{"id":4274,"date":"2020-10-20T09:20:52","date_gmt":"2020-10-20T02:20:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=4274"},"modified":"2020-10-20T15:36:58","modified_gmt":"2020-10-20T08:36:58","slug":"ta-van-tai-nguoi-phu-nu-qua-luat-phap-va-tap-quan-viet-nam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/ta-van-tai-nguoi-phu-nu-qua-luat-phap-va-tap-quan-viet-nam\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ea1 V\u0103n T\u00e0i: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef qua lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u00cdNH LI\u00caN T\u1ee4C V\u00c0 S\u1ef0 THAY \u0110\u1ed4I TRONG VAI TR\u00d2 <\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ee6A PH\u1ee4 N\u1eee VI\u1ec6T NAM QUA C\u00c1C TH\u1edcI K\u1ef2<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea0 V\u0102N T\u00c0I<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Harvard Law School & <\/span>Lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Massachusetts<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed6 TH\u1eca THU TR\u00c0<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Anh<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n

L\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/em>. B\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a GS T\u1ea1 V\u0103n T\u00e0i, chuy\u00ean gia lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, cho th\u1ea5y b\u1ee9c tranh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu ch\u1ec9nh so v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n t\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 phong ki\u1ebfn cho t\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch vinh danh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u. NXX<\/p>\n

\u2729<\/span>\u2729<\/span>\u2729<\/span><\/h2>\n

Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00ec “ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u1eafm m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi\u201d, nh\u01b0 Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng t\u1eebng n\u00f3i, v\u00e0 \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a: v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u0103n minh Trung Hoa, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, d\u00f9 \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc hay trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. V\u00ec v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng lao to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1eef\u00a0anh h\u00f9ng\u00a0trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u01b0 Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Trung Hoa, gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u0103m 40-43 sau C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean, hay B\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u (249 sau C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean) ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng t\u1eebng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4 Giang v\u00e0 C\u00f4 B\u1eafc, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng n\u1eef anh h\u00f9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u00a0ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00f2i quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.\u00a0\u0110\u00fang h\u01a1n, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0vai tr\u00f2 kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u201cb\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d trong su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t CH\u1ee6 \u0110\u1ec0 XUY\u00caN SU\u1ed0T trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam: c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng NH\u1eeeNG T\u1eacP QU\u00c1N D\u00c2N GIAN TH\u1ef0C S\u1ef0, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, \u0110\u00c3 LU\u00d4N \u1ee6NG H\u1ed8 VAI TR\u00d2 B\u00ccNH \u0110\u1eb2NG C\u1ee6A PH\u1ee4 N\u1eee VI\u1ec6T NAM, V\u00cc V\u1eacY \u0110\u00c1NH B\u1ea0I NH\u1eeeNG \u0110\u1ecaNH KI\u1ebeN DO NAM GI\u1edaI T\u1ea0O RA, V\u00c0 LU\u1eacT PH\u00c1P \u00a0CU\u1ed0I C\u00d9NG C\u0168NG TH\u00cdCH \u1ee8NG V\u1edaI XU TH\u1ebe \u00a0B\u00ccNH \u0110\u1eb4NG N\u00c0Y V\u00c0 TRAO \u0110\u1ecaA V\u1eca B\u00ccNH \u0110\u1eb2NG CHO PH\u1ee4 N\u1eee.<\/span><\/p>\n

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I. PH\u1ee4 N\u1eee VI\u1ec6T NAM TRONG N\u01af\u1edaC VI\u1ec6T NAM TRUY\u1ec0N TH\u1ed0NG: <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

NH\u1eeeNG GI\u00c1 TR\u1eca GIA \u0110\u00ccNH B\u1ea2N \u0110\u1ecaA V\u00c0 \u1ea2NH H\u01af\u1edeNG THEO TRUNG HOA<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Hoa, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Nho gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1\u00a0ba m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c\u00a0(tam c\u01b0\u01a1ng)\u00a0v\u00e0 ba s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c\u00a0(tam t\u00f2ng):\u00a0tam c\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0l\u00e0 (i) l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, (ii) l\u00f2ng hi\u1ebfu ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9, (iii) s\u1ef1 v\u00e2ng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ed3ng;\u00a0v\u00e0 ba ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef: \u201ct\u1ea1i gia t\u00f2ng ph\u1ee5\u201d (theo cha khi c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb), \u201cxu\u1ea5t gi\u00e1 t\u00f2ng phu\u201d (theo ch\u1ed3ng khi l\u1ea5y ch\u1ed3ng) v\u00e0 \u201cphu t\u1eed t\u00f2ng t\u1eed\u201d (theo c\u00e1c con trai khi g\u00f3a ch\u1ed3ng).\u00a0S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 trong ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt.\u00a0Nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ed3ng b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a con ch\u00e1u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9, \u00f4ng b\u00e0.\u00a0M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i khi do ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu do ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng l\u00e0m th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0111\u00e1nh v\u1ee3 kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00edch).\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecf v\u1ee3 v\u00ec m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ea3y l\u00fd do (th\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t) nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con ho\u1eb7c ghen tu\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p n\u00eau tr\u00ean – ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 do nam gi\u1edbi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb – \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a\u00a0vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/u><\/strong>. H\u1ecd tham gia lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ecfi h\u01a1n nam gi\u1edbi trong vai tr\u00f2 n\u00e0y, v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5ng m\u00e0y r\u00e2u m\u00e3i lo chinh chi\u1ebfn qua bao nhi\u00eau cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc ta hay b\u1eadn h\u1ecdc thi \u0111\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o quan tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong th\u01a1 ca gian d\u00e2n, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y vai tr\u00f2 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ed3ng c\u00e0y, v\u1ee3 c\u1ea5y, con tr\u00e2u \u0111i b\u1eeba.<\/span><\/p>\n

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L\u1ea5y ch\u1ed3ng g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c giang san nh\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Quanh n\u0103m bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u1edf mom s\u00f4ng<\/span><\/p>\n

Nu\u00f4i \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103m con v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng<\/span><\/p>\n

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Em th\u1eddi canh c\u1eedi trong nh\u00e0<\/span><\/p>\n

Nu\u00f4i anh \u0111i h\u1ecdc chi\u1ebfm khoa b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0ng<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 vinh hi\u1ec3n t\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00f5 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e8n s\u00e1ch l\u01b0u g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Anh \u01a1i! ph\u1ea3i l\u00ednh th\u00ec \u0111i<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1eeda nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u00e3 th\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00f4i<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ng ch\u1ea1p\u00a0l\u00e0 ti\u1ebft tr\u1ed3ng khoai<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ng gi\u00eang tr\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eadu, th\u00e1ng hai tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e0<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ng ba c\u00e0y b\u1edf ru\u1ed9ng ra<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ng t\u01b0 gieo m\u1ea1, thu\u1eadn h\u00f2a m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ng n\u0103m g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i v\u1eeba r\u1ed3i<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed5 m\u01b0a xu\u1ed1ng, n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span>
\nAnh \u01a1i, gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng<\/span>
\n\u0110\u1ec3 em c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y, m\u1eb7c l\u00f2ng em \u0111\u00e2y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 “B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 N\u1ed9i v\u1ee5” (N\u1ed9i t\u01b0\u1edbng).\u00a0M\u1ed9t du kh\u00e1ch ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, John Barrow, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m l790: \u201cM\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e1ng h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n khi giao b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 vi\u1ec7c quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0o cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Theo \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ph\u00f3 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh.”\u00a0(Chuy\u1ebfn du h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn Nam K\u1ef3\u00a0n\u0103m 1792 v\u00e0 1793, Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n, 1806, tr.302).\u00a0Luro nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1875: “Theo phong t\u1ee5c Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 trong l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta”. (Cours d\u2019Administration Annamite\u00a0, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, 1875, tr.177).<\/span><\/p>\n

Do vai tr\u00f2 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, ngay c\u1ea3\u00a0lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p\u00a0c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i cho h\u1ecd\u00a0b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n th\u00e2n,\u00a0ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt nh\u00e0 L\u00ea quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nhau v\u00e0 s\u1ebd gi\u00e1ng ch\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng b\u1ecf b\u00ea ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb b\u1ecf v\u1ee3.\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ly h\u00f4n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00fd do kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf Trung Hoa (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf b\u00ea kh\u00f4ng th\u0103m vi\u1ebfng, ng\u1ee7 v\u00f3i v\u1ee3 trong v\u00f2ng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng).\u00a0H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ch\u1ed3ng ly h\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 d\u00e2n gian n\u00e0y:<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng t\u00f4i g\u00e1nh g\u00e1nh g\u1ed3ng g\u1ed3ng,<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1edd ra theo ch\u1ed3ng b\u1ea3y b\u1ecb c\u00f2n ba.<\/span><\/p>\n

X\u01b0a t\u00f4i \u1edf c\u00f9ng m\u1eb9 cha,<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1eb9 cha y\u00eau d\u1ea5u nh\u01b0 hoa tr\u00ean c\u00e0nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng anh,<\/span><\/p>\n

Anh tham nhan s\u1eafc anh t\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5 t\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea5t r\u1eafn ch\u1eb3ng n\u1eb7n n\u00ean n\u1ed3i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Anh \u0111i l\u1ea5y v\u1ee3, cho t\u00f4i l\u1ea5y ch\u1ed3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Anh \u0111i l\u1ea5y v\u1ee3 c\u00e1ch s\u00f4ng,<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 t\u00f4i l\u1ea5y ch\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa ng\u00f5 anh ra.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3\u00a0quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n,\u00a0\u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Trung Hoa kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3.\u00a0C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Trung Hoa kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a con g\u00e1i, trong khi lu\u1eadt nh\u00e0 L\u00ea quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng anh ch\u1ecb em ph\u1ea3i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9.\u00a0B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong th\u1eeba k\u1ebf , theo logic, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 thanh l\u00fd kh\u1ed1i h\u00f4n s\u00e5n.\u00a0Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f2n chung s\u1ed1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 tham gia m\u1ecdi giao d\u1ecbch v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n chung c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c do ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 g\u00f3p v\u00e0o.\u00a0Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5 c\u00f3 con, b\u00e0 ta s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd gia s\u1ea3n, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, ngay c\u1ea3 sau khi t\u00e1i h\u00f4n, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n th\u1eeba k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con h\u01b0.\u00a0Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con, g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00f3a v\u1ee3: r\u00fat l\u1ea1i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u00e0 d\u00f2ng t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n;\u00a0v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u00e1i h\u00f4n.\u00a0Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u L\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt t\u1ee5c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n sau n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n tu\u00e2n theo v\u00ec n\u00f3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1i h\u00f4n m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh.\u00a0Quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 h\u01a1n quy t\u1eafc th\u00f4ng lu\u1eadt Anh-M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3: “Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng khi k\u1ebft h\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a anh ta.” (The Law of Baron and Femme, New Haven,1816)<\/span><\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f2n tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ec7nh \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u1ed3ng b\u00e0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1ee9t v\u1ee3 nh\u00ec tr\u1eddi<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00e0m trai r\u1eeda b\u00e1t qu\u00e9t nh\u00e0<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ee3 g\u1ecdi th\u00ec d\u1ea1, “B\u1ea9m b\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e2y!”<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n cho d\u00f9 vai tr\u00f2 kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i, do ni\u1ec1m tin ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Thu\u1eadn v\u1ee3 thu\u1eadn ch\u1ed3ng,<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1t bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u1ea1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ed3ng gi\u1eadn th\u00ec v\u1ee3 l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh<\/span><\/p>\n

Mi\u1ec7ng c\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1edbn h\u1edf, r\u1eb1ng: “Anh gi\u1eadn g\u00ec?”<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

II. PH\u1ee4 N\u1eee VI\u1ec6T NAM T\u1ea0I VI\u1ec6T NAM TH\u1edcI HI\u1ec6N \u0110\u1ea0I: <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ea2NH H\u01af\u1edeNG C\u1ee6A N\u01af\u1edaC PH\u00c1P V\u00c0 CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. T\u1eea TH\u1edcI PH\u00c1P THU\u1ed8C \u0110\u1ebeN N\u0102M 1959.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, h\u1ecd \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n t\u1ee9c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ban h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi, theo b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Napol\u00e9on.\u00a0M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng cho h\u1ecd tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00a0T\u00f2a \u00e1n Ph\u00e1p \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Thanh tri\u1ec1u \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c.\u00a0V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5t l\u00f9i v\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n v\u1eabn c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb b\u1ecf v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1926, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ri\u00eang v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong kh\u1ed1i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn.\u00a0V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1930, khi b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Trung Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 vai tr\u00f2 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kh\u1ed1i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0ng khi ch\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1i h\u00f4n, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u00edt quy\u1ec1n h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 L\u00ea: n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd ch\u1ebft, ch\u1ed3ng h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ri\u00eang do v\u1ee3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p;\u00a0n\u1ebfu tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 t\u00e1i h\u00f4n, h\u1ecd m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n chung n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con.<\/span><\/p>\n

    H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, theo lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00f9i: h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng, s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o do ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1ecdn, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho h\u1ecd trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i xin ph\u00e9p ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec1, m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh ri\u00eang;\u00a0h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi ki\u1ec7n khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho, b\u00e1n, th\u1ebf ch\u1ea5p v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Tuy nhi\u00ean, phong t\u1ee5c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1eabn l\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c.\u00a0Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 cam k\u1ebft r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ch\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c gia \u0111\u00ecnh: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a vai tr\u00f2 \u201cN\u1ed9i t\u01b0\u1edbng\u201d c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, phong t\u1ee5c v\u1eabn tu\u00e2n theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u1eddi L\u00ea l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u1eef k\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 trong vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p v\u1ee3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ri\u00eang khi ly h\u00f4n ho\u1eb7c khi ch\u1ed3ng qua \u0111\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c do vai tr\u00f2 kinh t\u1ebf quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c. \u1ede khu v\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1930, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 phong tr\u00e0o n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng\u00a0ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u1ecfi \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i gia \u0111\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u1eb9 ch\u1ed3ng, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do k\u1ebft h\u00f4n (thay v\u00ec \u0111\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t), vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi – trong kinh doanh, lu\u1eadt, y, d\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi\u00a0(T\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c v\u0103n \u0111o\u00e0n) \u0111\u00e3\u00a0c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn h\u1ebft m\u00ecnh cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef.<\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. QUY\u1ec0N B\u00ccNH \u0110\u1eb2NG M\u1edaI CHO PH\u1ee4 N\u1eee \u1ede VI\u1ec6T NAM T\u1eea N\u0102M 1959 TR\u1ede V\u1ec0 SAU.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      N\u0103m 1954, Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai mi\u1ec1n Nam B\u1eafc.<\/span><\/p>\n

      \u1ede mi\u1ec1n Nam, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 \u201cs\u1ef1 b\u00e1o th\u00f9\u201d v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u00e0 R\u1ed3ng, B\u00e0 Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Nhu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua Lu\u1eadt Gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u1edbi.\u00a0Theo lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng c\u00f9ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n;\u00a0lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p th\u1eadm ch\u00ed cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 sai \u00e1p ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng trong tay b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba;\u00a0th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd h\u01a1n, quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y xa: c\u1ea5m ly h\u00f4n (tr\u1eeb khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng cho ph\u00e9p!), tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i h\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ph\u1ea1t h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1. m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c gi\u1edbi (giao du th\u00e2n m\u1eadt).\u00a0C\u1ea3 v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa sau khi k\u1ebft h\u00f4n.\u00a0Quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p ri\u00eang.\u00a0Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111a th\u00ea b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf.<\/span><\/p>\n

      Lu\u1eadt Gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf sau cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh n\u0103m 1963, nh\u01b0ng Lu\u1eadt Gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1964 v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt D\u00e2n s\u1ef1 n\u0103m 1972 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp theo h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e3i b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ef1c \u0111oan c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt 1959 (nh\u01b0 c\u1ea5m ly h\u00f4n, h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 h\u00f3a quan h\u1ec7 \u201cgiao du th\u00e2n m\u1eadt\u201d gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c gi\u1edbi)<\/span><\/p>\n

      \u1ede mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, m\u1ed9t Lu\u1eadt Gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1959 kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa nam gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 v\u1ee3: ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t v\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng, quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu chung t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3.\u00a0Khi ly h\u00f4n, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p.\u00a0M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn coi nam gi\u1edbi gi\u1ecfi h\u01a1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nam gi\u1edbi h\u01a1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng.\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, y t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn tranh (nh\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 giao th\u00f4ng).\u00a0Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u0169ng tham gia b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, tham gia b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n.\u00a0C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng n\u00eau tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo Lu\u1eadt Gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u1edbi n\u0103m 1986 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

      \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 Lu\u1eadt Gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1986 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u0169ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb phong t\u1ee5c Trung Hoa \/ Nho gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u01b0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau, con ch\u00e1u c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u00f4ng b\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u0169ng l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt th\u1eddi L\u00ea, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

      III. PH\u1ee4 N\u1eee VI\u1ec6T NAM \u1ede HOA K\u1ef2 V\u00c0 C\u00c1C\u00a0N\u01af\u1edaC\u00a0PH\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c2Y KH\u00c1C<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

      M\u1ed9t khi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam di c\u01b0 ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, nh\u1eefng vai tr\u00f2 m\u1edbi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho h\u1ecd do ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, c\u00f3\u00a0m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Nho gi\u00e1o b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef.<\/span><\/p>\n

      Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi l\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edbc, khi h\u1ecd c\u00f2n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Trong khi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n, th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1eabn \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 “N\u1ed9i t\u01b0\u1edbng”, vai tr\u00f2 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ch\u00e2n dung (self-image, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n) v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc (identity) c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd: cung c\u1ea5p c\u01a1m ngon, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o \u0111\u1eb9p, nh\u00e0 s\u1ea1ch cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh; nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 c\u00e1c con; truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a cho l\u1edbp tr\u1ebb; t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp m\u1eb7t gia \u0111\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbp n\u0103m m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m, \u0111\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y gi\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c. Nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng tham gia l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n th\u1eddi gian v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh nu\u00f4i c\u1ea3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i gia t\u0103ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c bu\u1ed9c ph\u00e5i di ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi chi thu th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng B\u00e0 m\u1eb9 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t (Supermoms) tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. S\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e9o c\u0103ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cao nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u01b0a h\u1ebft, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u1eebng c\u00f3 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c, s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u00e0 trong vi\u1ec7c tr\u00f4ng ch\u00e1u, ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m t\u1ed1t b\u1ee5ng. H\u1ecd x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n t\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta.\/.<\/span><\/p>\n

      T\u1ea1 V\u0103n T\u00e0i<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Nh\u00e2n th\u00e1ng 3, th\u00e1ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi tri \u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \n
      <\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      T\u00cdNH LI\u00caN T\u1ee4C V\u00c0 S\u1ef0 THAY \u0110\u1ed4I TRONG VAI TR\u00d2 C\u1ee6A PH\u1ee4 N\u1eee VI\u1ec6T NAM QUA C\u00c1C TH\u1edcI K\u1ef2 T\u1ea0 V\u0102N T\u00c0I Harvard Law School & Lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Massachusetts \u0110\u1ed6 TH\u1eca THU TR\u00c0 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Anh \u00a0 L\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u. B\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a GS T\u1ea1 V\u0103n T\u00e0i, chuy\u00ean gia<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4274"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4274"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4274\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4288,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4274\/revisions\/4288"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4274"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4274"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4274"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}