{"id":409,"date":"2017-08-23T11:46:51","date_gmt":"2017-08-23T04:46:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=409"},"modified":"2023-01-31T20:23:53","modified_gmt":"2023-01-31T13:23:53","slug":"toan-hoc-va-nghe-thuat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/toan-hoc-va-nghe-thuat\/","title":{"rendered":"To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt"},"content":{"rendered":"

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TO\u00c1N H\u1eccC v\u00e0 NGH\u1ec6 THU\u1eacT [1]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u00e0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m cho v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a anh ta, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Albert Einstein<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u201cn\u1eef ho\u00e0ng\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Nh\u01b0ng \u00edt ai bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. T\u00f4i xin c\u00f3 v\u00e0i l\u1eddi ghi ch\u00fa th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb n\u00e0y. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p, theo tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00e0o \u0110\u1ee9c Friedrich Schiller. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n. C\u1ea3 hai, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201c\u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 mi\u1ec5n nhi\u1ec5m tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d, \u00f4ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1edbt l\u00e0m c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u, c\u00e1i \u00e1c. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. C\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p, th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9, aesthetics, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd: Copernic \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t thuy\u1ebft nh\u1eadt t\u00e2m v\u00ec to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111em l\u1ea1i ni\u1ec3m vui th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 cho \u00f4ng; Kepler c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u00ecm c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt h\u00e0nh tinh; Newton tin v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u00e0 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p v\u0169 tr\u1ee5; thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Maxwell, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Dirac, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n, m\u1ed7i th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u mang m\u1ed9t v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9.<\/p>\n

M\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t<\/i> (universal) trong t\u00e2m l\u00fd con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda b\u1edfi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a (Denis Dutton). H\u1ed9i h\u1ecda \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hang \u0111\u1ed9ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. Tranh kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7 Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch \u1edf Brazil. Opera \u00dd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c \u1edf Trrung Qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u1ea1c vi\u1ec7n Vienna \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cc\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i\u201d b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Tranh Van Gogh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9t xuy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u00f3i chung th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, \u00f3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m, tinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u00f4n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u00f3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Heian, h\u01a1n 1000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1eef kana<\/i> v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, \u0111i t\u00ecm t\u00f2i, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ham s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1i m\u1edbi. Nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi th\u1ea5y Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c duy t\u00e2n<\/i> \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1.<\/p>\n

To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb Trung c\u1ed5 sang Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng gian hai chi\u1ec1u sang kh\u00f4ng gian ba chi\u1ec1u<\/i> m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, optical perspective. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13 sang 14 tr\u1edf \u0111i. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda m\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Duccio, Giotto, ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3 Leonardo (da Vinci), v\u00e0 D\u00fcrer. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ef9 \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4 c\u1ee9ng, thi\u1ebfu s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a trung th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5. V\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian ba chi\u1ec1u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng th\u1ecbt, th\u1ea5y thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng quay sang to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p t\u1eebng l\u00e0m, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t (essence) c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 cho n\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi trao cho to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc vai tr\u00f2 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean r\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c b\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. C\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Galilei, r\u1eb1ng Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef to\u00e1n, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\"Sandro<\/p>\n

Ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c ch\u00e2n dung c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u1ebb (kho\u1ea3ng 1480-85) c\u1ee7a danh h\u1ecda Sandro Botticelli\u00a0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n n\u00e9t tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng (hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u1edf Vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng St\u00e4del th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Frankfurt)<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng bao tr\u00f9m l\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 Einstein l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u00ean phong trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u00fd. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u201cPh\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o\u201d theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Joseph Schumpeter. C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng gian, th\u1eddi gian, v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 chia tay v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 trong c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, kh\u00f4ng gian, th\u1eddi gian, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u01b0\u1edbc ra kh\u1ecfi th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7, d\u1ea3i Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1eafm nh\u00ecn c\u1ea3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201cchi\u1ec1u k\u00edch\u201d m\u1edbi. Song song v\u00e0 \u201cs\u00e1t n\u00fat\u201d, cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra. Ch\u1ec9 hai n\u0103m sau khi Einstein l\u00e0m tan v\u1ee1 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng gian b\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p (1905), th\u00ec Georges Braque v\u00e0 Pablo Picasso l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u0169 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Einstein, h\u1ecd t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eef c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng:<\/p>\n

1907: Picasso t\u1ea1o ra t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u1eadp th\u1ec3 Les Demoiselles d\u2019Avignon<\/i><\/p>\n

1913: Braque t\u1ea1o ra Femme \u00e0 la guitare<\/i><\/p>\n

Picasso nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n Einstein ch\u1ec9 hai tu\u1ed5i, Braque nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n ba tu\u1ed5i. H\u1ecd, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Lise Meitner, Max von Laue, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd thu\u1ed9c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00f2m sao \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

Einstein v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t m\u1edbi: kh\u00f4ng gian b\u1ed1n chi\u1ec1u<\/i>, t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian, th\u1eddi gian, v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 continuum b\u1ed1n chi\u1ec1u u\u1ed1n cong nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00fang th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ecdt qua con m\u1eaft lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi h\u1ecda s\u0129. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Einstein v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i l\u1eadp th\u1ec3 (cubism), nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb, tuy r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Maurice Princet c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 nghe v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

\"Les<\/p>\n

Picasso, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, 1907<\/i><\/p>\n

\"Image<\/p>\n

Braque, Femme \u00e0 la guitare, 1913<\/i><\/p>\n

\"http:\/\/xroads.virginia.edu\/%7Emuseum\/armory\/galleryi\/I_85_240.b.jpg\"<\/p>\n

Duchamp, Portrait de joueurs d’\u00e9checs,<\/i> 1911<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p thuy\u1ebft Einstein c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 danh h\u1ecda l\u1eadp th\u1ec3 Marcel Duchamp, v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Portrait de joueurs d\u2019\u00e9checs<\/i> (1911). C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecda s\u0129 kh\u00e1c, n\u0103m 1911 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian b\u1ed1n chi\u1ec1u, Trait\u00e9 \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire de g\u00e9om\u00e9trie \u00e0 quatre dimensions<\/i> (1903) c\u1ee7a Elie Jouffret, \u0111i\u1ec1u sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a Einstein (qua b\u00e0n tay c\u1ee7a Minkowski). Cho n\u00ean \u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian n\u00f3i tr\u00ean. Chi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 theo c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc Einstein kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng gian.<\/p>\n

\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/d\/dd\/The_Persistence_of_Memory.jpg\"<\/p>\n

Dali, The Persistence of Memory<\/i> (1931)<\/p>\n

B\u1ee9c tranh \u201cTr\u00ed nh\u1edb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n\u201d (The persistence of memory) c\u1ee7a Salvador Dali (1931) GS Nguy\u1ec5n Ti\u1ebfn D\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cS\u1ef1 tan ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian\u201d v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 tan ch\u1ea3y. M\u00e0 kh\u00e1i th\u1eddi gian \u201ctan ch\u1ea3y\u201d ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1edf thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a Einstein: th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf, nh\u01b0 tan ch\u1ea3y, ho\u1eb7c \u201cc\u00f4 \u0111\u1eb7c\u201d l\u1ea1i. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, b\u1ee9c tranh di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian trong Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p. Trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi si\u00eau th\u1ef1c (Surrealist), th\u00ec Dali l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i khoa h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi Einstein v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/6\/6b\/Hoch-Cut_With_the_Kitchen_Knife.jpg\"<\/p>\n

Hannah H\u00f6ch, Cut with the Dada Kitchen Knife through the Last Weimar <\/i><\/p>\n

Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany, 1919, Collage<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n sang vai c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i, thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. C\u1ea3m x\u00fac t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian ba hay b\u1ed1n chi\u1ec1u, hay v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u00f3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/i>, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Anh Augustus de Morgan nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cS\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh lay chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t minh ra to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u00f3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/i>\u201d Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng gian, th\u1eddi gian, t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng gian cong tr\u00ean h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Einstein \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00fang vai tr\u00f2 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho \u00f3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Thuy\u1ebft Einstein l\u00ean gi\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ef9 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm sau kh\u00fac quanh 1919. \u201cS\u1ef1 hoan h\u00f4 d\u00e2ng l\u00ean d\u00e0nh cho Einstein v\u00e0 Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i sau 1919 s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ebf cho Duchamp v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecda s\u0129 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 20, t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc thay th\u1ebf chi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng gian th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian nh\u01b0 chi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, chi\u1ec1u s\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang cho ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Ch\u1ec9 \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a 1960 v\u00e0 1970 chi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 nh\u01b0 chi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng gian m\u1edbi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb m\u00e1y t\u00ednh\u201d, nh\u01b0 Linda Dalrymple Henderson, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0110H Austin, Texas, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh. B\u00e0 c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng: The Fourth Dimension and Non-Euclidean Geometry in Modern Art<\/i>. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u0103m 1983, th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu ch\u1ec9nh n\u0103m 2013.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 John Wheeler v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1o ra th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng<\/i> c\u1ee7a Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng l\u1ea1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. H\u1ecda s\u0129 Tony Robbin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u1edf NYU, tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Wheeler. \u00d4ng thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Paul Steinhardt v\u00e0 Engelbert Schucking trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u0103m 1992 c\u00f3 t\u00ean Fourfield: Computers, Art, and the Fourth Dimention<\/i>. N\u0103m 2006 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00eam quy\u1ec3n Shadows of Reality: The Fourth Dimension in Relativity, Cubism, and Modern Thought<\/i>. H\u1ecda s\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt pop ti\u00ean phong James Rosenquist say m\u00ea v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m x\u00fac trong c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c tranh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 Mariner \u2212 Speed of Light<\/i> (1999), hay The stowaway peers out at the speed of light<\/i>, 2001. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i: \u201cC\u00e1c b\u1ee9c tranh n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi, hay m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng.\u201d C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u201cs\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t\u201d, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Rosenquist, \u201ckh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi gi\u1eefa h\u1ec7 qui chi\u1ebfu (frame of reference) c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang \u00f4ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 h\u1ecda s\u0129, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng du h\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng\u201d nh\u01b0 Henderson vi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

James Rosenquis, The stowaway peers out at the speed of light<\/i>, 2001<\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00ean ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi. Ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh Nh\u1eadt Hiroshi Sugimoto d\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201ct\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb tr\u00ed\u201d (simultaneity of place) nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a Einstein. N\u1ebfu trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, \u201ct\u1eeb H\u00f6ch \u0111\u1ebfn Warloh, hay t\u1eeb Mandelsohn v\u00e0 Dali \u0111\u1ebfn Rosenquist, Einstein v\u00e0 Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t k\u00edch th\u00edch quan tr\u1ecdng, cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi (iconography), v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o phong c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0, hay nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf\u201d th\u00ec sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21, \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng th\u00eam b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y nh\u01b0 David Gross v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0ng (membrance) c\u1ee7a Lisa Randall, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 du h\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i, \u2018s\u1ef1 l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ec1u\u2019 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 v\u1edbi Einstein v\u00e0 Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21\u201d nh\u01b0 Linda Henderson nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00ean h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd kh\u00e1c \u2212 l\u00ean to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc! C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u00ean Nicolas Bourbaki huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 Andr\u00e9 Weil (anh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u1eef tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Simone Weil). Cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1eabn gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb. Weil \u0111i chu du v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t, v\u00e0 m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc. V\u1edbi 15 tu\u1ed5i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Arthur Eddington v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, hi\u1ec3u v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u1eabn to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. N\u0103m sau, 1922, khi Einstein di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1edf Coll\u00e8ge de France, th\u00ec Weil ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o nghe. Tham d\u1ef1 bu\u1ed5i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 to\u00e0n nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eb7ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng Andr\u00e9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Jacques Hadamard thu x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y m\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Weil c\u0169ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, c\u0169ng \u0111i xem tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m c\u1ee7a Picasso \u1edf Zurich, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111ang ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u0169, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Einstein ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u1ef1 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Nh\u1eefng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea Capoulade th\u1eddi nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1930-1940 (Internet)<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn I, Weil mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u1edbi. Tr\u01b0a ng\u00e0y 10, th\u00e1ng 12, 1934, Weil tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i qu\u00e1n Caf\u00e9 GrillRoom \u00c0 Capoulade<\/i> (ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1eefa) s\u1ed1 63 Boulevard Saint Michel, v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m Nicolas Bourbaki ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ra \u0111\u1eddi, g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc t\u00e0i n\u0103ng tr\u1ebb Henri Cartan, Claud Chevalley, Jean Delsarte, Jean Dieudonn\u00e9, Ren\u00e9 de Possel, v\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean Andr\u00e9 Weil (sau n\u00e0y m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam L. Schwartz, A. Grothendieck, J. P. Serre, A. Borel, R. Godement, P. Samuel, J. Dixmier, P. Cartier\u2026). To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00f3a (axiomatized), nh\u01b0 trong thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a Eisntein, hay trong C\u00e1c s\u01a1 s\u1edf<\/i> c\u1ee7a Euclid, tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t. Bourbaki s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u201cBig Bang\u201d trong to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u2212 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p (theorie des ensembles), ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh t\u00f4p\u00f4, t\u00f4p\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1, h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1, nh\u00f3m Lie, thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 (category theory), \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac (structure), g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean t\u1edbi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p Denis Guedj nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: \u201c\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o t\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u2018nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t\u2019, Bourbaki mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c suy ra c\u1ea3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m duy nh\u1ea5t\u201d. Kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p. N\u1ebfu hai ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc Euclid \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng, v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ea3 n\u1ec1n to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec nay, nh\u00f3m Bourbaki c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf<\/i> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Euclid nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc hai ng\u00e0n n\u0103m t\u1edbi. Hai c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd l\u00e0 ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00f3a<\/i> (axiomatization), v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/i>. Ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00f3a l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Euclid, hay Hilbert, v\u00e0 Einstein. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u00e0 m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i.<\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Bourbaki d\u00e0nh cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u2212 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Weil c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ra k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u2205 cho t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p r\u1ed7ng, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t k\u00fd t\u1ef1 trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Na Uy l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f4i l\u1eddi ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt<\/i>.<\/p>\n

NXX<\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ng 10, 2016<\/p>\n

—
\nCh\u00fa gi\u1ea3i:<\/p>\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> B\u00e0i n\u00e0y vi\u1ebft nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u201cTo\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt\u201d c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Ti\u1ebfn D\u0169ng, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 to\u00e1n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Toulouse, Ph\u00e1p, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh s\u01b0u t\u1eadp v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f4ng phu, \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng xuy\u00ean qua l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  TO\u00c1N H\u1eccC v\u00e0 NGH\u1ec6 THU\u1eacT [1] Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh   Nh\u00e0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m cho v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a anh ta, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Albert Einstein<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/409"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=409"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/409\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1746,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/409\/revisions\/1746"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=409"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=409"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=409"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}