia l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1-t\u1ea1o, r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea1y Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Turk nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang ph\u00e1o t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, tr\u1eeb khi ch\u00fang ta cho r\u1eb1ng Anh qu\u1ed1c b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c mua h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa. Ai l\u00e0 t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, hay nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc hay ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch, hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n?<\/p>\n<p>T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Inaz\u014d Nitobe c\u1ee7a <em>Bushido <\/em>cho r\u1eb1ng su\u1ed1i ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n <em>v\u00f5 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em> c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Nh\u1eadt. L\u00f2ng <em>t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>danh d\u1ef1<\/em> kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecb nh\u00ecn l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n. Trong <em>Moral Code<\/em> (shushin yoryo) nh\u01b0 di ch\u00fac c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng Fukuzawa Yukichi nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh hai t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft tinh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u00f4ng quan ni\u1ec7m cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n: T\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp tinh th\u1ea7n:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m anh ta l\u00ean, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00ean m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u cao h\u01a1n. Cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ed1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta, r\u1eb1ng h\u00e3y n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c trong m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o tr\u00e1i tim m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 T\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng kim ch\u1ec9 nam c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n<li>Ai g\u00ecn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 Tinh th\u1ea7n l\u1eabn Th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, bi\u1ebft qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, gi\u1eef g\u00ecn nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb oen \u1ed1, ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi anh ta l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">Fukuzawa Yukichi, \u0110i\u1ec1u 1 v\u00e0 2<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">trong <em>Moral Code<\/em> (\u201cTu th\u00e2n y\u1ebfu l\u0129nh\u201d)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng Minh Tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ed1ng theo tinh th\u1ea7n <em>V\u00f5 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1o <\/em>c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m h\u1ebft m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea3o qu\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>[5]<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Hai ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n<em> trung qu\u00e2n<\/em>, v\u00e0 <em>\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c <\/em>mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n<p>Tinh th\u1ea7n <em>trung qu\u00e2n<\/em>, trung v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7, c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p samurai l\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, gi\u1edbi samurai \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c (Moral Code). C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a <em>47 R\u014dnin<\/em> \u2212 nh\u1eefng samurai m\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 \u2212 minh h\u1ecda s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean anh h\u00f9ng ca trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00f5 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n l\u00e0, kho\u1ea3ng 1700, Asano Naganori, m\u1ed9t <em>daimy\u014d<\/em> (ch\u1ee7 so\u00e1i) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1ng trung, trong khi th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp nghi th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Shogun t\u1ea1i Yedo (t\u00ean x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a Tokyo), b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t quan ch\u1ee9c cao c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Bakufu t\u00ean Kira Yoshinaka x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0, nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec \u00f4ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e0 c\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n gia c\u1ee7a Asano. Asano r\u00fat g\u01b0\u01a1m \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ebft Kira, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m cho Kira b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u00fat g\u01b0\u01a1m ra trong cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Shogun l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u1ebft. Do \u0111\u00f3, Asano b\u1ecb ra l\u1ec7nh t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n <em>seppuku<\/em> c\u00f9ng ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0ng sau khi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 do \u00f4ng v\u1eeba s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c. L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u1ecbch thu, v\u00e0 47 samurai tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 ch\u1ee7, m\u1ea5t quy ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u00e0nh <em>r\u014dnin<\/em>. H\u1ecd b\u00e8n quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m b\u00e1o th\u00f9 cho ch\u1ee7.<\/p>\n<p>Sau hai n\u0103m tr\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i, v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a th\u00e1ng 2, 1703, h\u1ecd m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e1u v\u00e0o dinh th\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Kira v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ea1ng Kira nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd mong mu\u1ed1n. Ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh xong nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9p m\u00ecnh cho nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch, tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7, v\u00e0 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft. D\u01b0 lu\u1eadn tranh c\u00e3i gi\u1eefa trung qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p th\u1eafng, 47 r\u014dnin ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft t\u1ef1 tay m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trung qu\u00e2n d\u00e1m ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1o th\u00f9 cho ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd m\u00e3i m\u00e3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng anh h\u00f9ng b\u1ea5t t\u1eed. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft <em>Ch\u016bshingura<\/em>, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i cho ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt k\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 kabuki hay m\u00faa r\u1ed1i bunraku c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 r\u01a1i l\u1ec7.\u00a0 Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng 12, ng\u00e0y 14, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Sengakuji, n\u01a1i Asano Naganori v\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u014dnin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an t\u00e1ng, l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n 47 r\u014dnin minh h\u1ecda tinh th\u1ea7n trung qu\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd th\u1ebf n\u00e0o t\u1eeb tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00f5 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1o. Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c samurai c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u0169ng s\u1ebd d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng trung qu\u00e2n n\u00e0y, trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, m\u00e0 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7, khi nguy c\u01a1 m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ea7n k\u1ec1, v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n<p><em>Trung th\u00e0nh<\/em> ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u00e9t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t c\u00e1c giai t\u1ea7ng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n: trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kinh doanh vv. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 trung th\u00e0nh gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay l\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh, m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 cam k\u1ebft t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Nh\u1eadt Ho\u00e0ng, Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng, th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ra l\u1ec7nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i trung th\u00e0nh. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft \u00e9p \u0111\u00e3 qua. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 cam k\u1ebft t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m. Nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ea5y quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chung th\u00f4ng qua b\u00e0n b\u1ea1c tham kh\u1ea3o. Cho n\u00ean h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00f3m, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u00e0m h\u00e0i h\u00f2a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t hay th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t hay th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt. Nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Sh\u014dtoki Taishi (574\u2212622), \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00f4n ngoan cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt: \u201c<em>Nh\u01b0ng khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u1edbi k\u1ebb d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1eed t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a thu\u1eadn trong th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn s\u1ebd t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Th\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n g\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?<\/em>\u201d (Duke, 193-94).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>[6]<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 <em>\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em>. \u0110\u1ec3 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh <em>v\u0103n minh<\/em> nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 <em>\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh<\/em> (ethics of civilization). H\u1ecd nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn h\u1ecd l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Nh\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi \u201cb\u00e1n-v\u0103n minh\u201d (half-civilized). N\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 l\u00e0 \u201ckho ch\u1ee9a\u201d kh\u00f4ng \u00edt c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u201cth\u00f3i quen h\u00e0nh x\u1eed man di\u201d t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng \u2018\u0111i\u00ean kh\u00f9ng\u2019 (foolish masses), nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u00f3i quen ti\u1ec3u c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, nam n\u1eef t\u1eafm chung, ho\u1eb7c m\u00ea t\u00edn v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh x\u1eed nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cphi ph\u00e1p\u201d (illegal), v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. C\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n minh cao h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n c\u00e3i v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1880.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3472\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2019\/12\/Anh-minh-hoa-cac-bac-thang-van-minh.jpg?resize=677%2C521&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"677\" height=\"521\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2019\/12\/Anh-minh-hoa-cac-bac-thang-van-minh.jpg?resize=300%2C231&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2019\/12\/Anh-minh-hoa-cac-bac-thang-van-minh.jpg?resize=768%2C592&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2019\/12\/Anh-minh-hoa-cac-bac-thang-van-minh.jpg?w=875&amp;ssl=1 875w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 677px) 100vw, 677px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">C\u00e1c b\u1eadc thang v\u0103n minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda b\u1edfi Kawanabe Ky\u014dsai 1870<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">(Ngu\u1ed3n: Vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Kawanabe Ky\u014dsai, t\u1ec9nh Saitama; trong Richard M. Reitan, 8)<\/p>\n<p>V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1890 \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u00eam n\u1ed9i dung quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 bao tr\u00f9m h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh chuy\u1ec3n sang th\u00e0nh <em>\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n<\/em> (ethics of spirit), th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t <em>t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em> (national character), hay <em>Volksgeist<\/em>, m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tho\u00e1t thai t\u1eeb phong tr\u00e0o l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n \u0110\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t cao h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 hy sinh v\u00e0 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong khi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 <em>\u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9<\/em> cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (Richard M. Reitan). Chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc (<em>rinrigaku<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u0103m 1893 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tokyo, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 th\u1eadp ni\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch <em>M\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em> (<em>Rinri shinetsu<\/em>, 1883) c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Inoue Tetsujir\u014d. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 c\u1ea3 hai, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c tinh th\u1ea7n, l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai s\u00e1ng th\u00e0nh v\u0103n minh.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>[7]<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong thanh ni\u00ean v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Minh Tr\u1ecb, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u1edf s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y (<em>rangaku<\/em>) khi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edf c\u1eeda. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00ean vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kh\u1ed5ng h\u1ecdc Motada Nagazane (Eifu), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed l\u00e0m gia s\u01b0 v\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n cho ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Minh Tr\u1ecb n\u0103m 1871. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o \u201c\u00dd ch\u00ed \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\u201d (Imperial Will on Education) n\u0103m 1879 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1 cao c\u00e1c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd trung qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc (<em>ch\u016bkun aikoku<\/em>). Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Inoue Kowashi, m\u1ed9t modernist, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n t\u00edn c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng It\u014d Hirobumi, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o ra \u201c<em>Hu\u1ea5n l\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/em>\u201d (<em>Imperial Rescript on Education<\/em>) n\u0103m 1890 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi Motada.<\/p>\n<p>Inoue c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3o b\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1889, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Trong c\u1ea3 hai v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, <em>Hu\u1ea5n l\u1ec7nh<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p<\/em>, \u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf (imperial ideology) nh\u01b0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Minh Tr\u1ecb, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5. N\u1ebfu Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, th\u00ec Inoue quay v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang (<em>kokumin d\u014dtoku<\/em>). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Motoda.<\/p>\n<p><em>Hu\u1ea5n l\u1ec7nh<\/em> 1890 c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><em>H\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n<\/em>,<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">C\u00e1c T\u1ed5 ti\u00ean \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh b\u00e1m r\u1ec5 s\u00e2u xa v\u00e0 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. C\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ta t\u1eeb th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i trong l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfu th\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 minh ho\u1ea1 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1ebb vang c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><em>H\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n<\/em>, h\u00e3y hi\u1ebfu th\u1ea3o v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9, y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi anh ch\u1ecb, h\u00e3y ho\u00e0 thu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi b\u00e8 b\u1ea1n; h\u00e3y s\u1ed1ng khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tha \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi; theo \u0111u\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vun x\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c; h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1i t\u1ed1t c\u00f4ng, khu\u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i chung; lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt; n\u1ebfu t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, h\u00e3y hi\u1ebfn th\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch can tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc; v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 g\u00ecn gi\u1eef v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a Ngai v\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta t\u1eeb thu\u1edf t\u1ea1o thi\u00ean l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba. V\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e3y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ta, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cha \u00f4ng ch\u00fang ta tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea1ng r\u1ee1.<\/p>\n<p>B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Inoue k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t <em>n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em> v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n sinh v\u1eadt <em>\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em> n\u1eefa. Qu\u1ed1c gia c\u0103n b\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c th\u00ec m\u1edbi b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5y Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, Inoue quay v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a <em>\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em> (<em>kokumin d\u014dtoku<\/em>) cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. T\u1eeb c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Motada. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Fukuzawa tuy c\u0169ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u0103n minh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 hai, tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 tri th\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Anh Thomas Buckle m\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u1eebng tham kh\u1ea3o trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m <em>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed V\u0103n minh Anh qu\u1ed1c<\/em>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u01b0 theo Buckle, s\u1ef1 \u01b0u t\u00fa \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u00edt t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 \u01b0u t\u00fa tri th\u1ee9c. C\u00f2n It\u014d th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u00e1 nhanh trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft h\u01a1n l\u00e0 do n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 cao vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n.\u00a0 B\u1edfi v\u00ec trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3 \u201cl\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ca ng\u1ee3i, l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u01a1 tr\u1ebdn, nh\u00e2n \u00e1i b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qu\u00ean, s\u1ef1 k\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbch v\u00e0 tranh gi\u00e0nh lan tr\u00e0n. C\u00e1ch c\u01b0 x\u1eed l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh b\u1ecb s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed7, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd suy tho\u00e1i\u201d (Reitan).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3473\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2019\/12\/Canh-mot-lop-hoc.jpg?resize=570%2C570&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"570\" height=\"570\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2019\/12\/Canh-mot-lop-hoc.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2019\/12\/Canh-mot-lop-hoc.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 570px) 100vw, 570px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">C\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc. Th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa hai ch\u1eef <em>trung th\u00e0nh<\/em> (tr\u00e1i) v\u00e0 <em>hi\u1ebfu th\u1ea3o<\/em> (ph\u1ea3i).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">(Ngu\u1ed3n: Marius B. Jansen, <em>The Making of Modern Japan<\/em>, \u1ea3nh s\u1ed1 29)<\/p>\n<p><em>Hu\u1ea5n l\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra \u201ct\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00fang ta (<em>kokutai<\/em>)\u201d, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00fang ta\u201d, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp thu v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1889 v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (nation-state) nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3ng vai ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng, r\u1eddi b\u1ecf quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Anh-M\u1ef9 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u00ednh ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 trong hai th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Fukuzawa Yukichi, v\u00e0 Phong tr\u00e0o Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f2i T\u1ef1 do. B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Mori Arinori, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi <em>Hu\u1ea5n l\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf<\/em> ra \u0111\u1eddi, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 Anh-M\u1ef9 theo nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m trong th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 \u1edf M\u1ef9, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m sao cho h\u1ecdc sinh bi\u1ebft ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1i thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u00e1c. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Motada v\u00e0 Inoue. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111i theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Ph\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Vua m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 du nh\u1eadp m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 It\u014d Hirobumi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1eadn \u00f4ng Inoue Kowashi. Cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nhau. Fukuzawa di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m khi cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cNh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u00f4m nay \u0111ang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n\u201d (Teruhisa Horio). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u201ckhai minh t\u1eeb tr\u00ean\u201d, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c \u201ckhai minh t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi\u201d, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan ng\u1ea1i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cKh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 do, v\u00e0 khi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang tin t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n h\u1ecd, th\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e2m ra s\u1ee3 n\u00f3, v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00f4 l\u1ec7\u201d (Ueki Emori).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>[8]<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>V\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf 1890, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp cho nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 t\u1edbi, v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u1ed9i dung ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, trong khi n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean <em>\u00dd ch\u00ed \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/em> n\u0103m 1879. S\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n khi qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u201c\u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y\u201d tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u1eb1m h\u00e0i h\u00f2a \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y. \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c <em>sonn\u014d aikoku<\/em>, s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c thay th\u1ebf cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a hai th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n<p>Tuy l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf K\u014dmei, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 t\u1eeb v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Minh Tr\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u201cbi\u1ebft l\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ec3 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d, trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a <em>N\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc<\/em> \u201c\u0111i t\u00ecm tri th\u1ee9c kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf\u201d. V\u0103n minh khai s\u00e1ng <em>th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/em> c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 v\u0103n minh khai s\u00e1ng t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng m\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>[9]<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>V\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00ean, th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u2018th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n\u2019, subject, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho Vua, cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n. <em>Ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/em> n\u0103m 1886 (Imperial University Ordinance), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Mori Arinori ban h\u00e0nh ngay m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau khi \u00f4ng nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, xem h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c, \u2018\u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb qu\u1ed1c gia\u2019. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t. Theo ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb \u00f4ng, <em>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Tokyo<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1886. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf c\u00e1c \u2018qu\u1ed1c gia h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t\u2019. Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng theo nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00ec khoa h\u1ecdc. \u201cM\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf l\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a <em>Ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh<\/em>. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d, c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 k\u00eanh can thi\u1ec7p ri\u00eang khi c\u1ea7n. C\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3m tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef v\u1eefng b\u1edfi \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng qu\u1ed1c gia\u201d (Nagai).<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[3]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i: Ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt m\u1edbi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t\u00a0di s\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Kh\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3\u00a0h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb Trung Hoa. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf di s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a\u00a0n\u00f3 l\u00e0\u00a0Trung Hoa \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m,\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a xa l\u1ea1 t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y thay th\u1ebf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm h\u1ecdc v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch quy m\u00f4, nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Trung Hoa m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, khi h\u1ecd \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 sang trang. H\u1ecd h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y <em>nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n<\/em>, <em>s\u1edbm h\u01a1n<\/em>\u00a0t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u \u00c1 kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd <em>kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t g\u1ed1c<\/em> nh\u01b0 Trung Hoa.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>[10]<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c1 phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. H\u1ecd xem ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf thi\u00eang li\u00eang, m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t cha \u00f4ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0nh, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd xem c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c duy t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 thi\u00eang li\u00eang, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc, ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 thi\u00eang li\u00eang. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ed3ng n\u00e0n, l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1-tr\u1ecdng v\u00f5 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1o, \u00fd ch\u00ed b\u1ea5t khu\u1ea5t, tinh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nghi\u00eam t\u00fac trong tinh th\u1ea7n ganh \u0111ua m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan, b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh, ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt nh\u01b0 h\u00f4m nay, v\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft c\u1ee5c di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c1 s\u1ebd th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay t\u1ef1 soi. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang b\u1ecb suy tho\u00e1i v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c, l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, suy tho\u00e1i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 giai t\u1ea7ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0m g\u01b0\u01a1ng; thi\u1ebfu \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean, thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 \u201c\u0111i t\u00ecm tri th\u1ee9c kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u0103m h\u1edf, trung th\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai s\u00e1ng, b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt.<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u vua, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i g\u00ec h\u00f4m nay? N\u0103m 2017 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Akihito \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh cho c\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4 Hu\u1ebf m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. \u0110\u1ed3ng v\u0103n, \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7ng, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 vua, nh\u01b0ng sao kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n? Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Akihito ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5y c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i tro t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t s\u00f3ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Di s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eafng cay cho h\u1eadu th\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ecdc <em>Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Minh Tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng<\/em> s\u1ebd g\u1ee3i ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam x\u01b0a v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nay.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>[11]<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t vui m\u1eebng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd l\u00e0, theo l\u1eddi m\u1eddi, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Donald Keene, tuy \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 96, \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh th\u00ec gi\u1edd qu\u00fd b\u00e1u \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i d\u00f2ng cho \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u00d4ng k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf Paris n\u0103m 1931, r\u1ed3i t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i g\u00f2n n\u0103m 1961, v\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00f4ng qua quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch! \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft, s\u1ef1 ra m\u1eaft quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u201cni\u1ec1m vinh d\u1ef1 cao nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m vinh d\u1ef1, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho tr\u00e1i tim t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea7y \u1ea5p n\u1ed7i vui\u201d. Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 th\u01b0\u01a1ng. Sau khi v\u1ec1 h\u01b0u \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Columbia, \u00f4ng ch\u1ecdn s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi, ngay sau tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t T\u014dhoku v\u00e0 s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n n\u0103m 2011, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch Nh\u1eadt, theo nh\u01b0 \u00fd nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1i tim Nh\u1eadt, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a hai d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. V\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch <em>Thi\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng Minh Tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng<\/em> s\u1ebd gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o th\u00eam c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u1eefa Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Xin c\u00e1m \u01a1n \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span>, <em>th\u00e1ng 11, n\u0103m 2018<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><em>Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft <strong>Donald Keene v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n <\/strong>\u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u <strong>N\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n <\/strong>ta th\u1ea5y h\u00f4m nay h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh<strong>:<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt\"><a href=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/tieu-su-donald-keene\/\"><em>Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Donald Keene<\/em><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">v\u00e0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/muoi-nha-giao-duc-lon-cua-nhat-ban-hien-dai\/\">M\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\/<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">T\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u01a1n, <strong><em>Trang Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/em><\/strong> g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/nhat-ban\/\">Trang Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;color: #000080\"><strong><em>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Masao Maruyama, <em>Studies in the Intellectual History of Tokugawa Japan<\/em>. Translated by Mikiso Hane. Princeton University Press 1974.<\/li>\n<li><em>The Cambridge History of Japan<\/em>, Volum\u1eb9 5, The Nineteenth Century, edited by Marius B. Jansen. Cambridge University Press, 1989.<\/li>\n<li><em>A companion to Japanese History<\/em>, ed. By William M. Tsutsui. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.<\/li>\n<li>Hugh Borton, <em>Japan\u2019s Modern Century<\/em>. Second edition. Ronal Press company, 1970.<\/li>\n<li>B. Sansom (1), <em>The Western World and Japan<\/em>. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1950.<\/li>\n<li>B. Sansom (2), <em>Japan. A short cultural history<\/em>. Stanford university press,1978.<\/li>\n<li>Marius B. Jansen, <em>Japan and Its World. Two centuries of change<\/em>. Princeton University Press, 1980.<\/li>\n<li>Marius B. Jansen, <em>The Making of Modern Japan<\/em>. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2000.<\/li>\n<li>David J. Lu, <em> A documentary History<\/em>. The Late Tokugawa Period to the Present. An East Gate Book, 1997.<\/li>\n<li>Inaz\u014d Nitobe, <em> The soul of Japan<\/em>. Kodansha International, 2002.<\/li>\n<li>Fukuzawa Yukichi, <em>The Moral Code<\/em>: http:\/\/www.kf.keio.ac.jp\/english\/moral.html<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Hay b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t do Lam Anh chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef: <em>Tu th\u00e2n y\u1ebfu l\u0129nh<\/em> c\u1ee7a Fukuzawa Yukichi:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"wfDCAKAIac\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/tu-than-yeu-linh-cua-fukuzawa-yukichi\/\">Tu th\u00e2n y\u1ebfu l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a Fukuzawa Yukichi<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;&lt;i&gt;Tu th\u00e2n y\u1ebfu l\u0129nh&lt;\/i&gt; c\u1ee7a Fukuzawa Yukichi&#8221; &#8212; B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh\" src=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/tu-than-yeu-linh-cua-fukuzawa-yukichi\/embed\/#?secret=2Fq1kI13ug#?secret=wfDCAKAIac\" data-secret=\"wfDCAKAIac\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<ol start=\"12\">\n<li>Edwin O. Reischauer, <em> The Story of a Nation<\/em>. Fourth edition. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. 1976.<\/li>\n<li>John Whitney Hall, <em> From prehistory to modern times<\/em>. Delta Book, 1970.<\/li>\n<li>Thomas R. H. Havens, <em>Nishi Amane and modern Japanese thought<\/em>. Princeton University Press, 1970.<\/li>\n<li>Richard M. Reitan, <em>Making a Moral Society. Ethics and the State in Meiji Japan<\/em>. University of Hawai\u2019i Press, 2010.<\/li>\n<li>Nagai Michio, <em>Higher Education in Japan: Its Take-off and Crash<\/em>. Trans. By Jerry Dusenbury. University of Tokyo Press, 1971.<\/li>\n<li>Tesuhisa Horio, <em>Educational Thought and Ideology in Modern Japan<\/em>. <em>State Authority and Intellectual Freedom<\/em>. Trans. by Steven Platzer. University of Tokyo Press, 1988.<\/li>\n<li>Benjamin Duke, <em>The Japanese School. Lessons for Industrial America<\/em>. Praeger,1986.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>C\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Xem <em>Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh Iwakura<\/em> c\u1ee7a Cty Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam 2019 (ra m\u1eaft th\u00e1ng 7, 2023: <a href=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/su-doan-iwakura-di-tim-khai-sang\/)\">https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/su-doan-iwakura-di-tim-khai-sang\/)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> Jansen, 69-70<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[3]<\/a> Xem th\u00eam b\u00e0i \u201cTrung Hoa v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n: <em>S\u1ef1 du nh\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c\u201d trong s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1i nxb T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p TP HCM, th\u00e1ng 2, 2019. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh l\u00e2u qu\u00e1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>THI\u00caN HO\u00c0NG MINH TR\u1eca v\u00e0\u00a0 TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI C\u1ee6A \u00d4NG T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Donald Keene Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u &nbsp; -\u201cC\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o trung qu\u00e2n, \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c h\u01a1n (Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n) kh\u00f4ng?&#8221; -\u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3\u201d\u00a0 (Trong V\u00f5 S\u0129 \u0110\u1ea1o, Linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3\u00a0Inaz\u014d Nitobe) &nbsp; H\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n, h\u00e3y hi\u1ebfu th\u1ea3o v\u1edbi cha<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3498"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3498"}],"version-history":[{"count":37,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3498\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12271,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3498\/revisions\/12271"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3498"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3498"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3498"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}