{"id":354,"date":"2017-07-21T20:52:46","date_gmt":"2017-07-21T13:52:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=354"},"modified":"2025-04-17T19:56:58","modified_gmt":"2025-04-17T12:56:58","slug":"toi-la-san-pham-cua-hai-nen-van-hoa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/toi-la-san-pham-cua-hai-nen-van-hoa\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00f4i l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/i>: D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u1ea5n Ninh (C. N. Yang) – Gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u1eadt l\u00fd"},"content":{"rendered":"

D\u01af\u01a0NG CH\u1ea4N NINH (C. N. Yang)<\/span><\/h1>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh <\/strong>tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u201cT\u00f4i l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Hoa v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trong h\u00e0i h\u00f2a l\u1eabn xung \u0111\u1ed9t.<\/em>\u201d<\/span><\/h1>\n

(I am in more than one sense a product of both the Chinese and Western cultures, in harmony and in conflict.)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u1ea5n Ninh (C. N. Yang)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\" \"\"<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u1ea5n Ninh (1922-) n\u0103m 1957 l\u00fac c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb \u1edf M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 n\u0103m 2005, l\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ec1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/i><\/strong><\/span>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Tia S\u00e1ng, th\u00e1ng 6, n\u0103m 2011. Nay xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u l\u1ea1i.\u00a0Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i xin s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i t\u00ean Chen Ning Yang cho ti\u1ec7n thay v\u00ec D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u1ea5n Ninh, v\u00ec t\u00ean g\u1ecdi theo ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng trong khoa h\u1ecdc, trong c\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt mang t\u00ean \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft Yang-Mills, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Yang-Baxter, \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Lee-Yang\u2026Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh 7\/2017<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2055\u2055\u2055<\/span><\/p>\n

C.N. Yang sinh ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1922 t\u1ea1i Hefei, t\u1ec9nh Anhwei (Anhui), Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Yang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb \u201cs\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng\u201d, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 to\u00e1n, K.C. Yang, t\u1eebng t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p Ph.D t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago r\u1ed3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 TQ gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tsing Hua (Thanh Hoa, B\u1eafc Kinh) r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1i Southwest Associated University (Li\u00ean k\u1ebft T\u00e2y Nam), Kunming, t\u1ec9nh Yunan.<\/p>\n

Trong th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecdc trung h\u1ecdc, Yang \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft (bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n) nh\u00f3m \u1edf b\u1ed1, khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng s\u1edbm ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd. 1942 \u00f4ng t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Southwest Associated v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2u nh\u1eadn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c theo h\u1ecdc ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh sau c\u1eed nh\u00e2n hai n\u0103m t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tsing Hua. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc th\u00eam \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng sau n\u00e0y. \u00d4ng t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt l\u00fd theo s\u1edf th\u00edch ri\u00eang. A. Einstein, P.A.M. Dirac v\u00e0 E. Fermi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t. Trong khi ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111i Hoa K\u1ef3 \u00f4ng h\u1ecdc th\u00eam l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

Yang th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0n l\u00e2m. V\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc TQ khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a tinh hoa Trung Hoa s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm. Trong V\u1eadt l\u00fd, Yang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7y t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0 GS Zhao Zhong-Yao (t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p Caltech), GS Wu You-Xun (t\u1eebng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi K.A. Compton \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago), Zho Pei-Yuang (Tsing Hua), C. S. Wang (t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i Anh qu\u1ed1c), Ta-You Wu (\u0110H B\u1eafc Kinh). Sau n\u00e0y khi v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, Yang thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y thua thi\u1ec7t g\u00ec, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n trong ng\u00e0nh c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i TQ m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 h\u01a1n \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. (1)<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1edbi k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng l\u1edbn t\u1eeb lu\u1ed3ng gi\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0110\u1ee9c, Ph\u00e1p, r\u1ed3i Hoa K\u1ef3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, t\u1ef1 do h\u00e0n l\u00e2m, l\u1ea5y khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang lu\u1ed3ng gi\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Cai Yuanpei (Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean B\u1ed3i), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m li\u1ec1n. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 TH: nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Bertrand Russell t\u1eeb Anh qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c John Dewey v\u00e0 Paul Monroe t\u1eeb Hoa K\u1ef3, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Rabinath Tagore t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u201cx\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi cho qu\u1ed1c gia\u201d \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u00e1c li\u1ec7t. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng l\u00ean n\u1eafm ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba n\u0103m 1949 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc theo tinh th\u1ea7n khai ph\u00f3ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u0169ng ch\u1ebft theo, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u00f4i, hay b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 n\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a C.N. Yang. Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1945 Yang, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 23 tu\u1ed5i, sang Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi Enrico Fermi. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng khi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Fermi \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi Columbia v\u00e0 b\u1eb7t t\u0103m \u00e2m t\u00edn. Sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c truy t\u00ecm ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Fermi \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y Yang \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t v\u1edbi Edward Teller, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, v\u00e0 sau khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 (1948) v\u1edbi Teller \u00f4ng l\u00e0m tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd cho Fermi m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c theo d\u00f5i ng\u00e0nh c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea ri\u00eang cho m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\"\"\n

T\u00e1m nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i Nobel t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Rochester 1960 \u1edf Rochester, New York. T\u1eeb tr\u00e1i qua: E. Segr\u00e8, C. N. Yang, O. Chamberlain, T. D. Lee, E. McMillan, C. D. Anderson, I. I. Rabi, W. Heisenberg. (\u1ea2nh c\u1ee7a L. Cruzer)<\/p>\n

Yang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn, l\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Fermi v\u00e0 Teller, r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Fermi, l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean l\u00fd hay l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ee9c theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p qui n\u1ea1p<\/i> (inductive), h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd, t\u1ee9c theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch<\/i> (deductive), trong khi t\u1ea1i TQ Yang ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch th\u00f4i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1eafc b\u00e9n, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn<\/i> gi\u1eefa hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p 400 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1eefa Galilei<\/i> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p qui n\u1ea1p c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng (constructive) v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd<\/i> c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc – tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc theo Aristote \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m (tabu) l\u00e0m ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 (2). N\u00f3i chung, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o, hay th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0 duy di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch<\/i> t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd tabu<\/i> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng xung quanh, hay n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 Goethe, h\u1ecd b\u00e1m v\u00edu v\u00e0o \u201cl\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng x\u00e1m x\u1ecbt\u201d trong khi \u201cc\u00e2y \u0111\u1eddi th\u00ec v\u1eabn m\u00e3i m\u00e3i xanh t\u01b0\u01a1i\u201d.<\/p>\n

\"C:\\Users\\HP\\AppData\\Local\\Microsoft\\Windows\\INetCacheContent.Word\\Lee,<\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh c\u1ee7a Chien Shiung Wu v\u00e0 Wolfgang Pauli, cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea1t neutrino. H\u1ea1t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu. (E. Segr\u00e8)<\/p>\n

C. N. Yang c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p to l\u1edbn trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng g\u00e2y s\u1eedng s\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p T.D. Lee, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Hoa ki\u1ec1u, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu <\/i>(nonconservation of parity in weak interactions only); t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i to\u00e1n n\u00f3ng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1953-1956, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u201c\u03b8-\u03c4<\/em> puzzle\u201d (3). N\u0103m 1956 hai \u00f4ng, sau khi t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ea7n li\u1ec1n, Yang v\u00e0 Lee, c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng g\u01b0\u01a1ng trong c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu, v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 b\u00eata (\u03b2-decay) l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng<\/i>. Hai \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Wolfgang Pauli b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn \u00fd ki\u1ebfn t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Yang v\u00e0 Lee khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f9a r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng k<\/em>h\u00f4ng tin <\/i>\u201cTh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1eadn tay tr\u00e1i y\u1ebfu\u201d.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Hai \u00f4ng L\u00fd v\u00e0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00fac c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 gi\u1ea3i Nobel.<\/p>\n

(\u1ea2nh: University of Chicago Photographic Archive (apf1-03706) \/ Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center)<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ea3 gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd ho\u00e0i nghi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng g\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd, trong \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb hay t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u1ea1i v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh (behaviour) kh\u00e1c nhau (qua h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 s\u00f3ng) \u1edf nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau qua m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng g\u01b0\u01a1ng (thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9). R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 tin. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 n\u1eeda n\u0103m sau, \u0111\u1ea7u 1957, Chien-Shiung Wu \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Columbia, m\u1ed9t n\u1eef chuy\u00ean gia n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 b\u00eata, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c Trung Qu\u1ed1c (4), nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0n tay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp, \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Yang v\u00e0 Lee, v\u00e0 b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00f3i tr\u00ean l\u00e0 sai, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “Ch\u00faa thu\u1eadn tay tr\u00e1i y\u1ebfu”. C\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng g\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 b\u00eata! B\u00e0 Wu cho th\u1ea5y h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n electron ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb cobalt trong m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u1ec9 \u0111i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng ph\u1ea3i-tr\u00e1i. C\u00e1c electron ph\u00f3ng ra c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n-neutrino t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ban kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n r\u00e3beta (do m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu), c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu “thu\u1eadn tay tr\u00e1i” \u2014 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quay spin c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c electron l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quay c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u1ed1c v\u00edt thu\u1eadn tay tr\u00e1i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00fa s\u1ed1c g\u00e2y s\u1eefng s\u1edd cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn tay tr\u00e1i y\u1ebfu<\/i> m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn nay kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u03b2-<\/em>decay<\/i>. Gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau thi \u0111ua \u0111i t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng, \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng g\u01b0\u01a1ng trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 Yang v\u00e0 Lee ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n. M\u1ed9t b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd! T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m, 1957, \u1ee6y ban Nobel Stockholm c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn n\u00f3ng <\/i>gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1eadt l\u00fd cho hai \u00f4ng Yang v\u00e0 Lee, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 gi\u1eefa kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i Nobel. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 Yang m\u1edbi v\u1eeba 35 tu\u1ed5i! T\u00f2a \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Trung Hoa l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0ng Yang t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i, mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u1edf l\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng n\u00f3i trong b\u00e0i Di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb <\/i>d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y. B\u1ea3y n\u0103m sau, 1964, \u00f4ng nh\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch M\u1ef9, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu \u0110\u00e0i Loan nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m li\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u1ea1i. T\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Chen-Ning Franklin Yang. S\u1edf d\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u00eam c\u00e1i t\u00ean Franklin l\u00e0 v\u00ec sau khi \u0111\u1ecdc T\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n<\/i> c\u1ee7a Benjamin Franklin \u00f4ng qu\u00e1 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 n\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea5y th\u00eam t\u00ean Franklin.<\/p>\n

Yang v\u00e0 Lee ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng thua k\u00e9m n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, khoa h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa, th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c1, sau gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1eadt l\u00fd 1949 cho nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Hideki Yukawa c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ho\u00e0ng gia Kyoto, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i Nobel cho nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman n\u0103m 1930 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh nghi\u1ec7t ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 may cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u01a1m m\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 C. N. Yang v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i khi th\u0103ng hoa th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ee5, h\u1ecd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00f3p s\u1ee9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n sau c\u1ea3 ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi v\u00e0 tan n\u00e1t v\u00ec phong ki\u1ebfn, n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh. Yang l\u00e0\u00a0m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn trong gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf Yang l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 th\u0103m Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 1971 khi quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tan b\u0103ng, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd TQ x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y b\u1edfi cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch. \u00d4ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Hoa ki\u1ec1u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0m c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i cho quan h\u1ec7 v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc Hoa-M\u1ef9 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap cho Trung Hoa l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba m\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0i Loan, H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb th\u1eddi xa x\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 khi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u00f2n th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch v\u1edbi TQ trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a GS C.N. Yang trong bu\u1ed5i ti\u1ec7c chi\u00eau \u0111\u00e3i Nobel n\u0103m 1957 v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129 cho ch\u00fang ta. Xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb <\/b><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

K\u00ednh th\u01b0a Nh\u00e0 Vua, Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u00e0ng gia,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u01b0a Qu\u00fd B\u00e0, Qu\u00fd \u00d4ng,<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, cho ph\u00e9p t\u00f4i c\u00e1m \u01a1n Qu\u1ef9 Nobel v\u00e0 H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng m\u1ebfn kh\u00e1ch \u00e2n c\u1ea7n m\u00e0 B\u00e0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u00f4i sung s\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1m \u01a1n Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Karlgren v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Hoa, m\u00e0 khi nghe qua t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y \u1ea5m l\u00f2ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1eb7ng th\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3i Nobel b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1901. Trong c\u00f9ng n\u0103m, m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu kh\u00e1c x\u1ea3y ra c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed to l\u1edbn. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00ean d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tham gia hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 li\u00ean hoan Nobel n\u0103m 1957. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a Qu\u00fd V\u1ecb, t\u00f4i xin d\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f4i ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i h\u1eadu b\u00e1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19), t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng lan r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea1i Trung Hoa. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn n\u00f3ng b\u1ecfng l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u00e0o Trung Hoa t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o. Tuy r\u1ed3i, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn, l\u00fd tr\u00ed nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho x\u00fac c\u1ea3m, v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1890, n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ngh\u0129a H\u00f2a \u0110o\u00e0n trong ti\u1ebfng Hoa, hay Boxers ti\u1ebfng Anh, t\u1ef1 cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay b\u1eb1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ecbt ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3 v\u00e0 ngu mu\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u1ea1i Trung Hoa \u0111\u00e3 k\u00eau qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0o B\u1eafc Kinh n\u0103m 1900. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh Ngh\u0129a H\u00f2a \u0110o\u00e0n (Boxer War), v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u1edf hai ph\u00eda b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c gi\u1ebft ch\u00f3c d\u00e3 man v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c \u0111\u00e1ng h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n. Theo nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n x\u00fac c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 gi\u1eadn d\u1eef c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung Hoa ki\u00eau h\u00e3nh khi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham nh\u0169ng suy \u0111\u1ed3i t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o cho cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u00e0o Trung Hoa t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t n\u0103m 1901, khi m\u1ed9t h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c, h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc quy \u0111\u1ecbnh Trung Hoa ph\u1ea3i b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea1c, m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 g\u00e2y cho\u00e1ng v\u00e1ng trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u1ea5y. Kho\u1ea3ng m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, trong m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a c\u1eed r\u1ea5t M\u1ef9, Hoa K\u1ef3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i Trung Hoa s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Thanh Hoa, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng cho sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 du h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 (5). T\u00f4i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 h\u00e0n l\u00e2m c\u1ee7a campus c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y, n\u01a1i cha t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u01b0, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 y\u00ean t\u0129nh, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng. Sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc hai n\u0103m sau c\u1eed nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi t\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng qu\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng n\u00f3i tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e2y h\u00f4m nay v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 cho qu\u00fd v\u1ecb nghe v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, l\u00f2ng t\u00f4i tr\u0129u n\u1eb7ng v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Hoa v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t. T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1ec1 di s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n Trung Hoa c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn cho khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.” (As I stand here today and tell you about these, I am heavy with an awareness of the fact that I am in more than one sense a product of both the Chinese and Western cultures, in harmony and in conflict. I should like to say that I am as proud of my Chinese heritage and background as I am devoted to modern science, a part of human civilization of Western origin, to which I have dedicated and I shall continue to dedicate my work.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C. N. Yang, 1957<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tham kh\u1ea3o<\/i><\/p>\n

(1) B\u00e0 Chien-Shiung Wu (nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a Yang \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao vinh quang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y) trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m sinh nh\u1eadt th\u1ee9 70 c\u1ee7a CN Yang n\u0103m 1992 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c gia Tsing Hua \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 sau v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n tinh th\u1ea7n m\u00e0 Yang \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng trong th\u1eddi thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean t\u1ea1i TQ nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh trang v\u00f4 gi\u00e1: \u201c\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i, m\u1ed9t thanh ni\u00ean l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed5 \u1ea5m h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y hi\u1ebfm hoi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c trong su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y c\u1ed5 th\u1ee5 cao ng\u1ea5t.\u201d Yang v\u1eeba y\u00eau khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u1eeba y\u00eau v\u0103n h\u00f3a TH.<\/p>\n

(2) Xin xem th\u00eam \u201cL\u1eddi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u: Galilei v\u00e0 Ch\u00fang ta<\/i>\u201d trong s\u00e1ch \u201cGalileo Galilei hay l\u00e0 Eppur si muove<\/i>\u201d, c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. GS Ph\u1ea1m Xu\u00e2n Y\u00eam c\u0169ng cho bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a CN Yang, r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0 duy theo l\u1ed1i di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho khoa h\u1ecdc TQ kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

(3) Xin xem th\u00eam b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u201cE = mc\u00b2, \u03b8-\u03c4 puzzle, sao qu\u00e1 ng\u1ea1i ng\u00f9ng?\u201d c\u1ee7a GS Ph\u1ea1m Xu\u00e2n Y\u00eam trong link http:\/\/www.diendan.org\/khoa-hoc-ky-thuat\/e-mc2-th-t-puzzle-sao-qua-ngai-ngung\/<\/a><\/p>\n

(4) B\u00e0 Chien-Shiung Wu (1912-1997) t\u1eebng tham gia \u0110\u1ec1 \u00e1n Manhattan<\/i>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch vinh danh l\u00e0 \u201cFirst Lady of Physics<\/i>\u201d hay m\u1ed9t \u201cMarie Curie Trung Hoa<\/i>\u201d.<\/p>\n

(5) Ph\u00eda TH ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tsing Hua v\u00e0 qu\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng du h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb s\u1ebd x\u00f3a b\u1edbt m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u1ee3 cho Trung Hoa v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m qu\u1ef9. N\u0103m 1949 khi Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng n\u1eafm ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Mei Yi-Qi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tsing Hua v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y di t\u1ea3n qua \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 Vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 H\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c gia<\/i> n\u0103m 1955, sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c gia Tsing Hua<\/i> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c gia Tsing Hua, m\u1ed9t t\u1ea1i TQ, m\u1ed9t t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i Loan.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

D\u01af\u01a0NG CH\u1ea4N NINH (C. N. Yang) Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y   \u201cT\u00f4i l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Hoa v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trong h\u00e0i h\u00f2a l\u1eabn xung \u0111\u1ed9t.\u201d (I am in more than one sense a product of both the Chinese and Western cultures, in harmony and in conflict.) \u2014<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[37,38,39],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/354"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=354"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/354\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2814,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/354\/revisions\/2814"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=354"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=354"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=354"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}