{"id":365,"date":"2017-07-31T22:36:41","date_gmt":"2017-07-31T15:36:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=365"},"modified":"2022-06-12T17:24:48","modified_gmt":"2022-06-12T10:24:48","slug":"khoa-hoc-va-truyen-ba-dai-chung","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/khoa-hoc-va-truyen-ba-dai-chung\/","title":{"rendered":"Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang"},"content":{"rendered":"

KHOA H\u1eccC V\u00c0 CU\u1ed8C TRUY\u1ec0N B\u00c1 <\/span><\/h1>\n

\u0110\u1ea0I CH\u00daNG C\u1ee6A N\u00d3<\/span><\/h1>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/h3>\n

B\u00e0i tham lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Ph\u00e1p L\u2019Espace H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2010 trong bu\u1ed5i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u hai s\u1ed1 k\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu \u201c400 N\u0103m Thi\u00ean V\u0103n H\u1ecdc & Galileo Galilei\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c150 N\u0103m Thuy\u1ebft Ti\u1ebfn Ho\u00e1 & Charles Darwin\u201d c\u1ee7a nxb Tri Th\u1ee9c v\u1eeba ra m\u1eaft l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3. B\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng. <\/i>NXX Jul 2017<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

HAI CU\u1ed8C C\u00c1CH M\u1ea0NG KHOA H\u1eccC<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u0111a s\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, con c\u00e1i l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh), nh\u1eefng ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed1i h\u1ea3 lao v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

S. P. Snow<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong Hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u00f3 h\u00ecnh dung cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0y nay v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ti\u1ec7n nghi t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng gia d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n nghe nh\u00ecn nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u0129a CD, DVD, th\u00f4ng tin nh\u01b0 iPhone, iPad, xe h\u01a1i c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb GPS, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, kh\u00e1m ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb y khoa ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\u2026<\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi Einstein \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i sang M\u1ef9 hay Nh\u1eadt di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng t\u00e0u thu\u1ef7, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 TV, internet, \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u00e1y ch\u1ee5p c\u1eaft l\u00e1t CT, m\u00e1y ch\u1ee5p c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb MRI\u2026m\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n

Cho t\u1edbi nay, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra hai cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16-18, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 Copernicus, Kepler, Galilei, Descartes, Newton, Leibniz, Lavoisier\u2026 Khoa h\u1ecdc kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 Galilei hay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cnouvo scienza\u201d, n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1500 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f2n \u00edt h\u01a1n ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Archimedes, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 212 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1687 Principia<\/i> c\u1ee7a Newton ra \u0111\u1eddi, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean m\u1edbi. V\u1edbi Newton, khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 s\u1edf bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u, Abendland, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh: t\u01b0 duy c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y. N\u1ebfu t\u00ednh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1560, kho\u1ea3ng l\u00fac Galilei sinh ra, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1687 c\u1ee7a Principia<\/i>, th\u00ec ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt so v\u1edbi qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian 10 l\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1500 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh l\u1edbn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xem nh\u01b0 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i nhau, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi Galilei ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ee9t \u0111i kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1ee9t \u0111i xa. M\u1eb7c cho c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c k\u00e9o lui c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. M\u1eb7c cho nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh hu\u1ef7 di\u1ec7t l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n

S\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Napoleon. Khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu cho chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure, \u00c9cole de Medicine, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u00c9cole Polytechnique, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p c\u00e1c t\u00e0i n\u0103ng trong khoa h\u1ecdc ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c cho c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Napoleon kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi say m\u00ea khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc. Trong cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c Ai C\u1eadp, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 mang theo h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, cho d\u00f9 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch trong chi\u1ebfn tranh. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00f3i tr\u00ean t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i n\u0103ng t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n v\u00e0o khoa h\u1ecdc. M\u1ecdi t\u00e0i n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean \u0111\u00f4i c\u00e1nh. Kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n m\u00f4n \u0111ang m\u1edf ra ch\u1edd \u0111\u00f3n h\u1ecd. V\u00ec v\u1eady, Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc cho \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 khi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c thay th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16-18 c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp li\u00ean t\u1ee5c: \u00dd, \u0110\u1ee9c, T\u00e2y Ban Nha, Anh, Ph\u00e1p, Nga, Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n, \u0110an M\u1ea1ch, Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n Anh (Royal Society) t\u1ea1i London n\u0103m 1660\/62, Ph\u00e1p (Acad\u00e9mie Royale des Sciences) t\u1ea1i Paris n\u0103m 1666, v\u00e0 Ph\u1ed5 (Societas Regia Scientiarum), Berlin 1700.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc theo tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Wilhelm von Humboldt1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t huy hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 to\u1ea3 s\u00e1ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 to l\u1edbn cho vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 20 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u00f3 l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u1ee7a Wissenschaft<\/i>, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, c\u1ee7a \u201ct\u1ef1 do d\u1ea1y (bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ef1 do nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u), t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc\u201d, \u201cth\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u\u201d, \u201cm\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y t\u1ed1t ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gi\u1ecfi\u201d l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m. Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u1ebb ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 b\u00e0i t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng hay sao ch\u00e9p. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt (n\u0103m nay, 2010, k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 200 n\u0103m ng\u00e0y th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp) \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eabu cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 trong kinh t\u1ebf r\u1ea5t to l\u1edbn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Steven Weinberg, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng khi \u00f4ng n\u00f3i, \u201cN\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1edbn, ch\u00fang ta t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eadu n\u00e0nh v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u Grand Canyon cho kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n hay \u0110\u1ee9c<\/i>\u201d. Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc cho \u0111\u1ebfn 1933 khi Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eabu cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc cho c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf M\u1ef9, Nga v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 hai di\u1ec5n ra trong hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 20, v\u1edbi v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 Darwin, Maxwell, Einstein v\u00e0 Planck, Bohr, Heisenberg, Schr\u00f6dinger, Born, Dirac. Khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 t\u01b0 duy c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c. Th\u1eddi gian, kh\u00f4ng gian ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Kh\u00f4ng gian con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Euclid m\u00e0 phi-Euclid. C\u00e1c h\u1ea1t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u1edf c\u1ea5p vi m\u00f4 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4i, v\u1eeba h\u1ea1t v\u1eeba l\u00e0 s\u00f3ng. M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. \u1ede c\u1ea5p vi m\u00f4, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t trao \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c m\u00e0 r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c theo c\u00e1c g\u00f3i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. V\u1edbi nguy\u00ean l\u00fd b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Heisenberg v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1ch quan bao l\u00e2u ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u01b0 duy c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n. C\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi cho\u00e1ng v\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Hai cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u1ec7ch pha nhau, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 sau, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00e0ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 tr\u1edf \u0111i. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1ea5y tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0m g\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

Cao \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9 hai \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u nh\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 c\u1ed5 ch\u00ed kim c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, trong \u0111\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t gh\u00ea g\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y.2<\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a hai cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i ch\u00fang b\u1ecb r\u00fang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5. C\u00e1c ngai v\u00e0ng l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u1edbi, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng b\u1ecb lung lay tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0169 b\u00e3o c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc. Chinh ph\u1ee5c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi di\u1ec5n ra kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng l\u00e0m thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 gi\u1eef 19 v\u00e0 20 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 Stephen Hawking nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, \u201ckh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u00e0o, m\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt b\u00e3o t\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/i>\u201d g\u00e2y ra. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ed3i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111i, nh\u01b0ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn \u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, t\u1ea1o ra ph\u1ed3n vinh ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m hay can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng r\u00fat ng\u1eafn kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111i t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cao c\u1ea5p cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng tri th\u1ee9c, cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc\u2026\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf l\u1ea5y tri th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m g\u1ed1c<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u201cc\u00fa s\u1ed1c\u201d ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u00e2m d\u1ea7u v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7:<\/p>\n

– S\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5 v\u00ec th\u1ea5t tr\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc Napoleon n\u0103m 1806;<\/p>\n

– S\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00ec th\u1ea5t tr\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5 trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn 1870;<\/p>\n

– S\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 n\u0103m 1945 tr\u01b0\u1edbc hai tr\u00e1i bom nguy\u00ean n\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n;<\/p>\n

– S\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Li\u00ean X\u00f4 n\u0103m 1960 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Sputnik;<\/p>\n

– S\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 n\u0103m 1969 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Appolo 11 \u0111\u00e1p xu\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch th\u1eddi gian gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng c\u00fa s\u1ed1c n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ng\u1eafn l\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb 64 n\u0103m \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 15, 9 n\u0103m \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u1ea3 hai cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft n\u00e0o c\u1ea3, \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng bu\u1ed3n: kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng d\u00e0i ra, v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ea1i Ngh\u0129a \u0111i t\u00ecm xem Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u0169 kh\u00ed, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3. Hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 li\u1ec1n, 17 v\u00e0 18, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb chia \u0111\u00f4i, sau \u0111\u00f3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/p>\n

Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 th\u1ea5t kinh<\/i>. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t kinh khi t\u00e0u Ph\u00e1p n\u1ed5 s\u00fang \u1edf Tourane v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5t kinh h\u01a1n sau cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9 II \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. Ai kh\u00f4ng<\/i> th\u1ea5y th\u1ea5t kinh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a <\/i>hi\u1ec3u s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia. \u1ede ch\u00e2u \u00c1, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ea5t kinh tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng qu\u1ed1c gia ngay, l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0m g\u1ed1c, thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. Ti\u1ebfp theo sau l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con r\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

CU\u1ed8C QU\u1ea2NG B\u00c1 KHOA H\u1eccC V\u00c0O \u0110\u1ea0I CH\u00daNG<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed7i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u1edf m\u1ed7i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ni\u1ec1m tin, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, hay k\u00ecm h\u00e3m n\u00f3. \u1ede ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 v\u00e0 18 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin c\u00f3 t\u00ednh khai s\u00e1ng<\/i>, r\u1eb1ng tri th\u1ee9c h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111em l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u1ed3n vinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0y d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb trong gi\u1edbi tinh hoa, t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 cho tri th\u1ee9c h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea9y n\u1edf, truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/i>. S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng tri th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai s\u00e1ng h\u01a1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1<\/i> khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

Galilei c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cu\u1ed9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c, khi \u00f4ng ph\u00e1 l\u1ec7 vi\u1ebft t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0110\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i<\/i> b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng \u00dd l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng La tinh l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u00e0n l\u00e2m nh\u01b0 th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Galilei l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch b\u1eaft nh\u1ecbp c\u1ea7u ngang qua h\u1ed1 s\u00e2u chia c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u00e0 C.P. Snow \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea7m Hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/i> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3, ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eabu l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Newton v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n do Voltaire th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n g\u00e1i Marquise de Ch\u00e2telet \u201c\u00c9l\u00e9ments de la philosophie de Newton\u201d n\u0103m 1738 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh bestseller. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n g\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch Principia<\/i> c\u1ee7a Newton sang ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p [Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ebfn nay ch\u01b0a c\u00f3]. M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh n\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang h\u00f3a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Newton v\u00e0o l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y phong tr\u00e0o khai s\u00e1ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd sau \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\"tudienbk-bia\"<\/p>\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m hay \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c salon, qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. \u201cEncyclop\u00e9die ou Dictionaire raisonn\u00e9 des sciences, des arts et des metiers<\/i>\u201d c\u1ee7a Diderot v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00e1ch khoa Ph\u00e1p \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd l\u00ean phong tr\u00e0o khai s\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eabu trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc. Michael Faraday \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eefng \u201cB\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng Gi\u00e1ng sinh\u201d c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng d\u00e0nh cho thanh ni\u00ean r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 (l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a) chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u00e8n c\u1ea7y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh. C\u00f2n c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Humphry Davy n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i c\u00e1c c\u1ed7 xe ng\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn nghe l\u00e0m ngh\u1ebdn c\u1ea3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Albermarle \u1edf London khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch n\u1ea9y ra \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u, m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi Alexander von Humboldt, Hermann von Helmholtz, E. H\u00e4ckel\u2026 nh\u1eb1m mang l\u1ea1i cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111ang l\u00ean n\u00e0y \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. \u1ede \u00c1o Ludwig Boltzmann v\u00e0 Ernst Mach. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Mach \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc Newton c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn l\u00ean Einstein trong vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, s\u1ed1ng trong tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng khai s\u00e1ng theo \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

\u1ede ch\u00e2u \u00c1 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00ean Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc. Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng. S\u1ed1ng c\u00f4 l\u1eadp trong m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1i g\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi n\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch s\u00e1ch \u1ed3 \u1ea1t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 kia. Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Anh M\u1ef9 d\u00f9 l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n hay khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac cho sinh vi\u00ean, ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u00e1ch truy\u1ec7n hay v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng. N\u0103m 1922, trong d\u1ecbp Einstein th\u0103m Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n to\u00e0n t\u1eadp c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Einstein, trong khi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ch\u01b0a n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 c\u1ea3! V\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y, d\u00f9 xa x\u00f4i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, m\u1edbi m\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Einstein \u0111\u1ebfn di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n gi\u00e1o s\u01b0, sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang! D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecd qu\u00e1 tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng tri th\u1ee9c. M\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m c\u1ee7a Einstein nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd k\u00edch th\u00edch tinh th\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y l\u00ean cao \u0111\u1ed9! C\u00e1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 mua s\u00e1ch d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5m v\u00e0o m\u00e1u th\u1ecbt ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Tokugawa.<\/p>\n

Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. C\u00f3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y: Einstein<\/i> \u1edf n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, v\u00e0 Hawking<\/i> \u1edf n\u1eeda cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Einstein \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4i sao huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t l\u1eddi n\u00f3i tho\u1ea3ng, m\u1ed9t c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o ch\u00ed. Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u201c\u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a\u201d c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hoan h\u00f4 Chaplin v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hi\u1ec3u \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hoan h\u00f4 Einstein v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u00f4ng. C\u00e2u n\u00f3i h\u00f3m h\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee7 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a vua h\u1ec1 Charlot l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m cho Einstein th\u00eam huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t y\u00eau th\u00edch \u00f4ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n. C\u00e1i g\u00ec trong tay c\u1ee7a Einstein c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f3 hai nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t: Galilei th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 v\u00e0 Einstein th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. Galilei \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0n th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 nghe \u00f4ng thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh. C\u00f2n Einstein th\u00ec v\u00e0i ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00f4ng ngh\u1eb9t gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u1ea1i Anh, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd qu\u1ed1c gia y\u00eau th\u00edch khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh, s\u1ed1 th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn con s\u1ed1 v\u1ea1n. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd Einstein l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c h\u00fat l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t h\u00e0nh tinh c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Einstein c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch cho \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 bestseller c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1917 (ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t n\u0103m 2014). N\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n h\u00f4m nay kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c l\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng. Trong l\u1eddi t\u1ef1a Einstein vi\u1ebft<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y mong mu\u1ed1n, trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm v\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch tuy ng\u1eafn, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ch\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/i>, v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi L. Infeld \u201cS\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a V\u1eadt l\u00fd. T\u1eeb Newton \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/i>\u201d, m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u201cL\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n\u201d c\u1ee7a E. Mach n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng c\u00f2n \u0111i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng n\u1eef Viktoria-Luisen t\u1ea1i Berlin n\u0103m 1919, v\u1ec1 \u201cH\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m\u201d t\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1 33 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Berlin, cho \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh cho gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n m\u00e1c-x\u00edt Berlin n\u0103m 1931 c\u1ee7a n\u1eef v\u0103n s\u0129 Anna Seghers v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u201cNh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i\u201d.<\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed v\u00e0 huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Einstein c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch marketing c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 n\u00e0o tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Trong \u201cN\u0103m Einstein 2005\u201d, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Einstein \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n, qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 cho ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng Einstein kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00ec ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc. Einstein \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi \u0111i th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao. Einstein \u0111\u1ee9ng trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng (Mediengesellschaft) manh nha c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. \u201cTh\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n th\u00f4i. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tuy tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb\u2026B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ecb l\u00e0m nguy h\u1ea1i b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 nh\u1ed3i nh\u00e9t n\u1ed9i dung h\u1ecdc<\/i>.\u201d Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, hay n\u00f3i theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Kant, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, m\u1edbi \u0111em l\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. \u0110\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ee5 tri th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Einstein \u1edf cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc Stephen Hawking. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u201cL\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed th\u1eddi gian\u201d n\u1eb1m trong danh s\u00e1ch bestseller n\u0103m n\u0103m li\u1ec1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra h\u01a1n 40 th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o phim. Hawking cho r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Madonna v\u1ec1 Sex. N\u1ebfu g\u00f5 \u201cHawking\u201d v\u00e0o m\u1ea1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng tin cho\u00e1ng ng\u1ed9p. Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, l\u1ed7 \u0111en, supernova, c\u00e1c d\u00e3y ng\u00e2n h\u00e0. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cSex sells\u201d (sex b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y) n\u1eefa m\u00e0 \u201cSpace sells\u201d (v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

Internet <\/i>ra \u0111\u1eddi m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc. Ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2001 t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Wikipedia<\/i> ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00ean m\u1ea1ng. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 vang d\u1ed9i: t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo h\u00e0m l\u0169y th\u1eeba. H\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean m\u1ea1ng trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m. T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n. N\u0103m 2005 t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed khoa h\u1ecdc Nature<\/i> l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c so s\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eefa Wikipedia v\u00e0 Encyclopaedia Britannica. Theo \u0111\u00f3 Britannica c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat \u01b0u th\u1ebf, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u. Ngo\u00e0i Wikipedia c\u00f2n c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, Einstein n\u1ebfu c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t h\u1ed3 h\u1edfi tham gia Wikipedia, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t ng\u00e0y k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra th\u1eadt s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 \u201c100 n\u0103m c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed\u201d, \u201cN\u0103m v\u1eadt l\u00fd 2000\u201d, \u201cN\u0103m Einstein\u201d (2005), \u201c150 n\u0103m sinh nh\u1eadt Max Planck\u201d (2008), r\u1ed3i \u201c400 n\u0103m thi\u00ean v\u0103n (v\u00e0 Galilei)\u201d, \u201c200 n\u0103m sinh nh\u1eadt Darwin v\u00e0 150 n\u0103m thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d n\u0103m v\u1eeba qua. B\u00e1o ch\u00ed, c\u01a1 quan truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh khoa h\u1ecdc cho \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y, di\u1ec5n ra h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 su\u1ed1t n\u0103m. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang h\u00f3a s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 th\u00f4ng tin khoa h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u201c y\u00ean \u1eafng\u201d, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u1edf r\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21 \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng theo d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00f2n to l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01a1n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Nano, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111ang ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng tri th\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u0103ng nhanh ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3, m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m nh\u00e2n l\u00ean g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i, trong khi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n l\u00ean g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i c\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m th\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng tri th\u1ee9c c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Newton tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra v\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u1ed3n vinh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ng\u1ed3i \u1edf c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng gh\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ebd t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u1edf c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng gh\u1ebf cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tri th\u1ee9c. T\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 r\u1edbt h\u1ea1ng xu\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, t\u00f4i xin m\u01b0\u1ee3n nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Anh \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 Alfred North Whitehead khi \u00f4ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Sience and the Modern World<\/i> (Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, 1925) v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 khoa h\u1ecdc trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ecb s\u1ed1c n\u1eb7ng khi ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd Newton tr\u01b0\u1edbc thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Einstein v\u1ec1 h\u1ea5p l\u1ef1c. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u1ea7y nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb Alexander \u0111\u1ebfn Caesar, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb Caesar \u0111\u1ebfn Napoleon, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed5ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y r\u00fat l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ebfu so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a th\u00f3i quen v\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e2y ra d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy t\u1eeb Thales \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c g\u00ec, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ecb v\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh<\/i> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, theo hay kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0\u2026khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1eefa. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t khai s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho vi\u1ec7c khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n, qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng trong v\u00f2ng t\u0103m t\u1ed1i. M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ru ng\u1ee7. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c h\u00e0m c\u00e1 m\u1eadp ngay trong t\u1ea7m tay. S\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 v\u00f4 minh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 s\u1ebd v\u1eabn bao tr\u00f9m.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2010<\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam:<\/p>\n

MAI THI \u2013 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng khoa h\u1ecdc: <\/strong><\/p>\n

rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/mai-thi-nguoi-truyen-ca\u2026<\/a><\/p>\n

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1. Xin xem K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC HUMBOLDT 200 N\u0102M (1810-2010), Nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean Ng\u00f4 B\u1ea3o Ch\u00e2u, Pierre Darriulat et al., nxb Tri Th\u1ee9c, 2011. Hay s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, nxb T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p TP HCM, 2019.<\/p>\n

2. N\u1ebfu trong chi\u1ebfn tranh Ph\u00e1p \u0110\u1ee9c 1870 xe l\u1eeda l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n qu\u00e2n, th\u00ec sang th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 I 1914-1918 m\u00e1y bay, xe t\u0103ng th\u00f4 s\u01a1, t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn, t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m n\u0103m sau, trong th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 II 1939-1945 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111em so s\u00e1nh th\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn I ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i tr\u1ebb con. Ho\u1ea3 ti\u1ec5n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. [\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi n\u1ebfu th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 III x\u1ea3y ra th\u00ec nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd ra sao, Einstein tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1nh nhau b\u1eb1ng cung t\u00ean!]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

KHOA H\u1eccC V\u00c0 CU\u1ed8C TRUY\u1ec0N B\u00c1 \u0110\u1ea0I CH\u00daNG C\u1ee6A N\u00d3 Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh B\u00e0i tham lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Ph\u00e1p L\u2019Espace H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2010 trong bu\u1ed5i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u hai s\u1ed1 k\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu \u201c400 N\u0103m Thi\u00ean V\u0103n H\u1ecdc & Galileo Galilei\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c150 N\u0103m Thuy\u1ebft Ti\u1ebfn Ho\u00e1<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/365"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=365"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/365\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7639,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/365\/revisions\/7639"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=365"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=365"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=365"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}