{"id":3782,"date":"2020-04-13T16:29:02","date_gmt":"2020-04-13T09:29:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=3782"},"modified":"2020-04-13T16:32:19","modified_gmt":"2020-04-13T09:32:19","slug":"nha-vat-ly-freeman-dyson-qua-doi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/nha-vat-ly-freeman-dyson-qua-doi\/","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Freeman Dyson qua \u0111\u1eddi"},"content":{"rendered":"

FREEMAN DYSON QUA \u0110\u1edcI<\/span><\/p>\n

NGUY\u1ec4N XU\u00c2N XANH<\/span><\/p>\n

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Freeman Dyson c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u00fd, gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng. Khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 s\u1edf to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc cho \u0110i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, hay QED, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. N\u0103m 1963, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00e1c Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ea5m th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m T\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n (Partial Test Ban Treaty), nh\u1eafm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn gi\u1eef c\u00e1c r\u00e1c c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u0103m 1967, \u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a JASON, m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam. B\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 trong h\u01a1n 50 n\u0103m l\u00e0m JASON. Dyson qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 2, h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd 96 tu\u1ed5i. (Nature<\/em> 579<\/strong>, 342, ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 3, 2020)<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n (Hoa C\u00fac Xanh), t\u00f4i m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Freeman Dyson \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi ng\u00e0y 28\/2, h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd 96 tu\u1ed5i. Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc, m\u1ed9t Aufkl\u00e4rer<\/em>, m\u1ed9t humanist, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t universal thinker. Ti\u1ebfc r\u1eb1ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 VN h\u00e3y c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft qu\u00e1 \u00edt v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng, tuy \u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t hay v\u00e0 phong ph\u00fa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3m tinh th\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 khai ph\u00e1.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecdc Freeman Dyson gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 “b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng s\u00e1ng”, hay b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n l\u00ean m\u1ed9t mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y hoa th\u01a1m c\u1ecf l\u1ea1. V\u00e2ng, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 caliber uy\u00ean b\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Dyson qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm tr\u00ean c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n Hoa C\u00fac Xanh n\u00f3i. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi passionate v\u1ec1 tri th\u1ee9c, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n khai ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng \u01b0u t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh ch\u00fang ta. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 “maverick genius” – thi\u00ean t\u00e0i “kh\u00f4ng quy \u01b0\u1edbc” – nh\u01b0 t\u00ean m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng. \u0110\u00f4i khi \u00f4ng b\u01b0\u1edbc qua v\u00f9ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, quy \u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t “d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o”. Dyson kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n hoa l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20.<\/p>\n

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Freeman Dyson t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cao c\u1ea5p Princeton n\u0103m 1972.<\/p>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n: William E. Sauro\/The New York Times<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

V\u00e0i tr\u00edch d\u1eabn:<\/p>\n

L\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang m\u00f2 m\u1eabm t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra trong \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u, trong \u0111\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch. C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean logic, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111an xen ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, mong mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. [\u2026] T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c, cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eefng g\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u00e2m linh v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua kh\u1ecfi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cThe Scientist as Rebel\u201d \u2013 Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 K\u1ebb n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n – \u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb:<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a phong ki\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y (20), Raman, Bose v\u00e0 Saha, khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n k\u00e9p, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Hindu. V\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u0169ng v\u1eady, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb Galileo \u0111\u1ebfn Einstein \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

[…]<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y hay ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ef1 do trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c hay ph\u1ea3n gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o. T\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eef kh\u00e1ch trong cu\u1ed9c “H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh bao la” c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Loren Eiseley, m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0i h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n d\u00e0i h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hang \u0111\u1ed9ng Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng L\u1ecbch s\u1eed T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u1edf New York. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e1 b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng vi\u1ec7n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u1edf Ph\u00e1p. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Ph\u00e1p kho\u1ea3ng 14.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn th\u0103ng hoa c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef7 b\u0103ng h\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. V\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc l\u00e0 phi th\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee3 s\u0103n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ang gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1m l\u1eeda trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a cao.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, khi b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf r\u1eb1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Ch\u00fang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y ph\u00e1t sinh 10.000 n\u0103m sau \u1edf Mesopotamia v\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 Crete. N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hang \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Phong c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y nay tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n h\u01a1n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1eb1ng qua c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 10.000 n\u0103m, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Phi m\u1ea5t \u0111i h\u1ebft \u00fd ngh\u0129a. Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 100.000 n\u0103m, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi. V\u00e0 trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 300 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0, l\u1ea1ch b\u1ea1ch b\u01b0\u1edbc ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ao h\u1ed3 kh\u00f4 c\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t xa l\u1ea1 v\u00e0 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n

(B\u00e0i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 The Scientist as Rebel<\/em>)<\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e0i \u201cA New Newton”, (M\u1ed9t Newton M\u1edbi), c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n Dyson k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 Sarah Jones Nelson, \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf Princeton, t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t kho t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Collge Magdalen, Oxford. T\u01b0 li\u1ec7u\u00a0 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u1ec1 Newton. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 Newton \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng chung cho \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, xem c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 si\u00eau ph\u00e0m. […] Theo Sarah Jones Nelson, b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o Magdalen ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t tu\u00e2n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, \u0111i\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i trong Second Treatise of Government<\/em> c\u1ee7a Locke. Chuy\u00ean lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Locke, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1690, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng kia \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh, theo c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Keynes, “Hi\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 Qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd t\u00ednh … Sir Isaac th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m, r\u1ea5t xa v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 nh\u00ed sinh ra v\u00e0o n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII”, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Newton, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 (t\u1eeb 16 l\u1eadn) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hai d\u00f2ng t\u01b0 duy c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc \u2013 cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay:<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 b\u1edfi hai nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Francis Bacon \u1edf Anh v\u00e0 Ren\u00e9 Descartes \u1edf Ph\u00e1p. Bacon v\u00e0 Descartes c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i. Theo Bacon, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00ean th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00edn m\u00f9i, vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n s\u1ebd l\u00e0m r\u00f5 n\u00e9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. T\u1eeb kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u0169y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Theo Descartes, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00ean suy lu\u1eadn quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd t\u00ednh thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. C\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng suy lu\u1eadn logic c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf Anh c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Bacon, v\u1edbi Royal Society<\/em> \u1edf London thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, t\u1eeb b\u00ea hai \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn m\u01b0a b\u00e3o c\u1ee7a \u1ebfch v\u00e0 c\u00e1. Khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf Ph\u00e1p \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Catesian, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng xo\u00e1y (vortices) c\u1ee7a Descartes. C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng xo\u00e1y Cartesian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng gian tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 d\u1ecdc theo qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m Newton th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0n l\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Anh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0m khoa h\u1ecdc theo ki\u1ec3u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Bacon, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft h\u1ecd tin v\u00e0o l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00f9ng xo\u00e1y c\u1ee7a Descartes v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Newton l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Descartes, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 duy thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay nh\u01b0 Descartes d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn. Khi vi\u1ebft Principia<\/em>, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft n\u00f3 theo phong c\u00e1ch Cartesian, n\u00eau r\u00f5 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd, v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh ch\u00fang. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Descartes, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u1edf Principia<\/em>, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Cartesian \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Cartesian. Trong hai t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec Descartes \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 trong t\u1eadp th\u1ee9 ba, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh, ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n quan s\u00e1t r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 khi\u00eau v\u0169 theo giai \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Ngay sau khi Principia<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng xo\u00e1y Cartesian \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e0i Essay \u201cTechnology and Social Justice\u201d (C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i), Dyson vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng hay suy gi\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1edfi Max Weber trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Tin l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 Tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n<\/em>. Weber cho r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Tin l\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 di\u1ec5n ra sau. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Weber \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Weber n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. T\u00f4i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ch\u1ee9ng minh Weber l\u00e0 sai. T\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang. \u0110\u00fang l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 truy v\u1ea5n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 Isaac Newton, ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac s\u01b0 \u01b0u t\u00fa c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Tin l\u00e0nh. \u00d4ng coi th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nghi\u00eam t\u00fac nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 Vua Henry VIII, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 mang cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Tin l\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn Anh, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ban t\u1eb7ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng college n\u01a1i Newton s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y. Henry v\u00e0 Isaac l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n g\u1ea7n g\u0169i nhau, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb si\u00eau \u00edch k\u1ef7, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u nghi ng\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c hoang t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u tin v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Tin l\u00e0nh, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Henry th\u00edch \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u v\u00e0 Isaac th\u00edch ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng. \u0110\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. T\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, r\u1eb1ng chu\u1ed7i nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo c\u1ea3 hai h\u01b0\u1edbng. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 in \u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Tin l\u00e0nh c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Tin l\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i v\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Dyson kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Weber. Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Richard Tawney, Dyson cho bi\u1ebft, c\u0169ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Tawney c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng cao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Weber, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u cho b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Tin l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 Tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n<\/em>. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Tawney: “\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 \u00edch cho nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c khi truy t\u00ecm, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Weber, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf. Kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3.” Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Tawney l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u01b0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Dyson vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp:<\/p>\n

V\u00ec quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi Tawney h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi Weber, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd t\u00f4i \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 theo c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 tai h\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a? T\u00f4i s\u1ebd l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ecf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m cho ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111i tay trong tay v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i Essay d\u00e0i \u201cC\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d c\u1ee7a Dyson l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y gi\u00fap th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i khi ch\u00fang ta hy v\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng. Thi\u1ebfu l\u1eafm. Tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Dyson l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u00e0 khai ph\u00f3ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 phong c\u00e1ch. Dyson tr\u00edch d\u1eabn m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng: \u201cGi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i sau khi b\u1ea1n qu\u00ean \u0111i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 b\u1ea1n t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc.” C\u00e1i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch<\/em> – style. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0 Tacitus v\u00e0 Horace, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 Feynman v\u00e0 Stapledon. \u00d4ng r\u1ea5t gh\u00e9t s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp, khao kh\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng gian r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn:<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i gh\u00e9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng College (Winchester, tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng n\u1ed9i tr\u00fa d\u00e0nh cho thanh ni\u00ean) v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb. T\u00f4i gh\u00e9t n\u00f3 v\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u00e1ch t\u00f4i ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u00eang li\u00eang. T\u00f4i r\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103m 1941 v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 th\u00f9 h\u1eadn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Wykehamist trung th\u00e0nh (c\u1ee7a Winchester College). T\u00f4i r\u1eddi Anh v\u00e0 vui m\u1eebng nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y con \u1edf M\u1ef9, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i tr\u00fa n\u01a1i t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn l\u00ean. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi con \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp \u1edf M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c g\u1eedi ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ebfn Winchester.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang ch\u00ednh trong khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: \u00d4ng h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh qua c\u1ea3 mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e2u. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 khao kh\u00e1t ch\u00e1y b\u1ecfng c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c ho\u00e0n v\u0169. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ho\u00e0n v\u0169.<\/p>\n

NXX<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 4\/3\/2020<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y d\u1ecbch Covid-19 b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ebft th\u00eam v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng b\u1eadn qu\u00e1, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3. H\u1eb9n l\u1ea1i d\u1ecbp kh\u00e1c v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

FREEMAN DYSON QUA \u0110\u1edcI NGUY\u1ec4N XU\u00c2N XANH   Freeman Dyson c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u00fd, gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng. Khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 s\u1edf to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc cho \u0110i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3782"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3782"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3782\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3785,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3782\/revisions\/3785"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3782"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3782"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3782"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}