{"id":4265,"date":"2020-10-17T17:31:05","date_gmt":"2020-10-17T10:31:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=4265"},"modified":"2020-10-17T17:31:05","modified_gmt":"2020-10-17T10:31:05","slug":"huyen-thoai-tu-do-cua-giai-cap-trung-luu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/huyen-thoai-tu-do-cua-giai-cap-trung-luu\/","title":{"rendered":"Huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a Giai c\u1ea5p trung l\u01b0u"},"content":{"rendered":"

HUY\u1ec0N THO\u1ea0I V\u1ec0 CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A T\u1ef0 DO<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ee6A GIAI C\u1ea4P TRUNG L\u01afU<\/span><\/p>\n

DAVID MOTADEL<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ph\u00f3 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u1ec1 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb London (LSE), Anh qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

NGUY\u1ec4N XU\u00c2N XANH Chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em>. Gia c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, hay trung l\u01b0u, t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i quan tr\u1ecdng b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7, t\u0103ng l\u1eef v\u00e0 quan l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i phong ki\u1ebfn. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. Giai c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y t\u1ecf ra ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn, ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do, t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, t\u1ef1 do th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p trung l\u01b0u, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi doanh nh\u00e2n, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean giai c\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap cho Hitler v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c X\u00e3 NSDAP l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c.[1]<\/a> \u0110\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi trung l\u01b0u n\u00f3i chung.<\/p>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 David Motadel \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh: B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u201chuy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i\u201d. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng tham kh\u1ea3o v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ea7n x\u00e9t ri\u00eang. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh t\u1eeb r\u00e1ch r\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3i qua s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i sau h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh, d\u00e2n c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 n\u00e9t \u201cv\u0103n minh – khai s\u00e1ng\u201d Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i. \u0110\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ecf ra ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecd t\u1ecf ra \u201ch\u00e0i h\u00f2a\u201d h\u01a1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i t\u00ednh c\u1ea1nh tranh, h\u00e0i h\u00f2a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu c\u01a1, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 m\u00fcndig<\/em>, tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh<\/em>, v\u00e0 ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 \u201ckh\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 chu\u1ed1c l\u1ea5y\u201d (selbstverschuldete Unm\u00fcndigkeit<\/em>, Kant). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 quy lu\u1eadt, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c1, “c\u00e1i n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh” (Montesquieu), v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 ch\u00e2u \u00c1.<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Motadel \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean b\u00e1o The New York Times<\/em> th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2020 d\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1: The Myth of Middle-Class Liberalism<\/em>: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/01\/22\/opinion\/middle-class-liberalism-populism.html<\/a><\/p>\n

th\u00e1ng 2 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u0110\u1ee9c Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft<\/em> (IPG) d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean Der Mythos des liberalen B\u00fcrgertums<\/em>:<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.ipg-journal.de\/regionen\/global\/artikel\/der-mythos-des-liberalen-buergertums-4040\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Xin ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1m \u01a1n t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 David Motadel v\u00e0 hai t\u1edd b\u00e1o NYT v\u00e0 IPG.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2729 \u2729 \u2729<\/p>\n

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\u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do? V\u1edbi giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng<\/p>\n

ch\u1eafc c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do\u201d. \u1ea2nh minh h\u1ecda v\u00e0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o \u0110\u1ee9c IPG.<\/p>\n

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GIAI<\/span> C<\/span>\u1ea4P<\/span><\/span><\/span> T<\/span>\u01af<\/span> S<\/span>\u1ea2N<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u1edfi m\u1edf. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u1ecd hi\u1ebfm khi l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f4n vinh s\u1ef1 \u0111i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u – t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp – nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edf v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea5n an ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng, t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a kinh t\u1ebf s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. \u0110\u1eb1ng sau l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua, nh\u1eefng hy v\u1ecdng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tan v\u1ee1. S\u1ef1 lan r\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a trung l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i: C\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp Ch\u00e2u Phi, Ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 Trung \u0110\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, trong khi c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 M\u1ef9, b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf kh\u00e1 m\u1edf c\u1eeda \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1c l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 m\u1ecb d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. V\u1eady t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y?<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng – t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e3<\/em> th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee9ng tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, khi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh gi\u1eefa t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tinh hoa \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1m r\u1ec5 s\u00e2u. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu, t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham gia d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n. H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n l\u1edbn v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng), gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1), t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

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Ph\u00e1 ng\u1ee5c ng\u1ee5c Bastille ng\u00e0y 14. 7. 1789.<\/p>\n

Photos.com\/Thinkstock<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Giai c\u1ea5p trung l\u01b0u \u1ea5p \u1ee7 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a phi-t\u1ef1 do<\/strong><\/p>\n

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V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kinh t\u1ebf-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\u201d, nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc Barrington Moore \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng ghi nh\u1edb trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u0103m 1966 Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7<\/em> (Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy). Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Seymour Martin Lipset trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb: C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc<\/em> (Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics) n\u0103m 1959.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng gi\u1edbi trung l\u01b0u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 phi-t\u1ef1 do khi h\u1ecd lo s\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 c\u0169ng t\u1ecf ra kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i – d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0ng kim c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u \u1edf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ed1ng trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf – trong s\u1ed1 \u00edt tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 Anh qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 – v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n. Lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n hoan ngh\u00eanh c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1842, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Heinrich Heine, sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y \u1edf Paris, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u b\u1ecb “th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i”, v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i-kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i n\u0103m 1848. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm m\u1ea5t \u0111i s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u b\u1ecb ho\u1ea3ng lo\u1ea1n, khi\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3m b\u1edfi n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i c\u1ee7a c\u01a1n th\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

\u1ee6ng h\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng khai ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t-x\u00edt<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, l\u00e0m l\u1ed9 ra nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi y\u00eau s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u201cC\u00e1c c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu cho th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf\u201d, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Frederick Cooper v\u00e0 Ann Laura Stoler \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 c\u0169ng t\u1ecf ra \u00edt quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i – c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n. B\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng – d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i – l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trung l\u01b0u, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ec1m Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn I, giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n s\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ef1c \u0111oan nh\u1ea5t, tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng khai \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t-x\u00edt trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m gi\u1eefa hai cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh – kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u. Kinh ho\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00f3ng ma c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f9ng c\u00e1nh h\u1eefu, cho th\u1ea5y \u00edt s\u1ef1 cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 Mussolini, Franco v\u00e0 Hitler d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 cho t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Carl Schmitt, nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ph\u00e1p l\u00fd kh\u00e9t ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Hitler, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u t\u01b0 h\u1eefu. Edvard Benes, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia t\u1ef1 do Ti\u1ec7p Kh\u1eafc, \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1940 t\u1eeb l\u00fac l\u01b0u vong \u1edf Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n: \u201cC\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng logic, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y trong nh\u1eefng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n.\u201d<\/p>\n

T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/em> t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb?<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i cho ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t h\u00e1o h\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc George Mosse \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u201cm\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u00e9p\u201d trong c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u, \u201cph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n Do Th\u00e1i\u201d, v\u00e0 \u201cv\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng-t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i\u201d. Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u0103m 1951 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a to\u00e0n tr\u1ecb<\/em>, Hannah Arendt \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u201cgiai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ee9c\u201d, giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 v\u00e0o phong tr\u00e0o Hitler v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng \u201ccai tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng\u201d, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 \u201cgi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng Pyrros\u201d (thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 cho k\u1ebb chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, ND) b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u201c\u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u1ecf ra kh\u00e1 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 \u2018thanh l\u00fd\u2019 giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.\u201d<\/p>\n

Trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u1ecb th\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n sang ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng (protest politics), tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f9ng d\u00e2n t\u00fay s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n – nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd v\u1eabn \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang xem ra ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t b\u00e0n tay c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn \u2013 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i – ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 h\u1ecd – \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed hoan ngh\u00eanh. \u1ede nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, t\u1eeb Trung \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1ef9 Latinh, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i v\u00e0, s\u1ee3 m\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 cho m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean quy lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u. C\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u00edt k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi nhau h\u01a1n ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edfng. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 phi-t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ti\u00ean thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh \u00e1p b\u1ee9c n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd s\u1ee3 m\u1ea5t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1edfi Max Horkheimer v\u00e0 Theodor Adorno, hai nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Frankfurt, trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u0103m 1947 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u201cPh\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Khai s\u00e1ng\u201d. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u Janus hai m\u1eb7t. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c n\u0103m qua \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bm\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. H\u00e3y xem cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ganesh Sitaraman n\u0103m 2017 Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea1ng Trung l\u01b0u<\/em> (The Crisis of the Middle-Class Constitution) c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3\u201d. Ho\u1eb7c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Barshe Guilluy Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y<\/em> (No Society: The End of the Western Middle Class) t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2018, quan s\u00e1t gi\u1edbi trung l\u01b0u \u0111ang tan v\u1ee1 \u1edf Ph\u00e1p (v\u00e0 h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa). V\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Daniel Daniel Goffart, S\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m h\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u<\/em> (The End of the Middle Class) t\u1eeb n\u0103m ngo\u00e1i, \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00f9ng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn cho n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia n\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u l\u00e0 ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 do, c\u1edfi m\u1edf, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111e d\u1ecda n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, s\u1ef1 x\u00f3i m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee7 – \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 phi-t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi ngay b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa chuy\u1ec3n sang ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb phi-t\u1ef1 do. Th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 v\u1eeba qua \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bm\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c c\u00fa s\u1ed1c: Cu\u1ed9c suy tho\u00e1i l\u1edbn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u00e2n-t\u1ef1 do qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u201cTh\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1ea1 v\u00e0ng\u201d (Gilded Age) m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gia t\u0103ng, \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u1eb9p c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a trung t\u00e2m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda b\u1edfi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m b\u1ecb g\u1ea1t ra l\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y – d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o.<\/p>\n

Trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kinh t\u1ebf-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u \u0111ang quay sang ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng, tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f9ng d\u00e2n t\u00fay s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u1ed9 m\u00e1y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c (Establisment) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n ng\u01b0ng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ecd. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1o m\u1ea1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u0111i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ecdc h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u1ecf qua h\u1ecd s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 cho h\u1ecd v\u00e0 cho ch\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n

– H\u1ebeT –<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Xem B\u00fcrger f\u00fcr Hitler.<\/em> Nicht nur die alten Eliten, auch das B\u00fcrgertum unterst\u00fctzte Hitler<\/em>: https:\/\/www.rosalux.de\/publikation\/id\/41555<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

HUY\u1ec0N THO\u1ea0I V\u1ec0 CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A T\u1ef0 DO C\u1ee6A GIAI C\u1ea4P TRUNG L\u01afU DAVID MOTADEL Ph\u00f3 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u1ec1 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb London (LSE), Anh qu\u1ed1c. NGUY\u1ec4N XU\u00c2N XANH Chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u. Gia c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, hay trung l\u01b0u, t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4265"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4265"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4265\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4273,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4265\/revisions\/4273"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4265"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4265"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4265"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}