{"id":4012,"date":"2020-05-31T16:45:52","date_gmt":"2020-05-31T09:45:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=4012"},"modified":"2021-01-24T11:26:55","modified_gmt":"2021-01-24T04:26:55","slug":"hoa-ky-khong-phai-la-mot-nen-dan-chu-cho-den-khi-nguoi-da-den-lam-cho-no-tro-thanh-nhu-the","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/hoa-ky-khong-phai-la-mot-nen-dan-chu-cho-den-khi-nguoi-da-den-lam-cho-no-tro-thanh-nhu-the\/","title":{"rendered":"Hoa K\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf"},"content":{"rendered":"

HOA K\u1ef2 KH\u00d4NG PH\u1ea2I L\u00c0 M\u1ed8T N\u1ec0N D\u00c2N CH\u1ee6,<\/span><\/p>\n

CHO \u0110\u1ebeN KHI NG\u01af\u1edcI M\u1ef8 DA \u0110EN L\u00c0M CHO N\u00d3 TR\u1ede TH\u00c0NH NH\u01af TH\u1ebe<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: NIKOLE HANNAL-JONES<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u0103ng tr\u00ean b\u00e1o The New York Times <\/em>ng\u00e0y 14\/8\/2019<\/p>\n

(Courtesy of NYT)<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch<\/em><\/strong>: <\/strong><\/span>L\u00ea T\u00f9ng Qu\u00e2n & \u0110\u1ed7 Th\u1ecb Thu Tr\u00e0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh<\/em><\/strong>: Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u00ean t\u1eadp<\/em>.<\/strong> Nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y qua n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng d\u1eady c\u1ee7a \u201cv\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da m\u00e0u George Floyd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u00e8 c\u1ed5 xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m m\u1eb7c cho ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau c\u1ee7a n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n \u201cT\u00d4I KH\u00d4NG TH\u1ede \u0110\u01af\u1ee2C\u201d. C\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 s\u00f4i s\u1ee5c. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Minneapolis n\u01a1i n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c lan ra kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9: Washington DC, TP New York, TP Atlanta (bang Geogia), TP Phoenix (bang Arizona), TP Denver (bang Colorado), Los Angeles v\u00e0 Oakland (bang California), Portland (bang Oregon), Richmond (bang Virginia)\u2026<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a George Floyd<\/strong> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u01b0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn (Essay) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi trong cu\u1ed9c\u201d, n\u1eef h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 da m\u00e0u Nikole Hannah-Jones, nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u1edf hai b\u00ean ranh gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c. B\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho b\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i Pulitzer 2020 th\u00e1ng 5 v\u1eeba qua. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u201cV\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en\u201d (Negro Problem) nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u2013 hay ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u2013 \u201cV\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba da tr\u1eafng\u201d (white colonist<\/em>)[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Albert Einstein<\/strong> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u201cV\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en\u201d:<\/p>\n

\u1ede H\u1ee3p Ch\u1ee7ng Qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Kh\u00f4ng ai (ph\u1ea3i) qu\u1ef5 l\u1ee5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay giai c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c. Ngay c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn lao v\u1ec1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, s\u1ef1 si\u00eau quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed1i trong c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9. Tinh th\u1ea7n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u00e0u da tr\u1eafng. Ngay c\u1ea3 trong gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn m\u00e0 t\u00f4i, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn r\u00f5; nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng l\u1eafm so v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cda tr\u1eafng\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc da s\u1eadm, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en. C\u00e0ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9, th\u00ec ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m cho t\u00f4i \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn. T\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00f5a n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i ra. [\u2026]<\/p>\n

T\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e9o l\u00ea nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n da \u0111en kh\u1ecfi qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p v\u00e0 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn, b\u1ecb h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh n\u00f4 l\u00ea. Th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 mong mu\u1ed1n duy tr\u00ec t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00f3 n\u00e0y. [\u2026]<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p thu t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng khi c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u2013 b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9mcj ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea9m sinh kh\u00e1c \u2013 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ebfm khi suy ng\u1eabm \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1nh ki\u1ec3m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 tin ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o so v\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

S\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3 n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta coi th\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1-\u00fd th\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00f3 n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u01a1 may thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111ang l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ed1 m\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 ch\u00fang ta \u2013 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ch\u00fang ta theo \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng ai n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trung th\u1ef1c, s\u1ebd s\u1edbm nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch mang t\u00ednh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00f3 v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 tai h\u1ecda \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

Sau th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai, n\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, nh\u00e0 \u1edf, xe bu\u00fdt, b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang ra cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da m\u00e0u v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng. \u0110\u1ebfn ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng m\u00e1u hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch ra ri\u00eang. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1946 b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ra ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en. Trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb t\u1eb7ng b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 danh d\u1ef1 t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 Einstein t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i, \u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi m\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Lincoln, Pennsyvannia, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n 10 ph\u00fat, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch g\u00ecn gi\u1eef h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh m\u1edbi. R\u1ed3i \u00f4ng n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c \u1edf M\u1ef9:<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n da m\u00e0u v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n da tr\u1eafng \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da m\u00e0u. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh im l\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Albert Einstein (1879-1955)<\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam chi ti\u1ebft trong s\u00e1ch Albert Einstein \u2013 M\u1eb7t Nh\u00e2n B\u1ea3n<\/em> <\/a>(tr. XXXIII-XXXVII).\u00a0 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u00eam t\u1eeb ph\u00eda kh\u00e1c: Ng\u00e0y \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp Hoa K\u1ef3 \u2013 nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb ph\u00eda kh\u00e1c<\/a><\/em>.<\/em><\/p>\n\"\"\n

Frederick Douglass (1818-1895)<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u00e3i n\u00f4 c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi Abraham Lincoln<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Nikole Hannah-Jones<\/strong> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec1u Einstein \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00ean: n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trung th\u1ef1c<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi \u201ctruy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\u201d. NXX<\/strong><\/p>\n

***<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o <\/em>NYT<\/em><\/strong>. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8, 2019 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 The 1619 Project<\/em><\/a>.\u00a0 D\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n 1619 l\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta t\u1ef1 k\u1ec3 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ai \u2013 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

H\u00f4m nay, Nikole Hannah-Jones \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Pulitzer [2]<\/strong><\/a><\/sup> cho h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn (Commentary) v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ec1 \u00e1n 1619 <\/em>[3]<\/strong><\/a><\/sup> v\u1edbi ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn \u201cN\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 t\u1eebng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1\u201d (\u201cAmerica Wasn\u2019t a Democracy, Until Black Americans Made It One<\/em><\/a>,\u201d<\/em>) trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

***<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Nikole Hannah-Jones<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

N\u1ed8I DUNG<\/em><\/strong><\/span>:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cha t\u00f4i lu\u00f4n<\/strong> treo m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 c\u1edd M\u1ef9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00e2n nh\u00e0. M\u00e0u s\u01a1n xanh tr\u00ean ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 hai t\u1ea7ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb tr\u00f3c l\u1edf; h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o, ho\u1eb7c tay v\u1ecbn c\u1ea7u thang, ho\u1eb7c c\u1eeda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e1 c\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, m\u1edbi tinh kh\u00f4i, lu\u00f4n tung bay trong gi\u00f3. M\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda g\u00f3c nh\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang k\u1ebb v\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecf, n\u1eb1m d\u1ecdc theo con s\u00f4ng chia t\u00e1ch th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Iowa c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u00e0nh ph\u00eda cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en b\u00ean n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 ph\u00eda b\u00ean kia cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng. \u1ede r\u00eca b\u00e3i c\u1ecf c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, cao tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y c\u1ed9t nh\u00f4m, l\u00e0 l\u00e1 c\u1edd m\u00e0 cha t\u00f4i s\u1ebd s\u1eafm m\u1edbi ngay khi n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 v\u1eeba c\u0169 \u0111i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat.<\/p>\n

Cha t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng \u1edf Greenwood, Mississipi, n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en c\u00f2ng l\u01b0ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh ru\u1ed9ng b\u00f4ng v\u1ea3i t\u1eeb m\u1edd s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1edd t\u1ed1i<\/a>[4]<\/a><\/sup>, y nh\u01b0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Mississippi th\u1eddi tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb c\u1ee7a cha t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bang ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c (apartheid) n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp. C\u01b0 d\u00e2n da tr\u1eafng \u1edf Mississippi h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3u lynch<\/a>[5]<\/sup><\/a> nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en h\u01a1n \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 bang n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c trong n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng trong h\u1ea1t qu\u00ea nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a cha t\u00f4i h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3u lynch nhi\u1ec1u c\u01b0 d\u00e2n da \u0111en h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ea1t n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u1edf Mississippi, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u201ct\u1ed9i\u201d nh\u01b0 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da tr\u1eafng, va ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i da tr\u1eafng, hay c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i t\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec1n. M\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a cha t\u00f4i, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u1edf Greenwood, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng hay t\u00ecm c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea7n qu\u1eadt tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ru\u1ed9ng b\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c trong nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng. V\u00ec v\u1eady, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1940, b\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i v\u00e0i m\u00f3n \u0111\u1ed3 r\u1ed3i c\u00f9ng ba \u0111\u1ee9a con nh\u1ecf nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en mi\u1ec1n Nam b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. B\u00e0 r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Trung t\u00e2m Illinois \u1edf Waterloo, Iowa, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng hy v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 Mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ea5t h\u1ee9a huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i tan v\u1ee1 khi b\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Jim Crow [6]<\/a><\/sup> ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c ch\u01b0a d\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ranh gi\u1edbi Mason-Dixon[7]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00e0 n\u1ed9i (Grandmama), nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang t\u00f4i g\u1ecdi b\u00e0, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t khu ph\u1ed1 d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean xem l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da \u0111en, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u2013 d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng. Cha t\u00f4i c\u0169ng ch\u1eadt v\u1eadt \u0111i t\u00ecm \u201c\u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee9a\u201d \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y<\/a>[8]<\/sup><\/a>. N\u0103m 1962, \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 17, \u00f4ng \u0111\u0103ng l\u00ednh. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00e0ng trai tr\u1ebb, cha gia nh\u1eadp qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng tho\u00e1t ngh\u00e8o. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f2n v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa \u2013 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng da \u0111en: Cha hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n

Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t c\u1ee7a cha t\u00f4i. Nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1edbt l\u1edd \u00f4ng, ho\u00e0i b\u00e3o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb thui ch\u1ed9t. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho xu\u1ea5t ng\u0169 trong t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh u \u00e1m v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ecdc trong m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft \u0111\u1eddi. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da \u0111en trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u00f4i, cha tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da \u0111en trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u00f4i, cho d\u00f9 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1eadt l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady, khi t\u00f4i c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb, l\u00e1 c\u1edd ngo\u00e0i s\u00e2n ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i. Sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng da \u0111en n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn m\u1eaft ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f4ng l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o treo l\u00e1 c\u1edd t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c? T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u00f4i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

\u1ede tr\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y, th\u00f4ng qua th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u v\u0103n h\u00f3a, r\u1eb1ng l\u00e1 c\u1edd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, r\u1eb1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ecb n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p r\u1ea5t \u00edt cho qu\u1ed1c gia v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 th\u1ee9 g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u Phi, m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ebfn. Vi\u1ec7c cha t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t vinh d\u1ef1 khi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eafm, trong khi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u qu\u00e1 \u00edt. Cha t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111ang l\u00e0m g\u00ec khi treo l\u00e1 c\u1edd \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf, r\u1eb1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1619, ch\u1ec9 12 n\u0103m sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Jamestown, Virginia, m\u1ed9t n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thanh gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 v\u00e0o Plymouth Rock, v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 157 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Anh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf Jamestown \u0111\u00e3 mua t\u1eeb c\u01b0\u1edbp bi\u1ec3n Anh 20 \u0111\u1ebfn 30 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ean c\u01b0\u1edbp bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh c\u1eafp h\u1ecd t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t con t\u00e0u B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha ch\u1edf n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, con t\u00e0u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u00e9p h\u1ecd r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Angola. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u1eadp b\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 M\u1ef9. H\u1ecd n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 12,5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft c\u00f3c t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1ecb x\u00edch su\u1ed1t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh tr\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng trong cu\u1ed9c di c\u01b0 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai. G\u1ea7n hai tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t sau h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh gian nan ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u1eb7ng Gi\u1eefa (Middle Passage)[9]<\/a>.<\/sup><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u1ea1n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf, 400.000 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u00e1n v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Anh. B\u1eb1ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ecdc, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 khai kh\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng Nam (Southeast). H\u1ecd d\u1ea1y cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 thu ho\u1ea1ch b\u00f4ng, th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 66% ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a George Washington, Thomas Jefferson v\u00e0 James Madison, nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 ng\u01a1i tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay thu h\u00fat h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n du kh\u00e1ch t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u b\u1ecb m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. H\u1ecd x\u00e2y n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 T\u00f2a nh\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f4i tay kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb7t T\u01b0\u1ee3ng N\u1eef th\u1ea7n T\u1ef1 do tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh m\u00e1i v\u00f2m c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a nh\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. H\u1ecd k\u00e9o l\u00ea nh\u1eefng t\u00e0 v\u1eb9t g\u1ed7 n\u1eb7ng tr\u0129u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray xe l\u1eeda d\u1ecdc ngang mi\u1ec1n Nam, v\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a b\u00f4ng h\u1ecd h\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y d\u1ec7t ph\u00eda B\u1eafc, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kh\u1ed1i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng c\u1ea3 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Nam \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng gi\u00e0u th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf bang Rhode Island. L\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn t\u1eeb lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh c\u1eafp c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap qu\u1ed1c gia non tr\u1ebb n\u00e0y tr\u1ea3 h\u1ebft n\u1ee3 chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc danh ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u00ednh vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng mua, b\u00e1n, b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho th\u00e2n x\u00e1c h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn Ph\u1ed1 Wall th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khi xem nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebfch x\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3, v\u00e0 \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. H\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nh\u00f3m s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y qua th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i nh\u01b0ng quan tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n: Ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1965 t\u1eeb Selma \u0111\u1ebfn Montgomery,<\/p>\n

do M\u1ee5c s\u01b0 Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Martin Luther King Jr. d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111en.<\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh Bruce Davidson \/Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Magnum Photos.<\/p>\n

H\u1ee3p ch\u1ee7ng qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eabn s\u1ef1 d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1. Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1776, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u201ct\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh ra \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ea1o h\u00f3a ban cho h\u1ecd nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng da tr\u1eafng so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd. \u201cS\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, T\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 M\u01b0u c\u1ea7u H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac\u201d \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u0103m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en v\u1eabn tin t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. Qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1ng theo \u0111\u00fang nh\u1eefng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho ri\u00eang ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u2013 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho quy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00ec nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en, n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ng\u00e0y nay r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c \u2013 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u1ebft cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y trong cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng M\u1ef9[10]<\/a><\/sup> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do. Crispus Attucks l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ebfn m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng cho m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp theo, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n (\u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp). Trong m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en \u0111\u1ec1u tham gia chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u2013 ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t trong trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

Cha t\u00f4i, m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi, \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 t\u00f4i s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t bao nhi\u00eau n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u: r\u1eb1ng n\u0103m 1619 c\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 nh\u01b0 n\u0103m 1776. R\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en, c\u0169ng ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 th\u1ea1ch cao hoa tuy\u1ebft (alabaster) t\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 qu\u1ed1c gia, l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c\u201d \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y. V\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 l\u00e1 c\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1776<\/strong>, Thomas Jefferson ng\u1ed3i t\u1ea1i b\u00e0n vi\u1ebft di \u0111\u1ed9ng[11]<\/sup><\/a> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng tr\u1ecd \u1edf Philadelphia v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00e0y: \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh ra \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ea1o ho\u00e1 ban cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.\u201d Trong 243 n\u0103m qua, s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft (self-governance) \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean danh ti\u1ebfng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 do. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi Jefferson s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 tu\u1ed5i teen, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0o, \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng g\u1ea7n b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1edd ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u1eadu y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. T\u00ean c\u1eadu l\u00e0 Robert Hemings \u2013 em c\u00f9ng cha kh\u00e1c m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 Jefferson, l\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a cha c\u1ee7a Martha Jefferson v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta s\u1edf h\u1eefu. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf h\u1eefu n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 da tr\u1eafng gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con lai \u0111en c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. Jefferson \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn Hemings, trong s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng 130 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 trong tr\u1ea1i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c m\u00e0 \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Monticello, \u0111i theo m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn Philadelphia v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho \u00f4ng lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i khi so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o v\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u0103m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 trong 13 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 (chattel slavery)[12]<\/a><\/sup> kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, m\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7m c\u1ed1, trao \u0111\u1ed5i, mua, b\u00e1n, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf ch\u1ea5p, hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eb7ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 v\u00e0 b\u1ecb v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba da tr\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Jefferson bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en c\u0169ng l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n, g\u00e2y kinh ng\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u1eabn t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0 William Goodell, ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00e3i n\u00f4, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1853, \u201cN\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00eam ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c\u201d.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. H\u1ecd b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 ri\u00eang t\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua, b\u00e1n v\u00e0 d\u1ee9t kh\u1ecfi h\u1ecd qua c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e1, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed3 n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t v\u00e0 gia s\u00fac, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb1ng sau c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t ti\u1ec1n c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea5m qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o \u201c\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 b\u00e1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en\u201d. Ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 v\u00e0 t\u00f2a \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ru\u1ed9t th\u1ecbt v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9, anh ch\u1ecb em, anh em h\u1ecd. Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1p l\u00fd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e3m hi\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ebft \u201ct\u00e0i s\u1ea3n\u201d c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m di ch\u00fac v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n nh\u1eadn th\u1eeba k\u1ebf. H\u1ecd b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, b\u1edfi c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho ch\u00ednh Jefferson. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn cao nh\u1ea5t cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng s\u1edf h\u1eefu h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong khi \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n y\u00eau th\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u2013 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. V\u00ec s\u1ef1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f4i n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch d\u1eef d\u1ed9i c\u1ea3 trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0 Samuel Johnson, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 (Tory) ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm, \u201cSao nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau kh\u00f3c \u0111\u00f2i t\u1ef1 do th\u1ea3m thi\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta nghe th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 da \u0111en?\u201d[13]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u1ecfi n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u2013 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1ed1 \u00fd b\u1ecf ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1776, n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf man r\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i T\u00e2y b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u. \u1ede Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi b\u00e3i b\u1ecf bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, \u1edf c\u1ea3 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Nam. C\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 cho ph\u00e9p Jefferson, ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi 33 tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn ch\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1edf h\u1eefu n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ecd l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 10 trong s\u1ed1 12 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 (slavocracy).<\/p>\n

Jefferson v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y. V\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady, trong b\u1ea3n d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Jefferson, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng d\u00f9ng l\u00fd l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i cho nh\u00e0 vua Anh \u0111\u00e3 \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i \u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea3 Jefferson v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea1ch b\u1ecf \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, 11 n\u0103m sau, khi \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb n\u00e0y. Trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u1ed9 li\u1ec5u, v\u00ec v\u1eady h\u1ecd t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch che gi\u1ea5u n\u00f3. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 84 \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n. S\u00e1u (6) \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n trong \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0 s\u1eed gia David Waldstre Rich \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 5 \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c mang h\u00e0m \u00fd (implications) v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u201ct\u00e0i s\u1ea3n\u201d c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 h\u00f3a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en, c\u1ea5m ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi b\u1ecb n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 h\u00f3a trong th\u1eddi gian 20 n\u0103m, cho ph\u00e9p Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i huy \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00e2n qu\u00e2n (militia) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng bang \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea3i trao tr\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00e3i n\u00f4 Samuel Bryan \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i n\u00e0y khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, \u201cT\u1eeb ng\u1eef l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3; t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, [v\u00e0] hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 che \u0111\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, r\u1eb1ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai s\u00e1ng n\u00e0y, t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u00ean trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb cao nh\u1ea5t.\u201d<\/p>\n

C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 n\u1eefa. T\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf, nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea9y s\u1ea1ch n\u00f3 c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd. Ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd \u0111\u00e1ng x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 khi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1edf h\u1eefu n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 trong m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y nay kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, l\u00e0m cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c (racial caste system) c\u00e0ng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 h\u01a1n. H\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 b\u1edfi c\u1ea3 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en l\u00e0 \u201cch\u01b0a gi\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d (subhuman), m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da tr\u1eafng s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1800, theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1p l\u00fd Leland B. Ware, Robert J. Cottrol v\u00e0 Raymond T. Diamond, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da tr\u1eafng, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 tham gia chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 hay kh\u00f4ng, \u201cth\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en\u201d. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng, n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch h\u00f3a v\u00e0 khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 gi\u1ecdt m\u00e1u \u201c\u0111en\u201d th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt trong ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft v\u1ee5 Dred Scott[14]<\/a> <\/sup>n\u0103m 1857 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 hay t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c \u201cn\u00f4 l\u1ec7\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd thua k\u00e9m ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 M\u1ef9. D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 d\u00e0nh cho c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n (citizen), v\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c Da \u0111en\u201d (Negro race), t\u00f2a \u00e1n ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft, l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t\u201d m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c \u201c\u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng\u201d. Ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0y, r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n b\u1ecb n\u00f4 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 h\u00f3a m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 (slave race), tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu (endemic racism) m\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ed9t r\u1eeda kh\u1ecfi qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng lo\u00e0i t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec khi \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 ban t\u1eb7ng, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u201cch\u00fang t\u00f4i\u201d trong \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i, Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u201d (\u201cWe the People\u201d)[15]<\/a> <\/sup>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i .<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1862<\/strong>, ch\u1ec9 5 n\u0103m sau khi t\u00f2a \u00e1n t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n M\u1ef9, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Abraham Lincoln \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng da \u0111en t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdp. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u00edt l\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1eafng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch m\u1eddi. Cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh trong h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u0103m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 b\u00e3i n\u00f4 da \u0111en, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng g\u00e2y \u00e1p l\u1ef1c l\u00ean Lincoln \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng h\u00e1o h\u1ee9c v\u00e0\u00a0 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng su\u00f4n s\u1ebb v\u1edbi Lincoln. N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111ang suy t\u00ednh xem c\u00f3 n\u00ean can thi\u1ec7p nh\u00e2n danh phe Li\u00ean minh hay kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 Lincoln, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00ednh t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n da tr\u1eafng m\u1edbi cho cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111ang c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111e d\u1ecda s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf c\u00e1c bang \u0111\u00e3 ly khai kh\u1ecfi Li\u00ean minh n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c bang n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n. Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 gia nh\u1eadp qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Li\u00ean minh v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u201c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7\u201d c\u0169 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng Lincoln lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e0y. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da tr\u1eafng, \u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00e0n \u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en. \u00d4ng tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cs\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i\u201d, kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng. \u201cGi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta \u01b0?\u201d \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u1ed1n n\u0103m v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u201cC\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y; v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn n\u00f3.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m \u0111\u00f3, khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1eafng, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n b\u1edfi Lincoln cao l\u1edbn v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ean l\u00e0 James Mitchell, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 t\u00e1m ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u2013 \u1ee7y vi\u00ean ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 di c\u01b0. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. Sau khi trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0i c\u00e2u x\u00e3 giao, Lincoln \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. \u00d4ng th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en, m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

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M\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n dung n\u0103m 1872 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i (t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i sang): Hiram Revels, ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u00e0o Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n; Benjamin S. Turner; Robert C. De L\u1edbn; Josiah T. T\u01b0\u1eddng; Jefferson H. Long; Joseph H. M\u01b0a; v\u00e0 R. Brown Elliot. Currier & Ives -\u1ea3nh t\u1eeb Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i<\/p>\n

\u201cT\u1ea1i sao h\u1ecd n\u00ean r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y? \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p,\u201d Lincoln n\u00f3i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. \u201cC\u00e1c anh v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c nhau. \u2026 Ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c anh ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd, khi s\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c anh. N\u00f3i ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, ch\u00fang ta b\u00ean n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111au kh\u1ed5.\u201d<\/p>\n

B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 trong c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec s\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u1eeba n\u00f3i trong gi\u00e2y l\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en n\u00e0y ngh\u1eb9t th\u1edf. \u0110\u00e3 243 n\u0103m tr\u00f4i qua k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u1eadp b\u1ebfn b\u1edd n\u00e0y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh Lincoln, r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng kh\u0103ng kh\u0103ng r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Li\u00ean minh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n mi\u1ec1n Nam t\u00e1ch ra, d\u1eabu th\u1ebf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng l\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u00edch g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n\u201d, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tham gia v\u00e0o n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c chung, l\u00e0m gi\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7p, l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean nh\u00f3m ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbch, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd. V\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y Lincoln \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i cho h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn. \u201c[N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c anh s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh], m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf b\u00ean n\u00e0y hay b\u00ean kia kh\u00f4ng \u01b0a c\u00e1c anh c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y hay c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c. [Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00f4i nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i][16]<\/a><\/sup>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c da m\u00e0u l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i,\u201d t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. \u201cV\u00ec v\u1eady, t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u00e1ch ra\u201d.<\/p>\n

Khi Lincoln k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u, Edward Thomas, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ed9c l\u1ed1c, r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd b\u00e0n b\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bc\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u201cC\u1ee9 th\u01b0 th\u1ea3,\u201d Lincoln n\u00f3i. \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng c\u1ea3.\u201d<\/p>\n

G\u1ea7n ba n\u0103m sau cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1eafng, T\u01b0\u1edbng Robert E. Lee \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i Appomattox. \u0110\u1ebfn m\u00f9a h\u00e8, N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac, v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do. Tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Lincoln, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd r\u1eddi \u0111i, \u0111\u1ed3ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n h\u00f3a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en (black colonization), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 da \u0111en \u1edf New York v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc: \u201c\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. X\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a cha \u00f4ng ch\u00fang ta n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y. \u2026 \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0y.\u201d<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Lincoln \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t minh ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c cho ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. Nh\u01b0 W.E.B. Du Bois \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft, \u201c\u00cdt ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng T\u1ef1 do d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ee9c tin tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 trong hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7\u201d Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00e3i n\u00f4 Martin Delany, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, r\u1eb1ng \u201cCh\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng m\u00e1u\u201d. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do nh\u1edd chi\u1ebfn tranh, khi \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 Lincoln v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da tr\u1eafng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 lo s\u1ee3. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 T\u00e1i thi\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c gia ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1865 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1877, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. V\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i li\u00ean bang ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c lan r\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n Nam da \u0111en b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c chi nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh Quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng \u2013 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1eed tri; h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, n\u01a1i h\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng n\u1eafm gi\u1eef. Mi\u1ec1n Nam, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 li\u00ean bang. Kho\u1ea3ng 16 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u2013 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Hiram Revels c\u1ee7a Mississippi, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u00e0o Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n. (\u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i ra sao, h\u00e3y h\u00ecnh dung: t\u1eeb khi Revels l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Blanche Bruce, ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Edward Brooke \u1edf Massachusetts nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1967.) H\u01a1n 600 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec3u bang mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng quan ch\u1ee9c da \u0111en n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tham gia c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a da tr\u1eafng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c bang m\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Nam ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap th\u00f4ng qua lu\u1eadt thu\u1ebf c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt c\u1ea5m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed trong giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ed7 \u1edf v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u1edf. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9: tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 T\u00e1i Thi\u1ebft, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam. Gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u da tr\u1eafng g\u1eedi con c\u00e1i h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c, trong khi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb da tr\u1eafng nh\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc vi\u1ebft trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, \u0111ang b\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 \u2013 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb em da tr\u1eafng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p da \u0111en c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap th\u00f4ng qua lu\u1eadt gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong khu v\u1ef1c. Tr\u1ebb em mi\u1ec1n Nam, c\u1ea3 da \u0111en v\u00e0 da tr\u1eafng, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111i h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 c\u00f9ng trang l\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. Ch\u1ec9 sau n\u0103m n\u0103m T\u00e1i thi\u1ebft, m\u1ecdi ti\u1ec3u bang mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0o hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bang, nh\u01b0 Louisiana v\u00e0 Nam Carolina, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf tr\u1ebb em da \u0111en v\u00e0 da tr\u1eafng, trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc c\u00f9ng nhau \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng da \u0111en v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y nghi\u00eang sang c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 b\u1edfi t\u00ednh ngoan c\u1ed1 tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n Nam da tr\u1eafng, nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ngay sau ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bs\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y t\u1eebng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn. N\u0103m 1865, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n th\u1ee9 13[17]<\/a><\/sup>, \u0111\u01b0a Hoa K\u1ef3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. N\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p da tr\u1eafng th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt D\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edf nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt. Lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u1ea5m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00e0 trao cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 quy\u1ec1n mua v\u00e0 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, l\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean t\u00f2a \u00e1n. N\u0103m 1868, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n th\u1ee9 14, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. Ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y, m\u1ecdi tr\u1ebb em sinh ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ch\u00e2u \u00c1, ch\u00e2u Phi, ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 Latinh ho\u1eb7c Trung \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n th\u1ee9 14 c\u0169ng, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p hi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng theo ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m b\u00ean l\u1ec1 (marginalized groups) kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n th\u1ee9 14 trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00ec s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng tranh c\u00e3i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1edbi). Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1870, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n th\u1ee9 15, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u2013 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u2013 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u201cch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, m\u00e0u da, hay t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y\u201d.<\/p>\n

Trong kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc tho\u00e1ng qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00e1i thi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, \u0111a s\u1ed1 trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 tu\u00e2n theo \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed1ng tro t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111a s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh dung ngay c\u1ea3 khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en n\u1eb1m ngay trong DNA c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ni\u1ec1m tin, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Lincoln ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u th\u1eadt r\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ch, r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en l\u00e0 tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c gia. Nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a T\u00e1i thi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 d\u1eef d\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp mi\u1ec1n Nam, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u1ef1u n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u1eed tri tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ed9ng, gian l\u1eadn b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. \u0110\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 v\u00ec m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng mi\u1ec1n Nam t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u0103m 1877, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Rutherford B. Hayes, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 mi\u1ec1n Nam, \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p \u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u00fat qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i li\u00ean bang kh\u1ecfi mi\u1ec1n Nam. Khi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n r\u1eddi \u0111i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng mi\u1ec1n Nam nhanh ch\u00f3ng x\u00f3a b\u1ecf t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a T\u00e1i thi\u1ebft. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p mang t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1880 v\u00e0 1920 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 30 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Great Nadir[18]<\/a><\/sup>, hay ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai. D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng quay l\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam trong g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7.<\/p>\n

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M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m b\u01b0u thi\u1ebfp cho th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ee5 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i Allen Brooks, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i m\u01b0u toan c\u01b0\u1ee1ng hi\u1ebfp. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb k\u00e9o l\u00ea tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 xung quanh T\u00f2a \u00e1n H\u1ea1t Dallas v\u00e0 b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3u Lynch v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1910. Nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m b\u01b0u thi\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3u Lynch kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. \u1ea2nh t\u1eeb Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n DeGolyer, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Southern Methodist, Dallas<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n Nam thu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ngay c\u1ea3 khi h\u1ecd bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 (a quasi slavery). Nh\u01b0 Waters McIntosh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf Nam Carolina, than th\u1edf, \u201cCh\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng b\u1edfi chi\u1ebfn tranh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en.\u201d<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y th\u00f4ng Georgia<\/strong> v\u00fat qua c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 chi\u1ebfc xe bu\u00fdt Greyhound ch\u1edf Isaac Woodard v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 \u1edf Winnsboro, Nam Carolina. Sau khi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 b\u1ed1n n\u0103m trong Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, n\u01a1i Woodard \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eb7ng th\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao chi\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn (battle star), anh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vinh d\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ng\u0169 v\u00e0o s\u1edbm ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1i Doanh tr\u1ea1i Gordon v\u00e0 \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u1ee3 m\u00ecnh. Khi xe bu\u00fdt d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec7m thu\u1ed1c nh\u1ecf c\u00e1ch Atlanta m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd, Woodard \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e3i v\u00e3 nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i x\u1ebf da tr\u1eafng sau khi h\u1ecfi li\u1ec7u anh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh kh\u00f4ng. Kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eeda gi\u1edd sau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i x\u1ebf l\u1ea1i d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o Woodard xu\u1ed1ng xe. B\u1ea3nh bao trong b\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c, Woodard b\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ed1ng thang v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee3i anh. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi anh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfng, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u0129 quan \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng d\u00f9i cui \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u anh. Anh b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp t\u00e0n t\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c l\u0103n ra b\u1ea5t t\u1ec9nh. Nh\u1eefng c\u00fa \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u Woodard nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i khi t\u1ec9nh d\u1eady trong ph\u00f2ng giam v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau, anh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y g\u00ec. V\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp x\u1ea3y ra ch\u1ec9 4 ti\u1ebfng r\u01b0\u1ee1i sau khi anh xu\u1ea5t ng\u0169. \u1ede tu\u1ed5i 26, Woodard s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00f2n kinh ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn Woodard t\u00e0n ph\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en sau T\u00e1i thi\u1ebft, \u1edf c\u1ea3 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc l\u1eabn mi\u1ec1n Nam. Khi tinh th\u1ea7n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i theo mong mu\u1ed1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en, ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf kh\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 phi\u1ec1n ph\u1ee9c n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u00e3 man, lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ecfi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u2013 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng g\u1edbm ghi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

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Isaac Woodard v\u00e0 m\u1eb9 anh \u1edf Nam Carolina v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1946. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, Woodard, m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1u qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eb7ng th\u01b0\u1edfng huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, khi\u1ebfn anh b\u1ecb m\u00f9. T\u1eeb B\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp v\u00e0 L\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \/ Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc bang Georgia<\/p>\n

B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n th\u1ee9 14, ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao trong v\u1ee5 \u00e1n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Plessy ki\u1ec7n Ferguson<\/em>[19]<\/a> <\/sup>n\u0103m 1896 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c (segregation) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p hi\u1ebfn. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n y c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a \u00e1n cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a li\u00ean bang (federal will) mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng cho c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en, c\u00e1c bang mi\u1ec1n Nam, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1800, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ra d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en tham gia b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea9m \u0111o\u00e0n ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f2a ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng. Nam Carolina c\u1ea5m c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n d\u1ec7t da tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 da \u0111en d\u00f9ng chung c\u1eeda ra v\u00e0o. Oklahoma bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. Memphis c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1eadu xe ri\u00eang cho t\u00e0i x\u1ebf da \u0111en, v\u00e0 t\u00e0i x\u1ebf tr\u1eafng. Baltimore \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t khu nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng sinh s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t khu nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en. Georgia quy \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng c\u1ea1nh nhau trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a trang l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. Alabama c\u1ea5m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eefng th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh ti\u1ec1n thu\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en, nh\u01b0 th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7, s\u1ebd b\u01b0\u1edbc ra kh\u1ecfi v\u1ec9a h\u00e8 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng \u0111i qua, v\u00e0 x\u01b0ng h\u00f4 v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u00ednh c\u1ea9n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 d\u00f9 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i bao nhi\u00eau \u0111i n\u1eefa. \u1ede mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en v\u00e0o c\u00e1c khu \u1ed5 chu\u1ed9t v\u00e0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1ed3i t\u00e0n d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en, v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 b\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00e0y cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da m\u00e0u t\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 qu\u1ed1c gia; c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p da tr\u1eafng th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m bi\u1ec3n \u201cCh\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng\u201d (\u201cWhites only\u201d) tr\u00ean c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang nh\u01b0 California \u0111\u00e3 tham gia c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang mi\u1ec1n Nam trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng, trong khi h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Illinois v\u00e0 New Jersey b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t cho tr\u1ebb em da \u0111en v\u00e0 da tr\u1eafng.<\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec th\u00f4ng qua kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c ngang ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn. V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ef1u binh da \u0111en nh\u01b0 Woodard, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e1m c\u1ea3 gan m\u1eb7c qu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1eef d\u1ed9i h\u01a1n trong hai cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng da \u0111en \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c ng\u1ed9t ng\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, h\u1ecd kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch \u1edf qu\u00ea nh\u00e0. Nh\u01b0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 James K. Vardaman c\u1ee7a Mississippi \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn I, c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n da \u0111en tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 mi\u1ec1n Nam \u201cch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda\u201d. T\u1ea1o cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u201cd\u00e1ng v\u1ebb nh\u00e0 binh\u201d v\u00e0 c\u1eed anh ta \u0111i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a anh ta \u201c\u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a anh ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng\u201d.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da tr\u1eafng th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng da \u0111en trong b\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00f4 b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o nguy hi\u1ec3m. H\u00e0ng tr\u0103m c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp, b\u1ecb l\u00e0m cho t\u00e0n ph\u1ebf, b\u1ecb b\u1eafn v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh theo ki\u1ec3u Lynch. Ch\u00fang ta th\u00edch g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II l\u00e0 \u201cTh\u1ebf h\u1ec7 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t\u201d (the Greatest Generation)[20]<\/a><\/sup>, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta ph\u1edbt l\u1edd th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i cho d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong khi l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfn, b\u1ecb thi\u00eau s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb phanh th\u00e2y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c c\u1eeda ti\u1ec7m. S\u1ef1 hung b\u1ea1o n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0m khi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3 v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 li\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c t\u00e2m l\u00fd cho ni\u1ec1m tin ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng: Anh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da tr\u1eafng kh\u1ecfi t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i mang t\u00ednh c\u0103n nguy\u00ean (original sin) c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: sao h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng t\u1ef1 do \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i khi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i t\u1ef1 do cho c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c \u1edf qu\u00ea nh\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c m\u00e0 Jefferson v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u2013 r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1eb3ng, ch\u01b0a gi\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t khi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 k\u1ebft th\u00fac. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc trong khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, th\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec7n minh cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i sao qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ph\u1ea3i s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en t\u1ef1 do g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i nguy cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n n\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng; ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0ng qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n soi v\u00e0o. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1ng xu\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en b\u1edfi m\u1ecdi th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da tr\u1eafng bi\u1ec7n minh cho s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00fang nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 lo s\u1ee3, Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e2m ng\u00f2i cho nh\u1eefng g\u00ec s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0 ban bi\u00ean t\u1eadp t\u1edd b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en, The Pittsburgh Courier, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft, \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng hai h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u1edf qu\u00ea nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb s\u1ebd b\u1eaft ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7.\u201d T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u00f9 l\u00f2a c\u1ee7a Woodard ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c cho cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u00e0ng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt h\u1eefu \u00edch khi d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang th\u1ee9 hai cho c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u2013 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 T\u00e1i thi\u1ebft. Khi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 k\u1ebft th\u00fac, ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en v\u1eabn \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 v\u00ec ch\u00fang h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sau N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn: quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1866 v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt D\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n; quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1868 b\u1edfi Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n th\u1ee9 14; v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1870 b\u1edfi Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n th\u1ee9 15. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en cho c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da tr\u1eafng treo c\u1ed5 h\u1ecd tr\u00ean c\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp h\u1ecd v\u00e0 v\u1ee9t x\u00e1c h\u1ecd xu\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng b\u00f9n l\u1ea7y, \u00e1m s\u00e1t h\u1ecd \u1edf s\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed1t h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng bom x\u0103ng tr\u00ean xe bu\u00fdt, cho ch\u00f3 c\u1eafn x\u00e9 h\u1ecd, l\u1ed9t da h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng v\u00f2i c\u1ee9u h\u1ecfa v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho ri\u00eang b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u00f2i t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c da tr\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 phi d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, m\u1ed9t Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed hay quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng cho h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt sinh ra t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c. Ch\u00ednh phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Di tr\u00fa v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch n\u0103m 1965, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1n ng\u1ea1ch nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c nh\u1eb1m gi\u1eef cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201ctr\u1eafng\u201d. Nh\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 da \u0111en v\u00e0 da n\u00e2u t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1ec9a mai \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c \u00c1, trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di c\u01b0 sang Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u1edd cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en, hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i \u0111ang ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f2i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7.<\/p>\n\"\"\n

Cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh \u1edf Washington v\u00ec d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, 1963. Associated Press<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ai tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3. V\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en, h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nh\u00f3m s\u1eafc d\u00e2n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u cao h\u01a1n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ea5t. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u200b\u200bt\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t t\u1eed h\u00ecnh. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i g\u1ea7n g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da tr\u1eafng, nh\u01b0ng trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y n\u00ean nh\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0: n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f4m nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en th\u00ec tin. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, Joe R. Feagin, n\u00f3i, \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi b\u1ecb n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 h\u00f3a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u cho t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra.\u201d Qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tin v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin m\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1eb7t t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, nh\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1eabn tin v\u00e0o m\u1eb7t t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecd n\u00f3i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc.[21]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra khi n\u00e0o, kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00e0o tu\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee9 ba, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc tu\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, khi h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0o trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ebfm n\u1ed5i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 sau khi n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng, tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh cam ch\u1ecbu, v\u00e0 cam ch\u1ecbu chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. S\u1ef1 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn xanh th\u1eb3m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 chia c\u1eaft h\u1ecd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ecfi n\u01a1i t\u1eebng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 g\u00ec t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u1eebng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 Mbundu hay Akan hay Fulani. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ecb x\u00edch l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau trong th\u00e2n t\u00e0u ng\u1ed9t ng\u1ea1t, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, trang tr\u1ea1i, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1. H\u1ecd t\u1ef1 do. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 t\u00ean, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng t\u00ean ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eadn t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ghi l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u00e0m cho \u201c\u0111en\u201d b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u201ctr\u1eafng\u201d, v\u00e0 \u1edf n\u01a1i h\u1ecd \u0111ang \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111en \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi \u201cn\u00f4 l\u1ec7\u201d, v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh\u201d (seasoning)[22]<\/sup><\/a>, trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh c\u01b0\u1edbp t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n trung ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c, th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng tra t\u1ea5n, ng\u1eebng n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Edward Crawford Jr. n\u00e9m tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p h\u01a1i cay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eafn b\u1edfi c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh \u1edf Ferguson, Mo., v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2014. Robert Cohen \/ St. Louis Post-Dispatch, th\u00f4ng qua Associated Press<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>Nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc Glenn Bracey \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft, \u201cT\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed1ng tro t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.\u201d D\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ng\u1ee5y t\u1ea1o bao nhi\u00eau \u0111i ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1eadt s\u1edf h\u1eefu. V\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady, \u201cqu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh\u201d, thay v\u00ec x\u00f3a \u0111i c\u0103n t\u00ednh (identity), l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i: Trong kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o cho ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Creole m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Phong c\u00e1ch \u0103n m\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch l\u00e3m, b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb kh\u00e1t khao c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u2013 b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u2013\u00a0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u0103n t\u00ednh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed9i n\u00f3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch vui nh\u1ed9n, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eaft kh\u0103n tr\u00f9m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Ng\u00e0y nay, t\u00ednh ti\u00ean phong v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3u t\u00f3c v\u00e0 th\u1eddi trang c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en ph\u00f4 b\u00e0y s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n th\u00f4ng qua th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. \u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u1ee9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c da \u0111en xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u00e1m gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y quy \u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en, th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng b\u00e0i b\u00e1c, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng. H\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng s\u1edf h\u1eefu ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean con b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean do ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1ea1o ra, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u Phi, m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ebfn \u2013 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft. Khi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1eafng nghe \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c tinh t\u00fay M\u1ef9, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang nghe th\u1ea5y. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u00e1t \u0111au bu\u1ed3n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e1t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m d\u1ecbu n\u1ed7i \u0111au th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y hy v\u1ecdng trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng mong \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ebft, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ph\u00fac \u00e2m c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. Gi\u1eefa b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng Mississippi, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra nh\u1ea1c jazz v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1c blues. V\u00e0 ch\u00ednh trong nh\u1eefng khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea3i sinh s\u1ed1ng, thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean qu\u00e1 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u0129a h\u00e1t c\u0169 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ea1c m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hip-hop.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 th\u1eddi trang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng tr\u1ed1ng trong \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u Phi nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u Phi. T\u1eeb s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u2013 c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 da tr\u1eafng \u2013 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u201cch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng\u201d th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n phong c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, ti\u1ebfng l\u00f3ng v\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c M\u1ef9 l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0 Langston Hughes \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1926, \u201cR\u1ed3i h\u1ecd s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y t\u00f4i \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o\/ V\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 \u2013 \/ T\u00f4i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9.\u201d[23]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u201cV\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en\u201d (Negro problem). H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n trang cho n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ch\u0129a m\u0169i d\u00f9i v\u00e0o t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i, sinh con ngo\u00e0i gi\u00e1 th\u00fa, t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 theo h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y, trong m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c (racial caste system), l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u00f3 trong khi l\u1ea1i b\u1ecf qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c: r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e2u h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ieshia Evans b\u1ecb c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean th\u1ef1c thi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt b\u1eaft gi\u1eef t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh \u201cBlack Lives Matter\u201d (Ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng) n\u0103m 2016 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a S\u1edf C\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t Baton Rouge. \u1ea2nh:Jonathan Bachman \/ Reuters<\/p>\n

\u1ede tu\u1ed5i 43, t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu c\u1ea3nh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 trong 250 n\u0103m; ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201ct\u1ef1 do\u201d v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd m\u1edbi 50 n\u0103m nay. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i \u0111\u00f3, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed tr\u00e0n lan, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, trong n\u0103m th\u1ee9 400 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u ra r\u1eb1ng, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p?<\/p>\n

Khi t\u00f4i c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u2013 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd khi h\u1ecdc l\u1edbp n\u0103m ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbp s\u00e1u \u2013 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 giao cho l\u1edbp ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i t\u1eadp nh\u1eb1m ca t\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u2013 \u201cn\u1ed3i n\u1ea5u ch\u1ea3y\u201d[24]<\/a><\/sup> v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c. C\u00f4 \u1ea5y h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ng\u1eafn v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ebd l\u00e1 c\u1edd c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3. Khi c\u00f4 gi\u00e1o quay l\u01b0ng vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i t\u1eadp l\u00ean b\u1ea3ng, t\u00f4i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 b\u00e9 da \u0111en kh\u00e1c trong l\u1edbp nh\u00ecn nhau m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00f3a \u0111i m\u1ecdi m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1eebng c\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u Phi, v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ea3 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00ecnh, th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00e1 c\u1edd n\u00e0o cho \u201cch\u00e2u Phi\u201d c\u1ea3. \u0110\u00e3 qu\u00e1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n khi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong hai \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb da \u0111en trong l\u1edbp, v\u00e0 b\u00e0i t\u1eadp n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf th\u00eam v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb da tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, t\u00f4i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u g\u1ea7n b\u00e0n gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u Phi ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, \u01b0\u1edbc g\u00ec t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i thu\u1edf nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00f4 b\u00e9 \u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o c\u00f4 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 ki\u00eau h\u00e3nh v\u1ebd n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i sao v\u00e0 s\u1ecdc tr\u00ean qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng, v\u00ec th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cM\u1ef9\u201d nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

H\u1ebeT<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1eeda l\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2019 c\u1ee7a NYT
\n<\/strong>M\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c k\u00fd Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1776, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng\u00a0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i k\u00fd v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u0169ng vi\u1ebft sai h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn tranh C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. T\u00ean \u00f4ng \u1ea5y l\u00e0 Samuel Bryan, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Byron.<\/p>\n

Ghi ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a Bi\u00ean t\u1eadp vi\u00ean ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2020<\/strong>
\nM\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng mong mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh C\u00e1ch M\u1ea1ng (Revolutionary War)[25]<\/a><\/sup>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ecdc th\u00eam<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Nikole Hannah-Jones<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y b\u00fat c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed. Nh\u1eadn h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng MacArthur[26]<\/sup><\/a> n\u0103m 2017, c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Qu\u1ed1c gia, Gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Peabody v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng George Polk[27]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Adam Pendleton<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda, tranh c\u1eaft gh\u00e9p, video v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb trong s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Trong b\u00e0i n\u00e0y, c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba\u201d (colonist) s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng di d\u00e2n da tr\u1eafng g\u1ed1c \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 khai kh\u1ea9n, \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0\u2026trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Gi\u1ea3i Pulitzer l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng danh gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, trao cho nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. Gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng ra \u0111\u1eddi theo di ch\u00fac n\u0103m 1904 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u00f9m b\u00e1o ch\u00ed Joseph Pulitzer.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> D\u1ef1 \u00e1n 1619<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1edfi T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed New York Times<\/em> v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2019 v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i di s\u1ea3n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 400 n\u0103m ng\u00e0y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn Virginia. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Nikole Hannah-Jones, ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Th\u1eddi b\u00e1o New York, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n c\u1ee7a t\u1edd b\u00e1o, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tin r\u1eb1ng \u201cc\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u201d (Xem Wikipedia)<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n \u201cfrom can\u2019t-see-in-the-morning to can\u2019t-see-at-night\u201d \u2013 \u201ct\u1eeb khi ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng cho t\u1edbi l\u00fac kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i\u201d<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> H\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3u Lynch: tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng khai b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lynching<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/hoctap24h.vn\/hanh-hinh-kieu-linso-mot-phuong-dien-nguoi-biet-cua-nen-van-minh<\/a><\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Jim Crow laws \u2013 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Mason-Dixon Line, ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa Maryland v\u00e0 Pennsylvania \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u00f4ng Ohio, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi ph\u00e2n chia gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c bang gia n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf ph\u00eda nam v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bang t\u1ef1 do \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n: \u201cDad, too, struggled to find promise in this land\u201d. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u01a1i ch\u1eef v\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t H\u1ee9a (Promised Land).<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Ch\u1eb7ng Gi\u1eefa: m\u1ed9t ch\u1eb7ng trong giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng tam gi\u00e1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi\u00a0 b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c con t\u00e0u r\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2u Phi v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft c\u00f3c, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n ngang qua \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7; c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t chuy\u1ebfn h\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh. Ch\u1eb7ng \u0110\u1ea7u l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft (n\u00f4 l\u1ec7) \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u Phi, n\u01a1i h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean t\u00e0u. Ch\u1eb7ng Cu\u1ed1i l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb c\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a n\u01a1i b\u1ed1c d\u1ee1 (disembarkation), nh\u01b0 Charleston, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c, n\u01a1i n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb b\u1eaft ph\u1ea3i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ecdc. Ch\u1eb7ng Gi\u1eefa qua \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ed1i Ch\u1eb7ng \u0110\u1ea7u v\u00e0 Ch\u1eb7ng Cu\u1ed1i. Ngu\u1ed3n: Wilipedia<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb sau n\u0103m 1763 t\u1ea1i m\u01b0\u1eddi ba thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Anh \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y sinh cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Anh (1775\u20131783). Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp n\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hoa K\u1ef3, cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Anh, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ngu\u1ed3n: Wikipedia.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> Jefferson \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00e0n di \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n trong su\u1ed1t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u00f4ng \u0111i t\u1eeb Virginia \u0111\u1ebfn Philadelphia. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t nghi\u00eang n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean ng\u0103n k\u00e9o kh\u00f3a, n\u01a1i c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef b\u00fat v\u00e0 m\u1ef1c. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a B\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh chi\u1ebfc b\u00e0n di \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y. Ngu\u1ed3n: Internet.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 (chattel slavery), c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (chattel) c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua v\u00e0 b\u00e1n nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n \u201cHow is it that we hear the loudest yelps for liberty among the drivers of Negroes?\u201d Hay \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n: How is it that we hear the loudest crys for freedom from the slavers of blacks? https:\/\/simple.wikiquote.org\/wiki\/Samuel_Johnson<\/a><\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> V\u1ee5 Dred Scott ki\u1ec7n Sandford (n\u0103m 1857) \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 v\u1ee5 \u00e1n g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a Abraham Lincoln \u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u2013 l\u00ean ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1860 v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u1edf M\u1ef9 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/hvnh.edu.vn\/law\/vi\/cau-chuyen-phap-luat\/10-vu-an-noi-tieng-nhat-lich-su-tu-phap-my-149.html<\/a><\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i, Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u201d l\u00e0 c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> Hai \u0111o\u1ea1n trong ngo\u1eb7c [\u2026] \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 th\u00eam v\u00e0o cho \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a A. Lincoln. Xem https:\/\/quod.lib.umich.edu\/l\/lincoln\/lincoln5\/1:812?rgn=div1;view=fulltext<\/a><\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> M\u1ed9t tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p (s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia hay c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t bang (V\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9). Trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u00f3 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u201cc\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn\u201d hay \u201cv\u1eefng ch\u1eafc\u201d, c\u00e1c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ban h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. Ngu\u1ed3n: Wikipedia<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> Theo nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Rayford Logan, \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1y (nadir) c\u1ee7a quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1eeb khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac T\u00e1i thi\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1877 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, khi n\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c trong n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y. Ngu\u1ed3n: Wikipedia<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> \u0110\u1ecdc th\u00eam v\u1ec1 v\u1ee5 \u00e1n Plessy ki\u1ec7n Ferguson<\/em> t\u1ea1i link http:\/\/nghiencuuquocte.org\/2017\/07\/28\/tu-chinh-an-thu-14-duoc-thong-qua\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> Th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t (the Greatest Generation) l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 mi\u00eau tr\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong \u0110\u1ea1i suy tho\u00e1i v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi II, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cthe Greatest Generation\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi c\u1ef1u bi\u00ean t\u1eadp vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a NBC Nightly News v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Tom Brokaw trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f9ng t\u00ean. https:\/\/www.investopedia.com\/terms\/t\/the_greatest_generation.asp<\/a><\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> \u00dd n\u00f3i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111i tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t qu\u1ed1c gia xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u201cd\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> Seasoning: thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0103n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd m\u1edbi. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu \u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4. Ngu\u1ed3n: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seasoning_(colonialism)<\/a><\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> \u201cThey\u2019ll see how beautiful I am\/And be ashamed\u2014\/I, too, am America.\u201d t\u1eeb b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u201cI, too\u201d c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 M\u1ef9 da \u0111en n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Langston Hughes (1902 \u2013 1967). Xem: https:\/\/www.poetryfoundation.org\/poems\/47558\/i-too<\/a><\/p>\n

[24]<\/a>\u00a0 \u201cN\u1ed3i n\u1ea5u ch\u1ea3y\u201d: nguy\u00ean v\u0103n \u201cmelting pot\u201d n\u01a1i c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea5u ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn nhau.<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a> Revolutionary War (hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 American War of Independence) l\u00e0 Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn gi\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 (cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Anh v\u00e0 13 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Anh \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1775 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1783, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a H\u1ee3p ch\u1ee7ng qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3)<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a> H\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng MacArthur l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 5 n\u0103m t\u1eeb Qu\u1ef9 MacArthur cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd c\u00f2n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb 625.000 \u0111\u00f4 la, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng qu\u00fd trong v\u00f2ng 5 n\u0103m. H\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 linh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00e0o. (Theo trang web c\u1ee7a MacArthur Foundation)<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a> National Magazine Award, Peabody Award v\u00e0 George Polk Award l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn trong ng\u00e0nh b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

HOA K\u1ef2 KH\u00d4NG PH\u1ea2I L\u00c0 M\u1ed8T N\u1ec0N D\u00c2N CH\u1ee6, CHO \u0110\u1ebeN KHI NG\u01af\u1edcI M\u1ef8 DA \u0110EN L\u00c0M CHO N\u00d3 TR\u1ede TH\u00c0NH NH\u01af TH\u1ebe T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: NIKOLE HANNAL-JONES \u0110\u0103ng tr\u00ean b\u00e1o The New York Times ng\u00e0y 14\/8\/2019 (Courtesy of NYT) Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch: L\u00ea T\u00f9ng Qu\u00e2n & \u0110\u1ed7 Th\u1ecb Thu Tr\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh: Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh L\u1eddi<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4012"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4012"}],"version-history":[{"count":54,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4012\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4988,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4012\/revisions\/4988"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4012"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4012"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4012"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}