{"id":3874,"date":"2020-04-30T10:21:56","date_gmt":"2020-04-30T03:21:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=3874"},"modified":"2023-01-22T18:34:13","modified_gmt":"2023-01-22T11:34:13","slug":"vai-chuyen-tham-lich-su-mang-lai-nhung-he-qua-lich-su-khac-nhau","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/vai-chuyen-tham-lich-su-mang-lai-nhung-he-qua-lich-su-khac-nhau\/","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau"},"content":{"rendered":"

NH\u1eeeNG CHUY\u1ebeN TH\u0102M L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec MANG L\u1ea0I <\/span><\/h1>\n

NH\u1eeeNG H\u1ec6 QU\u1ea2 KH\u00c1C NHAU<\/span><\/h1>\n

Khrushchev – de Gaulle – \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u201cKh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng nh\u1ea5t<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

– Nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng \u0110\u1ee9c G. E. Lessing<\/p>\n

Anh ch\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n m\u1ebfn,<\/p>\n

H\u00f4m nay l\u00e0 30.4, ng\u00e0y k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng, “c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi vui th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u1ed3n”, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi li\u00ean quan s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, th\u1eddi c\u01a1, vv, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u luy\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfc, h\u1ee5t h\u1eabng v\u00e0 bu\u1ed3n cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sau 1975, tuy c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00ecn chung ch\u01b0a b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t trong chi\u1ebfn tranh, v\u00e0 trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian sau \u0111\u00f3, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. Ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f2n th\u1ea5p, r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee1i g\u01b0\u01a1m damocles l\u01a1 l\u1eedng.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng \u0111i v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 xin ph\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 v\u00e0i m\u1eabu chuy\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi chung cu\u1ed9c cho m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0m sao, \u0111\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean v\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp m\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1u qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft. L\u00e0m sao Vi\u1ec7t Nam bi\u1ebft “th\u00edch nghi” v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng th\u00e1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0169 b\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00ec l\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, theo lu\u1eadt ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. L\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp nh\u1eefng h\u1ee5t h\u1eabng trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ed3i \u1edf nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng gh\u1ebf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1eafm ch\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

M\u00f9a Thu (th\u00e1ng 9), 1959<\/strong>, Nikita Krutshchev<\/strong> th\u0103m n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 trong v\u00f2ng 12 ng\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m tan b\u0103ng gi\u1eefa hai si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng.\u00a0\u00a0\u00d4ng g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Eisenhower, Ph\u00f3 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Nixon v\u00e0 B\u00e0 Eleanor Roosevelt, v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Roosevelt; th\u0103m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t x\u01b0\u1edfng phim v\u00e0 si\u00eau th\u1ecb; v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng …. Ng\u00e0y 21, Krutshchev \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m c\u01a1 s\u1edf quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a IBM t\u1ea1i TP San Jose, California. Cty n\u00e0y, g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb New York, trong k\u1ebft ho\u1ea1ch m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng sang ph\u00eda T\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u01b0ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i San Jose t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1940 \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Krutshchev \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch IBM Thomas J. Watson Jr. gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong H\u1ed3i k\u00fd<\/em> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng:<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n m\u00e1y t\u00ednh m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho Khrushchev kh\u00e1 k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh.<\/span> Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 RAMAC \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed.<\/span> B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0o trong m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u0103m n\u00e0o t\u1eeb 4 B.C.<\/span> \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/span> .[…] V\u00e0, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n h\u1ecfi n\u0103m 1917, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Nga.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
Trong nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t chung t\u1ea1i khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean IBM, Watson \u0111\u00e3 ca ng\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4, “ca ng\u1ee3i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u00ean l\u1eeda, sputniks, b\u1eafn l\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng”, v\u00e0 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n gi\u1eefa hai si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/span> Tuy nhi\u00ean, Khrushchev kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 M\u1ef9, t\u1eeb IBM hay \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai kh\u00e1c.<\/span> Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c khen ng\u1ee3i cafetaria, v\u00e0 pha tr\u00f2 v\u1ec1 b\u1eefa \u0103n. <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u00d4ng \u0103n tr\u01b0a c\u00f9ng \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng t\u1ea1i C\u0103n tin c\u1ee7a IBM, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i l\u00e0m \u00f4ng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0103n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. \u00d4ng “ch\u1ecdn s\u00fap h\u00e0nh t\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t r\u1ed5 g\u00e0 r\u00e1n, salad tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y, tr\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ly n\u01b0\u1edbc cam l\u1edbn”. Khi v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1ch c\u0103n tin. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 computer, Krutshchev b\u1ea3o, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u l\u1eafm, nh\u01b0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n computer r\u1ed3i, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 bom A hay bom H c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4 n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Ngay trong H\u1ed3i k\u00fd, Krutshchev kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i th\u0103m IBM n\u00e0y. Con trai \u00f4ng,\u00a0 Sergei, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i c\u00f9ng, th\u00ec l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 computer c\u1ee7a IBM. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 “s\u0129 di\u1ec7n”.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\nKrutshchev tham quan IBM San Jose n\u0103m 1959 v\u1edbi Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Thomas J. Watson Jr.
\n(v\u1ecb t\u00f3c b\u1ea1c b\u00ean tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Krutshchev \u0111ang tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi \u00f4ng). Photo: courtesy IBM<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\nNh\u00e2n vi\u00ean IBM tr\u00ean d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n l\u1eafp r\u00e1p RAMAC, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 \u1ed5
\n\u0111\u0129a c\u1ee9ng, ng\u00e0y 29, th\u00e1ng 8, 1959, t\u1ea1i San Jose, California.
\nPhoto: Couresy Getty Images\/Bettmann\/Contributor<\/p>\n

\"\"
\nM\u00e1y t\u00ednh IBM RAMAC 305<\/strong> nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950 c\u00f3 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng,
\n\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i San Jose. Photo: Wikipedia<\/p>\n

M\u00f9a thu 1979<\/strong>, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang 20 n\u0103m sau, \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh<\/strong>, th\u0103m n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng gi\u00eang \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 2, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n r\u1ea5t n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t. \u00d4ng \u0111i th\u0103m nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p quan tr\u1ecdng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n doanh v\u00e0 d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n l\u1eafp r\u00e1p Boeing, Apollo 11 mission, Trung t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng gian L.B. Johnson. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u \u00f4ng “c\u00fai m\u00ecnh” \u0111\u1ec3 mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c M\u1ef9 xem TQ l\u00e0 “\u0111\u1ed3ng minh” t\u00edn c\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu v\u00e0 kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Nga. Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n TQ v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o. M\u1ef9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tin v\u00e0o TQ l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng minh, v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c gi\u00fap TQ ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. (Xem The Hundred-Year-Marathon<\/em> c\u1ee7a Michael Pillsbury)<\/p>\n

Hai chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i ng\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i hai h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Hai th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. Krutshchev c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u01b0a nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 “c\u0169ng c\u00f3 computer”, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec7 tinh Sputnik \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 2 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o “h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng Sputnik”, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111e d\u1ecda M\u1ef9 ngay tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t Cuba v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1962. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi g\u00ec \u1edf M\u1ef9, tr\u1eeb c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u0103n tin. Trong khi \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5: Mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7” to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc sau nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n \u0111i v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi CS m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, Thung L\u0169ng Silicon ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1971<\/strong>, c\u1eefng nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0nh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1, ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 th\u1ebf, ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng v\u1ecbnh San Francisco nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 c\u1ed3n. V\u00e0 v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh “\u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng” kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee9t cho nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"
\nT\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p Charles de Gaulle th\u0103m Palo Alto \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1960.
\nPhoto: Courtesy Palo Alto Historical Association<\/p>\n

Sau chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ee7a Krutshchev, th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1960, Charles de Gaulle<\/strong>, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p, c\u0169ng \u0111i “h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng” \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc California. \u00d4ng t\u00f2 m\u00f2 \u0111i th\u0103m San Franciso, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u0110H Stanford, th\u0103m C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Stanford, l\u00f2 \u1ea5p tr\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a TL Silicon, v\u00f9ng Palo Alto. \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ebfn tham quan l\u00e0 HP, c\u00f4ng ty kinh doanh t\u1eeb 1939 trong C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Stanford, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 Bill Hewlett th\u00e2n chinh ch\u1ec9 cho \u00f4ng xem d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n l\u1eafp r\u00e1p c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng gian m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. De Gaulle g\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch th\u00fa, suy ngh\u0129\u00a0 l\u00fac v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m California t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. N\u0103m 1966, \u00f4ng l\u1eadp ra ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh “Le Plan Calcul<\/strong>” nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u00e0nh computer c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n sau n\u00e0y b\u1ecb l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c. Nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng<\/strong> c\u1ea3n n\u1ed5i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u00e0nh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. (N\u0103m 1984 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand<\/strong> c\u00f2n th\u0103m TL Silicon m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn n\u1eefa, v\u00ec theo \u00f4ng, “t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i”.)<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, TT Phan V\u0103n Kh\u1ea3i<\/strong> th\u0103m Hoa K\u1ef3 2005, CT N\u01b0\u1edbc Nguy\u1ec5n Minh Tri\u1ebft <\/strong>n\u0103m 2007, v\u00e0 TBT Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fa Tr\u1ecdng <\/strong>th\u0103m Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u0103m 2015. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean k\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n”. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ea5y chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, hay h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 n\u00e0o t\u1eeb M\u1ef9 c\u1ea3. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o ph\u00eda Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e2y t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Theo m\u1ed9t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, trong kho\u1ea3ng 1985-2000, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng San Francisco\/ TL Silicon ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 3%<\/strong> trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c. M\u00e0 trong 3% \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ed1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng low-skilled chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1. Trong khi \u0110\u00e0i Loan (13%), TQ (37%, m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn sau), v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 (20%) t\u1eeb l\u00e2u chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 c\u00e2u: “TL Silicon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean IC”, IC l\u00e0 integrated circuits, vi m\u1ea1ch, chip, r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i IC = Indian & Chinese, v\u00ec h\u1ecd chi\u1ebfm r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. H\u1ecd ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao v\u1ec1 \u0110\u00e0i Loan, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, TQ. Con s\u1ed1 3% v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng low-skilled, l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n. Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 2, 2 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9, m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 suy ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a VN. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m nguy\u00ean \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec? Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n nay, theo ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, xem ra c\u00f2n “m\u1edd m\u1ecbt”, b\u1edfi ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 c\u00e1i khung ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n do ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y VN c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. “L\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t” cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft b\u1edfi ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p l\u1ef1c qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng kham n\u1ed5i. V\u00e0 l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang n\u1eb1m ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta. Th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn tranh, VN kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu l\u1eeda v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng minh. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u00ec l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebfu. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u1eeda v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u1eddi b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfn t\u00edch trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y h\u00e3y t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn t\u00edch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/strong> nh\u01b0 ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1u n\u1eefa. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ra s\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi nghi\u00eam t\u00fac v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc theo nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng vinh quang m\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c v\u1eeba \u0111i qua, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00edch nghi v\u00e0o ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft qu\u00ean \u0111i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edbi. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean vinh quang v\u00e0 ph\u00fa c\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng “tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba” t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n. (Xem th\u00eam https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/tan-truc-hsinchu-silicon-va-cuoc-cong-nghiep-hoa-dai-loan\/)<\/a><\/p>\n

Xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb.<\/p>\n

NXX, 30\/4\/2020<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

NH\u1eeeNG CHUY\u1ebeN TH\u0102M L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec MANG L\u1ea0I NH\u1eeeNG H\u1ec6 QU\u1ea2 KH\u00c1C NHAU Khrushchev – de Gaulle – \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh   \u201cKh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng nh\u1ea5t\u201d – Nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng \u0110\u1ee9c G. E. Lessing Anh ch\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n m\u1ebfn, H\u00f4m nay l\u00e0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3874"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3874"}],"version-history":[{"count":32,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3874\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8545,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3874\/revisions\/8545"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3874"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3874"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3874"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}