{"id":388,"date":"2017-08-06T11:06:44","date_gmt":"2017-08-06T04:06:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=388"},"modified":"2022-12-27T15:55:55","modified_gmt":"2022-12-27T08:55:55","slug":"maxim-gorki-nhung-y-tuong-khong-hop-thoi-ve-van-hoa-va-cach-mang","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/maxim-gorki-nhung-y-tuong-khong-hop-thoi-ve-van-hoa-va-cach-mang\/","title":{"rendered":"Maxim Gorki &#8211; <i>Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi v\u1ec1 V\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/i>"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #008000\">NH\u1eeeNG \u00dd T\u01af\u1edeNG KH\u00d4NG H\u1ee2P TH\u1edcI <\/span><\/h1>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #008000\">V\u1ec0 V\u0102N H\u00d3A V\u00c0 C\u00c1CH M\u1ea0NG<\/span><\/h1>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000080\">MAXIM GORKI <\/span><\/strong><a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080;font-size: 14pt\"><em><span style=\"font-size: 18pt\"><strong>\u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m sinh nh\u1eadt th\u1ee9 140 c\u1ee7a \u00d4ng (1868-2008)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000080;font-size: 14pt\">Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong><em>tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/em><\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" title=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2017\/08\/image.jpeg?resize=333%2C324&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"333\" height=\"324\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Maxim Gorki (1868-1936)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 60px\"><i>L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u. <\/i>B\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 xem. Nay \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Sang n\u0103m, 2018, k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00fang 150 n\u0103m sinh nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Gorki l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 t\u00f4i ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 \u1edf Berlin m\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. Th\u1ea5m tho\u1eaft.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;padding-left: 30px\">NXXAug2017<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-5572 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2021\/03\/Picture1_quotation-mark.png?resize=49%2C48&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"49\" height=\"48\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 70px;text-align: justify\"><em><span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong>Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 tinh luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec5n ra trong n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ee7 s\u1ea1ch kh\u1ecfi meo m\u1ed1c v\u00e0 b\u1ee5i b\u1eb7m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i.<\/strong><\/span><\/em><a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong>MAXIM GORKI<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>.<img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-5572 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2021\/03\/Picture1_quotation-mark.png?resize=49%2C48&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"49\" height=\"48\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 60px\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong><i>D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i c\u00f2n n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trui r\u00e8n trong ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda ch\u00e1y kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a, tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1eb1n s\u00e2u trong n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb t\u1ea9y s\u1ea1ch \u0111i.<\/i> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;text-align: right\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong>MAXIM GORKI<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-5572 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2021\/03\/Picture1_quotation-mark.png?resize=49%2C48&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"49\" height=\"48\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><i>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ebfp n\u00e0y l\u00e0 vi\u00ean h\u1ea1 s\u0129 quan c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1eadn v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ng\u0169, Michail Antonovi\u010d Smuryj, m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, v\u1ea1m v\u1ee1 nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t uy\u00ean b\u00e1c; \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c s\u1edf th\u00edch \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. Cho t\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i th\u00f9 gh\u00e9t s\u00e1ch v\u1edf v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec in \u1ea5n, nh\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u00f2n v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 y\u00eau n\u00f3. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 t\u00f4i say m\u00ea, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 <\/i>Huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9u Peter \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o<i>. T\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Smuryj c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i r\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng b\u00eca da. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y Eckhartshausen n\u1eb1m b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Nekrasov, Anne Radcliffe b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2018\u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi\u2019, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 <\/i>Iskra<i> (tia l\u1eeda), n\u0103m th\u1ee9 64, c\u00f3 <\/i>Stein des Glaubens<i> (H\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng tin), v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Ukraina.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em><span style=\"color: #000080\">T\u1eeb gi\u1edd ph\u00fat \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi t\u00f4i, t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay t\u00f4i; v\u1edbi 10 tu\u1ed5i t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft nh\u1eadt k\u00fd, \u0111\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 thu nh\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1eeb s\u00e1ch v\u1edf.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Maxim Gorki n\u0103m 1926<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Trong b\u00e0i n\u00e0y t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Gorki, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean do ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra <i>Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o <i>Novaja \u017dizn<\/i> (\u0110\u1eddi M\u1edbi) trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1917-1918 trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng m\u01b0\u1eddi 1917. Kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd, Gorki l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga kh\u1ecfi \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec1m h\u00e3m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e8 qu\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 \u201c<i>con chim b\u00e1o b\u00e3o<\/i>\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9ng kh\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh b\u00f3p ngh\u1eb9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u1edf k\u1ecbch \u201c<i>D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y<\/i>\u201d (Nadne) c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u0103m 1902 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga v\u00e0i tr\u0103m l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh c\u00e1c s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u T\u00e2y \u00c2u, l\u00e0m cho \u00f4ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u1edf k\u1ecbch g\u1ee3i ra r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edbi \u0111em l\u1ea1i kh\u00fac quanh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga. S\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb <i>tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/i> (Schiller) sang <i>s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec, Gorki \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 L\u00eanin. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ra theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng, hay m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u ngay t\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea5u h\u1ecfi. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft <i>Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi<\/i> cho th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Gorki, r\u1ea5t \u2018Gorki\u2019 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga, s\u1ef1 am hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Nga v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn \u2018t\u00e2m can\u2019 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111au kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft <i>Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi<\/i> m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 S\u00f4-vi\u1ebft s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Nga.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Khi <em>Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi<\/em> (<em>v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf CHLB \u0110\u1ee9c<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a> n\u0103m 1974, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn gia c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c vi\u1ebft \u201c<i>T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7m l\u00ean tay cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch trong m\u1ea5y tu\u1ea7n qua c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn hai ch\u1ee5c, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ba ch\u1ee5c l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc ng\u1ea5u nghi\u1ebfn. M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00e1y b\u1ecfng tr\u00ean tay t\u00f4i. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi! \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga, g\u00e2y l\u00ean \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean b\u00e0n x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i. \u2026<\/i>\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">M\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o kh\u00e1c t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 (<i>Neue Z\u00fcrcher Zeitung<\/i>) c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 <i>Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi<\/i>: \u201c<i>\u0110i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m say m\u00ea c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1eddi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Gorki n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7, \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, m\u1eb7c cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i thay c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i \u0111\u1ec3 cho ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m vang l\u00ean<\/i>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Gorki trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi h\u1eb3n di s\u1ea3n n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 m\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi h\u1eb3n h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a di s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o cho ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng: \u201c<i>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau m\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga, cho n\u00ean nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau anh ta, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng th\u1ebf; n\u00f3 t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m li\u00ean l\u1ee5y \u00fd ch\u00ed m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a anh ta v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, \u0111\u1ea9y n\u00f3 v\u00e0o c\u00e1i x\u00f3 \u0111en t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ng\u00f5 c\u1ee5t, h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p n\u00f3 xu\u1ed1ng ngang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng \u00f4 nh\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i h\u1ea1 th\u1ee7 n\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111i t\u00ecm v\u00e0 y\u00eau m\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, m\u00e0 y\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngoan ngo\u00e3n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i nh\u1eb9 \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00e9t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/i>.\u201d V\u00e2ng, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi h\u1eb3n nh\u1eefng <i>m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn<\/i> v\u00e0 <i>ng\u00f5 c\u1ee5t<\/i> c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n ch\u1ef1c b\u1ecb <i>h\u1ea1 th\u1ee7<\/i> theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y hay ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Maxim Gorki sinh ra n\u0103m 1868 t\u1ea1i Ni\u017enij Novgorod, v\u1edbi t\u00ean th\u1eadt l\u00e0 Alexej Maximovitsch Peschkov, v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1936 t\u1ea1i Moscow, h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd 68 tu\u1ed5i. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1 th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c, l\u1edbn l\u00ean h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh xuy\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga. L\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eddi: \u201c<i>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh \u2013 \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ebfp Sumuryj; ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 Lanin, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 Korolenko (v\u0103n h\u00e0o)<\/i>\u201d. \u00d4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u0103m 1882 (<i>Makar Tuschdra<\/i>). V\u1edf k\u1ecbch \u201cD\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y\u201d n\u0103m 1902 qua \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u00f4ng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u0103m 1905 \u00f4ng quen v\u1edbi L\u00eanin. Sau chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i M\u1ef9 n\u0103m 1906 \u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Nga 1913. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1919 v\u00e0 1921 \u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bolschevik. N\u0103m 1921 \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. 1928 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Nga, 1932 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i v\u0103n h\u1ecdc X\u00f4-vi\u1ebft v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">T\u1eeb 1917 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 6, 1918 Gorki vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang: di\u1ec5n v\u0103n, b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn, k\u00eau g\u1ecdi, ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o, x\u00e3 lu\u1eadn. \u00d4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0ng nghi ng\u1edd chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, vi\u1ebft l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u1ecfi m\u1ec7t v\u00ec chi\u1ebfn tranh cho n\u0103m 1918, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t <i>kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean v\u1ecb<\/i> c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u Gorki, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t l\u1edbn n\u1ebfu b\u1ecf qua <i>Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi<\/i>, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gorki m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<i>. <\/i>Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m sinh nh\u1eadt th\u1ee9 140 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u <i>Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi<\/i> qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc. Trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c n\u00e0o, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ecdc <i>Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi<\/i> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n xung quanh day d\u1ee9t. Kh\u1ecfa h\u1ebft \u0111i nh\u1eefng m\u1eafc m\u1ee9u \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y <i>Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi <\/i>c\u1ee7a Gorky s\u1ebd t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t t\u0103m t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u2018g\u00f3c khu\u1ea5t\u2019 c\u1ee7a Gorki \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng ra, gi\u00fap ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 dai d\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i quanh ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch t\u1ee5 th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ed1i t\u0103m t\u1eeb bao \u0111\u1eddi, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng g\u1ee3i ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">C\u00e1m \u01a1n Gorki.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">TP H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, cu\u1ed1i 2008<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Xem th\u00eam:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/iwan-turgenev-thay-mot-loi-tua\/\">Iwan Turgenev: <i>Thay m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi t\u1ef1a<\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">T<span style=\"color: #000080\">rong m\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y, nh\u00e0 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u0103n tr\u1edf v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0103n c\u01a1:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"search-title\" style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><a title=\"Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh \u2013 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u2013 v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n\" href=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/phan-chau-trinh-viet-nam-va-nhat-ban\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh \u2013 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u2013 v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"symbol_content\" style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><span class=\"the_copied_text\">\u2b50 <\/span><span class=\"the_copied_text\">\u2b50<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"color: #008000;font-size: 18pt\">MAXIM GORKI<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt\"><em><span style=\"color: #000080\">Th\u01b0 g\u1eedi B\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc <\/span><\/em><a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">(1917)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Nga \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi T\u1ef1 do. Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y tin r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0y nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd s\u1ebd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecda \u0111\u00e0y v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y tin v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n v\u00e0 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft qua h\u1eb1ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, s\u1ebd b\u00f9ng ch\u00e1y nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda s\u00e1ng trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m qua, v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong tay c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, do nh\u1eefng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trong tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed1 k\u1ef5 l\u1eabn nhau, kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 trong tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1ecb k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00e9t.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u201cth\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u1ea7m\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p x\u00e9t theo b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00ec ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng, hay l\u00e0 t\u00ednh b\u00e8 ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb thi\u1ec3n c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phe nh\u00f3m hay c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n; m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh huynh \u0111\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nhau m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 h\u00e1o danh b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3u gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169, gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra; ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh quy\u1ec1n uy c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb phi\u00eau l\u01b0u l\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb ch\u00fang ta; cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta b\u1ecb ti\u00eam nhi\u1ec5m v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00f3i quen v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 khinh b\u1ec9 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1o b\u00e1ng ch\u00fang ta.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>Ch\u1eb3ng l\u00fac n\u00e0o v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n cho c\u00e1i tai h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ee5c nh\u00e3; ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ti\u00eam nhi\u1ec5m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1eeb x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 gi\u00e3y ch\u1ebft.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>[\u2026]<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>B\u1ea9n th\u1ec9u, h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e2u; tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u0169 tuy b\u1ecb x\u00f3a s\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c xung quanh ta, trong ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta. Con r\u1eafn Hydra nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc, Man d\u00e3, Ngu d\u1ed1t, \u0110\u1ec3u c\u00e1ng v\u00e0 Th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft; n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea5u m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nu\u1ed1t ch\u1eedng nh\u1eefng linh h\u1ed3n s\u1ed1ng.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh r\u1eebng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n g\u00ec ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Kh\u1ed1i d\u00e2n c\u01b0 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a nhanh ch\u00f3ng theo giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 theo nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c cho cu\u1ed9c tranh \u0111\u1ea5u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Bao l\u00e2u h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, th\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ebd nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c con qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed1t d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i qu\u00e1i thai c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 quen thu\u1ed9c&#8230;<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>[\u2026]<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ki\u00ean tr\u00ec v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng cao nh\u1ea5t trong quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7m l\u1ed7i c\u00f3 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a 1905 v\u00e0 1906; s\u1ef1 thanh to\u00e1n d\u00e3 man theo sau nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7m l\u1ed7i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u00fang ta ki\u1ec7t qu\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t \u0111i s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 suy s\u1ee5p v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ti\u00eau hao s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>Th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1eadn l\u00e3nh tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ef1 do m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u2018b\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u00e0nh\u2019; th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kinh kh\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y t\u1eebng m\u1ea3ng th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec \u0111en t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Nga. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1eb7m nh\u1ea5m kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp n\u00e0y, v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho anh ta; c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ed5 sai n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111i v\u00e0o \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng 1000 qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" title=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2017\/08\/image-1.jpeg?resize=390%2C600&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"390\" height=\"600\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/>B\u00fat t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Gorki<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng m\u1edbi, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta h\u1eb1ng m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p v\u00f4 v\u00e0n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0o l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng Nga c\u0169 k\u1ef9. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta, t\u00f4i nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, giai c\u1ea5p \u0111ang n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c lu\u00f4n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc; t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1ng g\u1ea1ch v\u1ee5n h\u1ed7n mang n\u00e0y giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfm l\u00e3nh quy\u1ec1n trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u00f2n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 1905 v\u00e0 1906. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay kh\u00f4ng r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a? Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n s\u1ebd quay sang h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t \u00edt, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean v\u1ed9i v\u00e3, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i l\u1ea7m l\u1ed7i \u0111en t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a 1906.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>N\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng; n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0o t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 b\u00ean trong.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>Ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng duy nh\u1ea5t \u2013 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb; nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>Ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169; ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, m\u00e0 v\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ee5c n\u00e1t, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 c\u0169ng m\u1ee5c n\u00e1t t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 ngay trong c\u00fa \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ee3p l\u1ef1c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u1ec9 n\u1ed9i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00fa \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc suy s\u1ee5p th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, s\u1ef1 do d\u1ef1 l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 minh ch\u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u00fd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>S\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch can \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed9t \u00fd ch\u00ed l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 cho c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>C\u00e1c n\u0103m chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00e3 cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp ch\u00fang ta b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m ra sao v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. S\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u01b0 b\u00e1nh m\u00ec v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 khao kh\u00e1t t\u1ef1 do cao \u0111\u1ed9. V\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 do \u2013 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>Kh\u00f4ng \u00edt nguy c\u01a1 \u0111ang \u0111e d\u1ecda ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u00e0 khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c ch\u00fang n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m th\u1ea7m v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 qu\u00fd b\u00e1u nh\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00e0ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 qu\u00fd b\u00e1u h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u; giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng; con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd v\u1eabn gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con ng\u1ef1a, l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ee9c k\u00e9o th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf chung m\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i m\u1eb7c cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng giai c\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf: s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u00edch l\u0169y tri th\u1ee9c. Tri th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p \u0111ang ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc bi th\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, &#8211; v\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>Tri th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u00e1c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 c\u00e1c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y theo c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>Tri th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang h\u00f3a, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c; tri th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a. V\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00fang s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra cho ch\u00fang ta con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m th\u1ea7m l\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 t\u00f4i trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n lu\u00f4n c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf tr\u00ean qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u00e0o l\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4m nay, cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Nga trong m\u1eaft t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00e2n hoan v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh. M\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng Ba, ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng mai t\u00e1ng t\u1ea1i Marsfeld <a style=\"color: #000080\" href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi: V\u00e2ng, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Nga \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n b\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u2013 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac bi\u1ebft bao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y!<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>V\u00e0 t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i tim m\u00ecnh t\u00f4i c\u1ea7u ch\u00fac cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Nga r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean v\u00e0 cao h\u01a1n, cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a T\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u1ee7a B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 Huynh \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi!<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u2248\u2248\u2666\u2248\u2248<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, th\u00ec \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta, r\u1eb1ng b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y quan li\u00eau l\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra cho n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang, r\u1eb1ng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 \u00f3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 qu\u00e8 qu\u1eb7t \u0111i. Trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed9i \u00e1c n\u00e0y, (m\u1ed9t) nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap s\u1ee9c n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y quan l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lung lay v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfp tay cho n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m, m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m qua \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n h\u00f3a cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tuy\u1ec7t h\u1ea3o, n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra y\u1ebfu \u1edbt v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c. [\u2026]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng th\u00ec, nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 r\u00f5 ra. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ph\u00f4i thai, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc; khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 trong nh\u1eefng s\u00e2n sau, trong b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t quan ch\u1ee9c; ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, do b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng b\u1edfi ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i chung \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u00ecm c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng th\u1ec3 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, trong n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 xung quanh n\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1, \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t, h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, nh\u01b0 tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Chan Mamaj<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Di s\u1ea3n m\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">D\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi an \u1ee7i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 an \u1ee7i, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn: Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c b\u00f3p ngh\u1eb9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ec7t h\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang! Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 mang ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh ngo\u00e0i da v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong b\u00ean trong n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tinh th\u1ea7n. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef c\u1ed5 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1edf n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u201cC\u0103n b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c ch\u00ec\u201d. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1edf mang tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc di\u1ec5n ra v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p; nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft cho ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u00e3nh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u1eadp ra nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf lo cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ki\u00ean tr\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. S\u1ef1 \u01b0u t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u01b0u t\u01b0 n\u00f3ng b\u1ecfng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi giai c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a; c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o t\u1ef1 do. V\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 thi\u00ean ph\u00fa cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ea5y. S\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e2ng ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m vui.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u201cKh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1eddi n\u00f3i m\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t hay, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nghi ng\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">18.4.1917<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u2248\u2248\u2666\u2248\u2248<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u1edf ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Trong hai th\u00e1ng d\u0129 nhi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00e0ng r\u0169 s\u1ea1ch m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, th\u00ec s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe tinh th\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ta c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n b\u00e3o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00fac c\u1ea3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, trong s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c; cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng \u0111en t\u1ed1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111e d\u1ecda b\u1ebb cong \u0111i t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o theo m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y gai c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c nghi k\u1ef5 x\u1ea5u xa, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i tr\u01a1 tr\u1ebdn, vu kh\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c th\u00f3i h\u00e1o danh b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khinh th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 um t\u00f9m. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfm h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u ch\u1ee9a trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t nhanh tr\u00ean mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. [\u2026]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">S\u1ef1 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng; nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y t\u00f4i s\u1ebd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i kinh t\u1edfm trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ebbo dai v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do. Tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra c\u00e1c anh h\u00f9ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e1m ch\u1ebft v\u00ec t\u1ef1 do, nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p trong ta s\u1ebd tu\u00f4n ra t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o chia con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1ebb; ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh chung trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec u\u1ed1n n\u1eafn t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Quy\u1ec1n th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u00ednh giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n mang \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh huynh \u0111\u1ec7 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u0169 trong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1edfi ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Ch\u00ednh giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho th\u00eam th\u00e2m s\u00e2u t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n, c\u00e1i khung ch\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n, nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao \u2013 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian nh\u00e0n r\u1ed7i, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">T\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y xa l\u1ea1 khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n b\u1edfi c\u01a1 quan th\u1eeba h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng binh s\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, t\u1ecf ra d\u1eedng d\u01b0ng v\u00e0 b\u00e0ng quan khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu cho t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi ra m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn nh\u01b0 bia \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea1n. N\u1ebfu d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u00fang ta g\u1eedi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i n\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ra ch\u1ed7 s\u00e1t sinh, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 r\u1ee9t \u0111i nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n th\u1ecbt t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t ra kh\u1ecfi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 hay sao?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga t\u00e0i n\u0103ng gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt sao? [\u2026]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">H\u00e3y suy ngh\u0129 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1n bao nhi\u00eau c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n n\u00f3?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">S\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh. S\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 m\u1ee5c n\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta. [\u2026]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">20.4.1917<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u2248\u2248\u2666\u2248\u2248<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" title=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2017\/08\/null.jpeg?resize=270%2C317&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"270\" height=\"317\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Maxim Gorki 1903<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i \u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00ea ti\u1ec7n n\u1ebfu b\u00e2y gi\u1edd gi\u1ebft ch\u00f3c l\u1eabn nhau, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 c\u00e1i quy\u1ec1n tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 tranh c\u00e3i nhau trong danh gi\u00e1, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn trong danh gi\u00e1. Nh\u1eefng ai suy ngh\u0129 kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n s\u1ebd b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do. Gi\u1ebft ch\u00f3c v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 l\u00fd l\u1ebd c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd l\u1ebd h\u00e8n h\u1ea1 v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u1ee9c hi\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t \u00fd ch\u00ed kh\u00e1c; gi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft \u0111i m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, hay ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, hay s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ec7ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">C\u00e1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m \u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1m \u0111i b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed9i \u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u1ebft t\u1ef1 do b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh b\u00e0n tay c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u, r\u1eb1ng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd n\u1eb1m trong ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ngu mu\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111en t\u1ed1i v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p kh\u00f4ng ch\u00f9ng tay c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169 \u1edf m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi, b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 hung \u00e1c v\u00f4 li\u00eam s\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c hung \u00e1c nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do cho ch\u00fang ta. N\u1ebfu th\u1ebf th\u00ec t\u1ef1 do ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i cho n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. T\u00f4i n\u00f3i, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ngu d\u1ed1t v\u00e0 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi hoa m\u1ef9, m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. [\u2026]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">V\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i, ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa: k\u1ebb th\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">H\u1ee1i c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n! Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong ch\u00fang ta s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u00ecnh ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 n\u00e0y hay sao, v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf \u0111i s\u1ef1 d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n v\u00e0 qu\u00ean \u0111i nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i v\u00f4 li\u00eam s\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 hay sao? H\u00e3y tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh h\u01a1n, h\u00e3y \u01b0u t\u01b0 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft!<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">V\u1ec1 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">23.4.1917<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u2248\u2248\u2666\u2248\u2248<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd \u00edt b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda h\u01a1n, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n h\u00f3a h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">R\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn. Trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Moscow so s\u00e1nh Kant v\u00e0 Krupp<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a> r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. [\u2026]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">N\u00f3i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 quan t\u00e2m \u00edt \u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u2013 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh. V\u00e0 cho n\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a. [\u2026]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">K\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n l\u1eabn t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong l\u00fac n\u00e0y h\u00e3y c\u00f2n \u00edt.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">T\u00f4i ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft trong th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vai tr\u00f2 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a hay kh\u00f4ng. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Nga c\u1ea7n l\u1eafm m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u1eeb l\u00e2u. [\u2026]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u201c<i>T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c b\u1ecb l\u00e2m nguy<\/i>\u201d l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 h\u01a1n l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u201c<i>H\u1ee1i c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n! V\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1ecb l\u00e2m nguy!<\/i>\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">9.5.1917<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u2248\u2248\u2666\u2248\u2248<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3: h\u1ecd xem d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e9 n\u00e1t tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 xa l\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">8.11.1917<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u2248\u2248\u2666\u2248\u2248<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Nga c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn l\u00e3nh s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng to l\u1edbn l\u00e0 ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tinh th\u1ea7n. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n cho nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n h\u00f4m nay c\u00f2n \u0111ang ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm v\u00e0 ngh\u1eb9t th\u1edf trong kh\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c s\u1ebd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00e8 ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean \u2018con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi\u2019 v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n l\u00e0m t\u0103ng l\u00ean s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c sai l\u1ea7m nguy h\u1ea1i l\u00e0m cho l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00fang ta ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n \u0111i.[\u2026]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n hai c\u01a1 quan v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau: m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u1ea7n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, c\u00e1i kia v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c; c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n qu\u00fd m\u1ebfn, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng! Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ta, kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c!<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">1.5.1918<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u2248\u2248\u2666\u2248\u2248<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, tho\u00e1t thai t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd t\u1ecf ra b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c khi giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111em c\u1ea3 s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft nghe l\u1eddi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u201cgiai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n\u201d thay v\u1ecb h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng s\u1ebd ti\u00eau vong b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7t qu\u1ec7 b\u00ean trong n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m n\u1ebfu giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft kh\u00e9p m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng khoan nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u2018\u1ee7y vi\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u2019 v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng xa d\u1ea7n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. \u00dd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u00edch k\u1ef7 giai c\u1ea5p; c\u00e1c b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, M\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean vai nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">13.1.1918<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u2248\u2248\u2666\u2248\u2248<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">V\u00e0 r\u1ed3i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i v\u00e0 d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng C\u1ee9u R\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ch\u0103ng? [\u2026]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1t l\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ch\u00e1y t\u1ed3i; n\u00f3 h\u00f4i m\u00f9i n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga, m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n, say x\u1ec9n v\u00e0 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o. H\u1ecd k\u00e9o l\u00ea v\u00e0 x\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea9y n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn Golgatha \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111inh, \u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0110\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng l\u00e0 \u2018Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i\u2019 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m s\u1ee9c ng\u1ef1a?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 v\u00e0 d\u00e3 man c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfc t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y trong \u0111\u00e1m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho ch\u00ednh th\u1ebf S\u00f4-Vi\u1ebft lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean b\u1ecbp b\u1ee3m, trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 si\u00eang n\u0103ng \u0111i b\u00e1n b\u00e1o tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 hay lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00e2n tay, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">16.3.1918<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u2248\u2248\u2666\u2248\u2248<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" title=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2017\/08\/null-1.jpeg?resize=420%2C276&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"420\" height=\"276\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">M\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh trong v\u1edf \u201c<i>D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y<\/i>\u201d. S\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Gorki kh\u00f4ng<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">c\u00f2n l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau m\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga, cho n\u00ean nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau anh ta, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng th\u1ebf; n\u00f3 t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m li\u00ean l\u1ee5y \u00fd ch\u00ed m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a anh ta v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, \u0111\u1ea9y n\u00f3 v\u00e0o c\u00e1i x\u00f3 \u0111en t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ng\u00f5 c\u1ee5c, h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p n\u00f3 xu\u1ed1ng ngang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng \u00f4 nh\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i h\u1ea1 th\u1ee7 n\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111i t\u00ecm v\u00e0 y\u00eau m\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, m\u00e0 y\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngoan ngo\u00e3n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i nh\u1eb9 \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00e9t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">T\u1eeb v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u2013 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc, k\u00e9m \u00fd ch\u00ed \u2013 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb m\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ki\u1ec3u m\u1ecdt s\u00e1ch mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi \u2013 m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u1eabn tinh th\u1ea7n. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">22.3.1918<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u2248\u2248\u2666\u2248\u2248<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 bi\u1ebft kinh t\u1edfm \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c m\u1ecdi c\u00e1i d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n, \u0111\u00ea ti\u1ec7n, d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 v\u00e0 th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o l\u00e0m h\u00e8n h\u1ea1 \u0111i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 \u0111au kh\u1ed5. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc gh\u00e9t c\u00e1i \u0111au kh\u1ed5; ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi thanh to\u00e1n n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">C\u00e1i g\u00ec ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta? C\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1edbi l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tin v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u, b\u1edfi v\u00ec trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng b\u00e1nh m\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qu\u00ean \u0111i qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u. [\u2026]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn trong h\u1ecd, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u00edch k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c d\u1ef1a l\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u00edch k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 h\u1eefu. [\u2026]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kinh t\u1edfm s\u00e2u s\u1eafc t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, th\u00f4 l\u1ed7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00ea ti\u1ec7n trong ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh.[\u2026]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u hay \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p c\u00e1c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u2018tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean v\u0103n h\u00f3a\u2019. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ra kh\u1ecfi v\u0169ng b\u00f9n d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">16.5.1918<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u2248\u2248\u2666\u2248\u2248<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ea3m h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 x\u1ea5u xa \u2013 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i, ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft; ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ed1ng th\u1ea3m h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 h\u01a1n. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 m\u01a1 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do. Nh\u01b0ng h\u00f4m nay cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u00edch k\u1ef7, t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, ngu ng\u1ed1c v\u00e0 gh\u00ea t\u1edfm \u2013 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00fang. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00fang, r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, khi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng trong s\u1ef1 n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng g\u00f4ng xi\u1ec1ng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 v\u00e0 g\u00e2y bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng. Trong n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch, ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a tin r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 do, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do. Cho n\u00ean \u2013 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u2013 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gh\u00ea t\u1edfm, th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n, cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i nhau v\u00e0 g\u00e2y kinh ho\u00e0ng cho nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ngu ng\u1ed1c v\u00e0 n\u1ef1c c\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Tuy th\u1ebf c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga, \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1y, t\u1eadn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hoang d\u00e3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ef1 do b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 b\u00ean trong b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh ch\u00e2u \u00c1, t\u00ednh th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Nh\u1eefng d\u00e0y v\u00f2, \u0111au kh\u1ed5 khi\u1ebfn d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Nga ph\u1ea3i g\u1ea7m r\u00fa v\u00e0 l\u0103n l\u1ed9n nh\u01b0 con th\u00fa. Ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i nhanh ch\u00f3ng hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u: d\u00f9 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh v\u00e0 tham lam \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Nga c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb th\u00f9 b\u00ean trong nguy hi\u1ec3m h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u \u2013 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 v\u00e0 v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 anh ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a anh ta \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 anh ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng. Anh ta g\u00e1n hai th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Nga s\u1ed1ng v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c trong s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n v\u1eb7t c\u0169 k\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c1 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y mai, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1edfi c\u00e2u t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef: \u201cR\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y qua mau &#8211; C\u00e1m \u01a1n Ch\u00faa!\u201d. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd k\u1ebb th\u00f9 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho n\u00f3 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n v\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con c\u1ecdp b\u1ecb s\u0103n \u0111u\u1ed5i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00fd ch\u00ed th\u00e9p c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. [\u2026]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng quen s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i tim v\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u2013 \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1edbm v\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi s\u00e2u xa, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i g\u00e2y hy v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea5n ch\u1ea5n vang l\u00ean \u2013 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh l\u00ean!<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 huy ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ecbch. Anh ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng c\u00e1c binh l\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ng\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o s\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 huy th\u00e9t l\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed anh h\u00f9ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u201cH\u00e3y <i>\u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1eady, h\u1ee1i nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft kia!<\/i>\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 b\u00e1n s\u1ed1ng b\u00e1n ch\u1ebft v\u00ec s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i kia li\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1eady, v\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. T\u00f4i tin v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y kia s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00fang ta, hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tha th\u1ee9 s\u1ebd k\u00eau l\u00ean:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u201c<i>H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1eady, h\u1ee1i nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft kia!<\/i>\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">V\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1eady, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">T\u00f4i tin \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">17.5.1918<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u2248\u2248\u2666\u2248\u2248<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">T\u00f4i ngh\u0129, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 tinh luy\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t \u0111i s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t \u0111i s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec7n minh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i to\u00e1n thu\u1ea7n to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4 khan, th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i to\u00e1n m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ec3 m\u00e1u, m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c th\u00fa t\u00ednh v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft tinh th\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">26.5.1918<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u2248\u2248\u2666\u2248\u2248<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">B\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra trong t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; nh\u01b0ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n, trong n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a meo m\u1ed1c v\u00e0 r\u1ec9 s\u00e9t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i s\u1ed1ng c\u0169. Trong c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp d\u00e2n ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n quan ni\u1ec7m l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00fd b\u00e1u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p. Trong ph\u1ea1m vi n\u00e0y c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp thu m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f3 nh\u1ecdc, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp thu, \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc \u0111\u00e1ng nghi ng\u1edd.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft, ti\u00eau hao v\u00e0 ng\u1ed1n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh r\u1ea5t qu\u00fd b\u00e1u n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh m\u1edbi di\u1ec5n ra ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nguy hi\u1ec3m. [\u2026]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0 duy, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u00fd ch\u00ed, v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u th\u00eam t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m sao cho s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb; ch\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ecfi g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n m\u1edbi tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ng\u1ee5c t\u00f9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i s\u1ed1ng c\u0169. [\u2026]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m b\u1edfi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc, khe kh\u1eaft v\u00e0 t\u1ebb nh\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1ea5t \u01b0 l\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc qua t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a trong th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Nga. [\u2026]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 tinh luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec5n ra trong n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u0169 s\u1ea1ch kh\u1ecfi meo m\u1ed1c v\u00e0 b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi. [\u2026]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">S\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb l\u00e0m hoen \u1ed1 b\u1edfi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ki\u1ebfm c\u01a1m th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c soi s\u00e1ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 trong m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, &#8211; ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi tinh luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng man d\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. \u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac kh\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i hoang d\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u2013 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng n\u00f3 \u2013 k\u1ebb s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p, nh\u01b0ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u xa v\u00e0 gi\u1ea5y l\u1ed9n, v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i nh\u1ecf nhoi n\u00e0y t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb che l\u1ea5p \u0111i.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng sao \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00fang ta lu\u00f4n th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c trong ta nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">C\u00f2n n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111em nh\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o chu\u1ed3ng heo th\u00ec s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">4.6.1918<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u2248\u2248\u2666\u2248\u2248<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">H\u00f4m nay ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Nga b\u1ecb l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh th\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi h\u1ecd \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp n\u00e0o, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh x\u1eed th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n l\u00e0m sao tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c v\u0103n minh, v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed non k\u00e9m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i \u2018d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Nga\u2019, t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n; kh\u00f4ng, t\u00f4i n\u00f3i c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chung, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p, b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh th\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh thi\u1ebfu v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho c\u1ea3 qu\u1ed1c gia Nga. T\u1eeb kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch ra s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0i ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, m\u1eb7c cho nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong c\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 g\u1edbm ghi\u1ebfc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 v\u00e0 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i tim v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i \u00f3c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7m l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a b\u1edfi mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea7u m\u1ee1 cho nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng tri th\u1ee9c. Ch\u00fang ta t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, l\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng trong nh\u00e2n h\u1eadu, trong s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh; trong ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u anh h\u00f9ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t \u00edt con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4n ngoan v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch can \u0111\u1ea3m \u2013 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga. Ch\u00fang ta y\u00eau c\u00e1c anh h\u00f9ng, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a anh h\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd hay m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, trong khi s\u1ef1 can \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. [\u2026]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi kh\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 (ca ng\u1ee3i v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n) ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n cho cu\u1ed9c b\u00fat chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecda n\u1ea1t h\u1ecd v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho m\u00ecnh can \u0111\u1ea3m h\u01a1n; nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdp m\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i tin, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt v\u00e0 lo l\u1eafng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u (ca ng\u1ee3i) \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eeba. Giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 kh\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1n; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1edbi giai c\u1ea5p n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u00ec kh\u00e1c; h\u1ecd d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi giai c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 giai c\u1ea5p tri th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang ta l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n v\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2013 b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga, v\u00ec c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. [\u2026]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a anh h\u00f9ng m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 can \u0111\u1ea3m, s\u1ef1 th\u00edch nghi th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n. \u2018Gieo c\u00e1i h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, c\u00e1i thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1i v\u0129nh c\u1eedu tr\u00ean c\u00e1c mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga\u2019, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1ed3i c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng m\u00e1u t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i tinh t\u00fay c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n kinh ch\u00fang ta, s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 n\u1edf \u00edt \u1ecfi v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1u t\u1ee5y tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i gieo, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f4m nay b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i ra kh\u1ecfi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 b\u1ecb li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e2u r\u1ed3i, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea9y s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i h\u1ecd. [\u2026]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta tr\u1ea3i l\u00ean c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00f3m l\u00ean l\u1eeda kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ea5m \u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00e2n m\u00ecnh \u2013 kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh, c\u1ee9ng c\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 nhau. Ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c. [\u2026]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n g\u1edbm ghi\u1ebfc, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ai l\u00e0m n\u00f3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i, vu kh\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. V\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111en t\u1ed1i, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. [\u2026]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0110\u00e1ng l\u1ebd t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u00ec trong d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Nga ch\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u00ea ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng tin, v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t cho l\u00f2ng tin m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng. Tri th\u1ee9c gi\u00fap ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i duy nh\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khuy\u00ean cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng. C\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi t\u00f4i, trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00f4i lu\u00f4n tin t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng suy suy\u1ec3n r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">V\u00e0 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp cho ch\u00fang ta, kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp n\u00ean b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta h\u00f4m nay nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u00ean lo\u1ea1n, kinh ho\u00e0ng, c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng s\u1ef1 ngu mu\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00ea ti\u1ec7n, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129 duy nh\u1ea5t: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ra, l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 thi ca, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng can \u0111\u1ea3m v\u00e0 danh d\u1ef1, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ni\u1ec1m vui v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1ebb quy\u1ebfn r\u0169, s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4i h\u00e0i v\u00e0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng lay chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y bi th\u1ea3m, nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 d\u00e0y v\u00f2, lu\u00f4n ki\u00ean tr\u00ec tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p m\u1edbi m\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i c\u0169 k\u1ef9 v\u00e0 x\u1ea5u xa; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t khu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 mang ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, nh\u01b0ng s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n v\u00e0 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111au kh\u1ed5 l\u1edbn lao v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 th\u1edf h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103ng? Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3!<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n tr\u01b0\u1edbc bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp c\u00f4ng khai<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">c\u1ee7a<i> H\u1ed9i \u2018<\/i>V\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 T\u1ef1 do\u2019<i> \u1edf Moscow<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">30.6.1918<\/p>\n<p><em>Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/em>:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a> C\u00f3 n\u01a1i vi\u1ebft Maksim Gorkij, hay Maxim Gorky ti\u1ebfng Anh.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a> Nxb Suhrkamp taschenbuch, 350 trang.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a> L\u00e1 th\u01b0 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong nguy\u1ec7t san v\u0103n h\u00f3a <em>Letopis<\/em> (Ni\u00ean gi\u00e1m) t\u1ea1i Petersburg th\u00e1ng 5, 1917; sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i trong l\u00e1 th\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gorki ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a t\u1edd b\u00e1o <em>Novaja \u017dizn<\/em> (\u0110\u1eddi M\u1edbi) cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 7, 1918 khi n\u00f3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a> C\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i St. Petersburg. Ng\u00e0y 9.1.1905 Gorki ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Petersburg b\u1ecb v\u1ec7 binh c\u1ee7a Nga ho\u00e0ng b\u1eafn ch\u1ebft th\u1ebf n\u00e0o t\u1ea1i Marsfeld (Ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u). Ng\u00e0y 23.3.1917 m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 mai t\u00e1ng c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng Hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c mai t\u00e1ng t\u1ea1i Marsfeld. L\u1ec5 mai t\u00e1ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Petersburg.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a> \u0110\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tatar Chan Mamaj b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Nga \u0111\u00e1nh tan t\u00e0nh trong tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Kulikovo n\u0103m 1380. Trong ti\u1ebfng Nga tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n, \u00e1c li\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a> Krupp l\u00e0 vua s\u1eaft th\u00e9p, v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u0169 kh\u00ed n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 20; \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 &#8220;vua c\u00e0-n\u00f4ng&#8221;.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; NH\u1eeeNG \u00dd T\u01af\u1edeNG KH\u00d4NG H\u1ee2P TH\u1edcI V\u1ec0 V\u0102N H\u00d3A V\u00c0 C\u00c1CH M\u1ea0NG MAXIM GORKI [1] \u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m sinh nh\u1eadt th\u1ee9 140 c\u1ee7a \u00d4ng (1868-2008) Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef &nbsp; Maxim Gorki (1868-1936) &nbsp; L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u. B\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi cho<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[40],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/388"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=388"}],"version-history":[{"count":34,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/388\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8213,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/388\/revisions\/8213"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=388"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=388"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=388"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}