{"id":4309,"date":"2020-10-24T09:38:18","date_gmt":"2020-10-24T02:38:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=4309"},"modified":"2021-06-07T07:44:00","modified_gmt":"2021-06-07T00:44:00","slug":"cuoc-cach-mang-cong-nghe-nano","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/cuoc-cach-mang-cong-nghe-nano\/","title":{"rendered":"Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano (Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n T\u00e2n)"},"content":{"rendered":"

CU\u1ed8C C\u00c1CH M\u1ea0NG C\u00d4NG NGH\u1ec6 NANO<\/span><\/p>\n

TR\u01af\u01a0NG V\u0102N T\u00c2N<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2100, s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta t\u1eebng t\u00f4n th\u1edd v\u00e0 k\u00ednh s\u1ee3. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u0169a th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh thu\u1ed1c ma thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u01a1n h\u1ebft l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed.<\/span><\/p>\n

MICHIO KAKU
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em>. Danh t\u1eeb nano<\/em>, c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p \u03bd\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/em> (Latinh n\u00e1nos)<\/span><\/span> ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00f9n\u201d, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o, m\u00e0 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ecf m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1ef7 (10\u22129<\/sup>) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 nanomet (nm) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a m\u00e9t. Nanomet c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ea5p nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, c\u1ea5p nano, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano, l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em> v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano<\/em>.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Richard Feynman \u201cC\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 \u1edf mi\u1ec7t d\u01b0\u1edbi\u201d n\u0103m 1959 (t\u1eeb d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a anh Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n T\u00e2n). Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Eric Drexler, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch The Engines of<\/em> Creation<\/em> n\u0103m 1986, nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 k\u00edch th\u00edch s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano, k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, khi \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano t\u1ea1i \u0110H Stanford, \u201cc\u0103n ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh lang \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eadt c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh vi\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e8o qua c\u1eeda s\u1ed5.\u201d [1]<\/a><\/p>\n

Foresight Institute<\/em>, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn t\u1ea1i Palo Alto, California, m\u00e0 Drexler \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp, nh\u1eb1m khu\u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano th\u00e1ng 10, 1986. T\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb, Drexler nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 xem c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o<\/em> (engineering) nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed l\u00e0 then ch\u1ed1t cho c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7<\/em> 21.<\/p>\n

\u201cNhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 cho mi\u1ec7t d\u01b0\u1edbi\u201d c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 cho nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1<\/em>. Nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano, hay t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, robot nano (nanobot), m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n nano, m\u00e1y nano, computer nano \u2026. S\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y d\u01b0 th\u1eeba (s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m), nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau nh\u1eb9, nh\u1eefng c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o; gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eed mu\u1ed1i; kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ecfi CO2<\/sub><\/strong> \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ti\u1ec1n-c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y TS Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n T\u00e2n, t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p B. Eng, M. Eng t\u1ea1i Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 PhD t\u1ea1i University of Adelaide, \u00dac, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi 70 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano 15 n\u0103m li\u1ec1n, c\u00f3 nh\u00e3 \u00fd g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n h\u1eefu c\u01a1, l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

G\u1ea7n m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 2008-2016 qua, anh c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf ra c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft 3 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano, r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eb1m qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1, \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c m\u1edbi v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng n\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. M\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c to l\u1edbn. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a danh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, r\u1ea5t minh tri\u1ebft, t\u1eeb Aristote \u0111\u1ebfn Einstein \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u1ecbnh C\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. Anh vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y trong l\u00fac v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u1eadn b\u1ecbu v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n cao c\u1ee7a anh.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra n\u0103m 2019 TS T\u00e2n c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u00eam quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch B\u00ean L\u1ec1 Khoa H\u1ecdc<\/em>, \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n Du k\u00fd<\/em>, n\u01a1i anh ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m, quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn du l\u1ecbch, \u0111\u1ec3 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 thi ca h\u00f2a nh\u1ecbp. Ng\u00f2i b\u00fat c\u1ee7a anh l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, ch\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc. Th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i du k\u00fd n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y khai minh. B\u1ed1n quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 trang t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng l\u00ean t\u1edbi 1.465. M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i \u0111am m\u00ea vi\u1ebft hay sao? Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean h\u1ebft anh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111am m\u00ea truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecdc Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n T\u00e2n lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ea7y \u1eafp c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. Anh v\u1eeba l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, r\u1ea5t uy\u00ean b\u00e1c, c\u0169ng v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cnh\u00e0 th\u01a1\u201d. V\u0103n phong anh \u0111\u1ea7y thi v\u1ecb, v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t s\u1ed1ng. Anh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c. Anh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1, c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 bu\u1ed3n t\u1ebb, m\u00e0 thi v\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c th\u00eam phong ph\u00fa. Khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 con s\u1ed1, m\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00fdp ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n (critical mass) nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0. Thi\u1ebfu s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3, khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ebd \u00e8o \u1ecdt. Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 \u00e8o \u1ecdt, qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.<\/p>\n

Anh T\u00e2n c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 2 l\u1ea7n (1) t\u1ea1i Th\u1eddi B\u00e1o Kinh T\u1ebf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n (2009) v\u00e0 (2) t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc B\u00e1ch Khoa TP HCM (2014). Ngo\u00e0i ra 1 l\u1ea7n \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc C\u1ea7n Th\u01a1 v\u00e0 1 l\u1ea7n \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. T\u00f4i c\u00f3 may m\u1eafn tham d\u1ef1 hai bu\u1ed5i \u1edf S\u00e0i g\u00f2n. Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 th\u00fa v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y phong c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a anh: \u0111\u1ea7y \u1eafp tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t d\u00ed d\u1ecfm. T\u00f4i mong anh s\u1ebd c\u00f2n c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a anh l\u00e0 “khai s\u00e1ng nano<\/strong>“, v\u00e0 anh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 “truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o” r\u1ea5t uy\u00ean b\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

H\u00e3y cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. H\u00e3y cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n. H\u00e3y cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi xa.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u qu\u00e1 ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh ch\u01b0a “c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng” v\u1edbi Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n T\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c l\u1eabn t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a anh h\u00f4m nay.<\/p>\n

Xin n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n tr\u1ebb mu\u1ed1n theo \u0111u\u1ed5i khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

NXX, 24. 10. 2020<\/p>\n

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[1]<\/a> Xem K. Eric Drexler, The Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology. <\/em>Anchor Books n\u0103m 1986.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Xem Peter H. Diamandis v\u00e0 Steven Kotler, Abundance. <\/em>The Future is better than you think<\/em>. Free Press, 2012. V\u00e0 K. Erich Drexler, Radical Abundance. How a revolution in nanotechnology will change civilization<\/em>. PublicAffairs, 2013. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Gordon Fraser, The New Physics for the Twentieth-first Century<\/em>. Cambridge University Press, 2006.<\/p>\n

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\u2729<\/span>\u2729<\/span>\u2729<\/span><\/h2>\n

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K\u00ednh t\u1eb7ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau th\u00edch khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111am m\u00ea c\u00e1i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ef1c to \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

TR\u01af\u01a0NG V\u0102N T\u00c2N<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Nano trong c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb “c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano” c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nanom\u00e9t (k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u: nm) b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1ef7 m\u00e9t (1\/1.000.000.000 m), m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf. C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc: 0,1 nm, ph\u00e2n t\u1eed l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean t\u1eed: 1 – 10 nm, vi khu\u1ea9n: 50 nm, h\u1ed3ng huy\u1ebft c\u1ea7u: 10.000 nm, tinh tr\u00f9ng: 25.000 nm, s\u1ee3i t\u00f3c: 100.000 nm, \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e2y kim: 1 tri\u1ec7u nm v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u cao con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: 2 t\u1ef7 nm. M\u1ed9t nanom\u00e9t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00e9t nh\u01b0 vi\u00ean bi v\u1edbi qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh\u00a0nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u1ec3 thao t\u00e1c (manipulate), ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1eadp\u00a0nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 to h\u01a1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng\u00a0t\u1eeb v\u1eadt nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadt to v\u00e0 to h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p “t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean” (bottom-up method).\u00a0S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano \u0111ang c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eb5n ngay t\u1eeb thang ph\u00e2n t\u1eed.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nano c\u00f3 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 1-100 nanom\u00e9t. Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nano l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb hay d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y. Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano trong ba th\u1eadp ni\u00ean qua, n\u1ebfu t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng con s\u1ed1, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ec3n khai, s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd ph\u00e1t minh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn con s\u1ed1 tri\u1ec7u v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n t\u1ea5n c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano nh\u01b0 \u1ed1ng than nano, h\u1ea1t nano, graphene \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng n\u0103m. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, “c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano s\u1ebd b\u00e1m tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u”<\/em>.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a “c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano” l\u00e0 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano v\u00ec v\u1eady l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t. Thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o ra mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i t\u1eeb thu\u1edf h\u1ed3ng hoang. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1o n\u00ean. N\u1ebfu\u00a0c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, ta s\u1ebd thu l\u01b0\u1ee3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c l\u00edt kh\u00ed oxy, hydro v\u00e0 nit\u01a1; m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng than (cacbon), canxi, mu\u1ed1i; v\u00e0i nh\u00fam nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 v\u00f4 c\u01a1 nh\u01b0 sulfur, phosphor, kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 s\u1eaft, magie, natri v\u00e0\u00a0h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee5c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 linh tinh kh\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e3i th\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y\u00a0g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano” \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00f4 tri tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n,\u00a0bi\u1ebft suy ngh\u0129, bi\u1ebft \u0111i, bi\u1ebft b\u00f2, bi\u1ebft\u00a0b\u01a1i, bi\u1ebft vui, bi\u1ebft s\u01b0\u1edbng, bi\u1ebft h\u1eddn d\u1ed7i,\u00a0bi\u1ebft\u00a0h\u1ec9 n\u1ed9 \u00e1i \u1ed1… Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p sinh h\u1ecdc “t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean” l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee5 tinh, t\u1ea1o ph\u00f4i r\u1ed3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh sinh v\u1eadt v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ph\u00f4i ch\u1ee9a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed DNA mang nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin di truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 “nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y” s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i protein v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb ph\u00f4i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00f4 tri \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o h\u00e0i h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n 40 tu\u1ea7n trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 36 \u00b0C v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t 1 atm. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e3i c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt th\u00f4ng minh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 gi\u00e1!<\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m li\u00ean quan \u0111ang bao tr\u00f9m v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bao g\u1ed3m n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m, y t\u1ebf, trang ph\u1ee5c, giao th\u00f4ng, vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng, qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 vui ch\u01a1i. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u li\u00ean ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c\u00a0m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nano s\u1ebd tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m li\u00ean quan.<\/p>\n

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C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n li\u00ean ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nano gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m cao c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ng\u00f5 ng\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng quan ng\u1eafn nh\u1eb1m gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5n quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 th\u00fa v\u1ecb trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nano. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i t\u1ed5ng quan \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch cho m\u1ed7i l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o th\u00eam.<\/p>\n

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RICHARD FEYNMAN, NH\u00c0 TI\u00caN TRI:<\/strong><\/p>\n

“C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng \u1edf mi\u1ec7t d\u01b0\u1edbi”<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Richard Feynman (1918-1988, gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u1eadt l\u00fd 1965), m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean t\u00e0i v\u1eadt l\u00fd, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 “kh\u00f4ng t\u00ean” m\u00e0 sao n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano”. N\u0103m 1959, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp c\u00e1ch t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng “ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng” trong c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n\u00a0v\u1edbi nhan \u0111\u1ec1 “There’s plenty of room at the bottom” <\/em>(C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng \u1edf mi\u1ec7t d\u01b0\u1edbi)[1]<\/a> t\u1ea1i California Institute of Technology (Caltech, M\u1ef9). \u00d4ng b\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f9a ch\u01a1i ch\u1eef; “bottom” c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00f4ng \u0111\u00edt l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i\u00a0\u0111\u00e1y, c\u00e1i t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng. “Mi\u1ec7t d\u01b0\u1edbi” trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t mang \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 hai \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 24 quy\u1ec3n B\u00e1ch khoa T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Britannica tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e2y kim c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh 1,5 mm (xin m\u1edf ngo\u1eb7c, c\u00e2y kim \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111inh ghim d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e0i c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e2y \u0111inh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u kim l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1eb9t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u0169i kim).\u00a0 Theo Feynman, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu. Th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 ng\u01a1 ng\u00e1c, v\u00ec \u1edf n\u0103m 1959 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc tivi \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng \u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n b\u1eadt l\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i v\u00e0i ph\u00fat h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a Feynman \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng? Feynman tr\u1ea5n an ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe l\u00e0 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng “x\u1ea1o s\u1ef1”, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 thi, theo \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0\u00a0n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea1m vi cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Feynman \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng\u00a0b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng con s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Khi ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u kim 25.000 l\u1ea7n th\u00ec di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u kim t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch to\u00e0n th\u1ec3\u00a0c\u00e1c trang s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 24 quy\u1ec3n B\u00e1ch khoa T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Britannica tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea7u kim ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n thu nh\u1ecf 25.000 l\u1ea7n to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef in c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i thu nh\u1ecf 25.000 l\u1ea7n. Trong c\u00e1c m\u1eabu t\u1ef1, d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1eef “i” l\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t. Sau khi thu nh\u1ecf 25.000 l\u1ea7n, d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u00edch c\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p 1000 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. Con s\u1ed1 1000 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t to, cho r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u “ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng” v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thao t\u00e1c (manipulate) b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Feynman ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng ph\u1ecfng ch\u1eebng c\u00f3 24 tri\u1ec7u quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch trong c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu nh\u1ecf 25.000 l\u1ea7n th\u00ec to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0“in” v\u1ecfn v\u1eb9n tr\u00ean 35 trang gi\u1ea5y A4! Feynman c\u00f2n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n t\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c\u00a0linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed nh\u01b0 transistor \u1edf thang ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 l\u1edbn l\u00e0m n\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi di d\u1eddi, thao t\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed theo \u00fd m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

C\u00d4NG NGH\u1ec6 NANO<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, Feynman kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng \u1edf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt thu nh\u1ecf (miniaturization), \u00f4ng ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi<\/em> trong \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n, ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1eadp c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, ph\u00e2n t\u1eed\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nh\u1ecf \u1edf thang vi m\u00f4 (microscopic) hay thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 to ngay t\u1eeb c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano<\/em> v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1eebng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed m\u1ed9t “t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean” (bottom-up method). Th\u1eadt ra, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt thu nh\u1ecf hay l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p “t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng” (top-down method) \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a\u00a0vi\u1ec7c\u00a0x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u00a0c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u1eeb 60 n\u0103m qua. Transistor l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t linh ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh trong c\u00e1c vi m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i\u00a0d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 “linh h\u1ed3n” t\u1eeb c\u00e1i m\u00e1y t\u00ednh tay (calculator) khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p “t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng” \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 thu nh\u1ecf transistor c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 to ban \u0111\u1ea7u kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i cm \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e1t minh (n\u0103m 1947) cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eadc nanom\u00e9t; v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u l\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf\u00a0h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n t\u00e0ng tr\u1eef nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Feynman kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n tr\u00e0 d\u01b0 t\u1eedu h\u1eadu m\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nghi\u00eam t\u00fac v\u00e0 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb (memory chip). Trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ta c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e0ng tr\u1eef d\u1eef\u00a0li\u1ec7u. Nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch, nh\u1ea1c, phim, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n (binary) qua hai con s\u1ed1\u00a00 v\u00e0 1, m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bit<\/em>. Ng\u00e0y nay, ta\u00a0c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u0129a CD nh\u1ea1c, DVD\u00a0c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 phim l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng t\u00e0ng tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng t\u00e0ng tr\u1eef c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu nh\u1ecf theo th\u1eddi gian. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau th\u00edch \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, phim \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i b\u0103ng nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u0129a laser (laser disc) c\u1ed3ng k\u1ec1nh r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn CD,\u00a0DVD nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ee9a gia t\u0103ng v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i nh\u1ea1c, phim \u1ea3nh cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c thu nh\u1ecf trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb (hay b\u1ed9 t\u00e0ng tr\u1eef) nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.\u00a0N\u1ebfu ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng 2 lo\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean t\u1eed\u00a0kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ea1i\u00a0di\u1ec7n cho 0 v\u00e0 1, th\u00ec\u00a0con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. M\u1ed9t CD b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 109<\/sup> (1 t\u1ef7) bit<\/em>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ch\u1ee9a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 1 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch d\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn 1 cm3<\/sup> (1 x 1 x1 cm) ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng 1022<\/sup> (10.000 t\u1ef7 t\u1ef7) nguy\u00ean t\u1eed.\u00a0Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a 1013<\/sup> (10.000 t\u1ef7) quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n m\u1ed7i n\u0103m mua 10.000 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch, th\u00ec th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua li\u00ean t\u1ee5c 1 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m v\u00e0 t\u00e0ng tr\u1eef tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i trong b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb nguy\u00ean t\u1eed 1 cm3<\/sup>! S\u1ef1 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n tr\u00ean cho ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh\u00a0huy ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft v\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng c\u00e2y USB v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0i tr\u0103m gigabyte v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gia t\u0103ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed nano<\/em> (nanoelectronics).<\/p>\n

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V\u1eacT LI\u1ec6U NANO<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong hai th\u1eadp ni\u00ean (1985 – 2004), c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 cacbon (C). Harold Kroto v\u00e0 Richard Smalley t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1” fullerene C60<\/sub> (1985, Nobel H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 1996)[2]<\/a>. N\u0103m 1991, Sumio Iijima t\u00e1i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1ed1ng than nano[3]<\/a>. Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o graphene (2004, Nobel V\u1eadt l\u00fd 2010)[4]<\/a> t\u1eeb than ch\u00ec (graphite) l\u00e0m b\u00fat ch\u00ec. Graphene l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u 2 chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a, m\u1ecfng nh\u1ea5t trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 (\u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y l\u00e0 1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed). Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n graphene \u0111\u00e3 mang t\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m vui v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn, s\u1edd v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1ecfng t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a 1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong v\u00f2ng hai th\u1eadp ni\u00ean (1985 – 2004) c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nano thu\u1ea7n cacbon c\u00f3 zero chi\u1ec1u (C60<\/sub>), 1 chi\u1ec1u (\u1ed1ng than nano) v\u00e0 2 chi\u1ec1u (graphene). Ngo\u00e0i ra, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1t nano kim lo\u1ea1i hay oxit kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c, \u0111ioxit titan v.v\u2026 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng x\u00fac t\u00e1c hay y d\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

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\"\"\"\"\"\"<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (a) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 (b) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (c)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nano thu\u1ea7n cacbon: (a) fullerene C60<\/sub>, (b) \u1ed1ng than nano v\u00e0 (c) graphene. (Google search)<\/em><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 truy t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 h\u1eefu \u00edch m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng y h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nano. Fullerene C60<\/sub> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra \u0111\u1eddi s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ph\u00e2n t\u1eed fullerene v\u1edbi DNA cho vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u y khoa hay v\u1edbi polyme d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i pin m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi h\u1eefu c\u01a1. \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u1ea3i thu\u1ed1c (drug delivery) \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 ch\u1ea9n b\u1ec7nh trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u y h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m qua. Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, h\u1ea1t nano c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. H\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh, bi\u1ebft c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 nh\u1ea3 thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh \u1edf m\u1ed9t “\u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9” nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u1ed0ng than nano \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m gi\u00e0n gi\u00e1o cho t\u1ebf b\u00e0o x\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0n c\u00e1c v\u1ebft g\u00e3y n\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a x\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u1ed0ng than nano c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng xuy\u00ean th\u1ee7ng m\u00e0n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y kim nano, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea3i thu\u1ed1c, v\u1eafc xin, d\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u ch\u1ed1ng ung th\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n

Graphene v\u00e0 graphene oxit (GO) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng y khoa. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng quan tr\u1ecdng cho th\u1ea5y GO c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng ung th\u01b0. Ngo\u00e0i ra, GO c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean t\u1eed oxy g\u1eafn tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u1ea1ng graphene n\u00ean GO r\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt n\u00ean mang nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong sinh y h\u1ecdc. GO s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh h\u1ecdc d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. GO v\u00ec v\u1eady l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea3i thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ebf b\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

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TRANSISTOR V\u00c0 LINH KI\u1ec6N \u0110I\u1ec6N T\u1eec<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c thu nh\u1ecf transistor l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c xuy\u00ean th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Khi transistor \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu nh\u1ecf th\u00ec m\u1ecdi d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ecfng, nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd nhanh. M\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 50 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc to b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i t\u1ee7 n\u1eb7ng ng\u00e0n k\u00fd th\u00ec ng\u00e0y nay nh\u1eefng laptop, iPad, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed chi\u1ebfc \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ea7m tay iPhone, ng\u00e0n l\u1ea7n nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c x\u1eed l\u00fd 10 tri\u1ec7u l\u1ea7n nhanh h\u01a1n. Transistor \u0111\u01b0\u01a1c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 b\u00e1n d\u1eabn silic (Si) \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u huy\u1ec1n di\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u00edch c\u1ee1 5 -10 nanom\u00e9t. Nh\u01b0ng tham v\u1ecdng thu nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebfn k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc transistor c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ecf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hay ph\u00e2n t\u1eed (0,1 \u2013 1 nanom\u00e9t), \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ecf t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1998, nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Phaedon Avouris c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u IBM ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o transistor d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u1ed1ng than nano c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n transistor silic. Nh\u00f3m Avouris l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u00ean phong \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tri th\u1ee9c trong vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng \u1ed1ng than nano nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u cho transistor thay cho silic[5]<\/a>. Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00ednh, do b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t r\u1ed7ng c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng than n\u00ean electron di chuy\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t nhanh trong \u1ed1ng v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1o. Cho n\u00ean \u1ed1ng than nano c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 di \u0111\u1ed9ng electron cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n dung nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n silic. Hai \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n cho transistor. Transistor \u1ed1ng than nano c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng thu nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, \u00edt ph\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau hao n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 10 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi transistor silic. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, li\u1ec7u \u1ed1ng than nano c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 silic tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m transistor \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh? Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stanford (M\u1ef9).<\/p>\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m Stanford r\u1ea5t \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u0103m 2013, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0ng m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh d\u00f9ng transistor \u1ed1ng than nano \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean[6]<\/a>. H\u1ecd ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p ch\u1ee9a 178 transistor l\u00e0m con chip<\/em> x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed7i transistor ch\u1ee9a 10 \u0111\u1ebfn 200 \u1ed1ng than nano v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn 8 microm\u00e9t, 400 l\u1ea7n to h\u01a1n transistor silic trong c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u00ec v\u1eady, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u1ed1ng than nano ch\u1ec9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 50, 60 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng vi t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng than qua vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o con chip<\/em> x\u1eed l\u00fd trung t\u00e2m (CPU), b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng \u1ed1ng than m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Nh\u01b0ng, tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00e0 v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 transistor \u1ed1ng than nano t\u1eadp trung tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0i xentim\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a transistor silic l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi. Trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng \u1ed1ng than nano v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng l\u00f9i b\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t tri\u1ec3n khai quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u1ed1ng than nano c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty Nantero (M\u1ef9). C\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y chuy\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a chip<\/em> nh\u1edb (memory chip) ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng than nano g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nano RAM (NRAM)[7]<\/a>. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb ph\u00e2n t\u1eed tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m h\u00f3a v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc c\u1ea7u b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a Nantero l\u00e0 s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng NRAM trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ea7m tay, m\u00e1y ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed kh\u00e1c. Nantero d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh NRAM s\u1ebd c\u00f3 doanh thu 100 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay (2018) \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ra th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

Graphene ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t huy con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng than nano cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 vi t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 transistor, b\u1ed9 c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng sinh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. Ngo\u00e0i ra, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u 2 chi\u1ec1u, graphene c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 ri\u00eang cho m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb cho tivi, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ea7m tay. Graphene t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb terahertz. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y, graphene c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng trong b\u1ed9 c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng terahertz \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u0169 kh\u00ed, ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed5 d\u1ea5u trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay h\u00e0nh l\u00fd \u1edf c\u00e1c s\u00e2n bay.<\/p>\n

Graphene kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac hai chi\u1ec1u. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u01a1 nh\u01b0 boron nitride (BN), tungsten \u0111isulphit (WS2<\/sub>) v\u00e0 molydenum \u0111isulphit (MoS2<\/sub>) c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eddn, hay c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i oxit kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 TiO2<\/sub>, MnO2<\/sub>, V2<\/sub>O5<\/sub> v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u0103ng hoa nh\u01b0 graphene v\u00ec l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tinh th\u1ec3 hai chi\u1ec1u. H\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ng\u00e0n b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 graphene \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m qua cho th\u1ea5y nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 graphene v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ee5c gi\u00e1c hai chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 c\u0169ng d\u1ea7n d\u00e0 ph\u00f4i pha. Hi\u1ec7n nay, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt nano t\u00e1ch than ch\u00ec ra t\u1eebng l\u1edbp m\u1ecfng t\u1ea1o graphene m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp, hai l\u1edbp, ba l\u1edbp, v.v\u2026 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, graphene s\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0m b\u1ec7 ph\u00f3ng cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, cho vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u hai chi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c hay thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. Theo Andre Geim, s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1eebng m\u1ea1ng graphene theo m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i graphene c\u00f3 v\u00f9ng c\u1ea5m (bandgap) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u1edf\/\u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a transistor nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 di \u0111\u1ed9ng electron tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi nh\u1eb1m thay th\u1ebf silic trong transistor t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 s\u1eafp m\u1ea1ng graphene ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1ng MoS2<\/sub> hay m\u1ea1ng BN, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed von nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i “Lego nguy\u00ean t\u1eed”. Chi\u1ebfc “b\u00e1nh k\u1eb9p” nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m Lego \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng l\u1ef1c li\u00ean m\u1ea1ng van der Waals c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1ecb th\u1ec3 van der Waals” (van der Waals heterostructures). Andre Geim ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm “v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1ee9a m\u1ed9ng m\u01a1” cho nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc b\u00e1nh k\u1eb9p “c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1ecb th\u1ec3” c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng mang l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng h\u1eefu \u00edch ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

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C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1ecb th\u1ec3 van der Waals \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ed3ng nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau (graphene, hBN, MoS2<\/sub>, WSe2<\/sub>, fluorographene) gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u1eafp r\u00e1p c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh Lego nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau<\/em>[8]<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i linh ki\u1ec7n transistor. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m qua c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng \u1ed1ng than nano v\u00e0 graphene “tung ch\u01b0\u1edfng” nh\u1eb1m l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a silic trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c transistor v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Ti\u1ebfc thay, hai v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u1eefu c\u01a1 thu\u1ea7n cacbon n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c “tru\u1ea5t ph\u1ebf” silic d\u00f9ng cho m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a transistor h\u1eefu c\u01a1 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m h\u00e0n l\u00e2m. Transistor h\u1eefu c\u01a1 s\u1ebd c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi polymer d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n\/b\u00e1n d\u1eabn t\u1ea1o n\u00ean th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i “\u0110i\u1ec7n t\u1eed plastic” (plastic electronics) v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m\u00a0 plastic h\u1eefu c\u01a1 nh\u01b0 m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ea5p l\u1ea1i, cu\u1ed1n tr\u00f2n hay c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng m\u1ec1m (soft) y h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea5y v\u00e0o m\u00f4 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i transistor h\u1eefu c\u01a1 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0i trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u1ec1m m\u1ecfng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i “nhanh nh\u01b0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng” nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh hay \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ea7m tay.<\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ed8NG C\u01a0 V\u00c0 XE H\u01a0I NANO NH\u00c2N T\u1ea0O<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sau b\u00e0i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng mang \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Feynman, h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n khoa h\u1ecdc gia trong 60 n\u0103m\u00a0qua \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, thu th\u1eadp tri th\u1ee9c, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra\u00a0nhi\u1ec1u\u00a0ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, m\u00f2 m\u1eabm \u0111i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 “v\u00e0o hang h\u00f9m\u00a0b\u1eaft c\u1ecdp con”! “C\u1ecdp con” \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc mu\u1ed1n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, mu\u1ed1n n\u1eafm b\u1eaft, di chuy\u1ec3n\u00a0ch\u00fang theo ch\u1ee7 \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh cho m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n 100 n\u0103m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u01b0a ai nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1981. V\u00e0o n\u0103m n\u00e0y, hai nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty IBM, G. Binning v\u00e0 H. Rohrer, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 hai \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 “nh\u00ecn” th\u1ea5y nguy\u00ean t\u1eed b\u1eb1ng k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi qu\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m (scanning tunnelling microscope, STM) do hai \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t minh\u00a0v\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel cho th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

“Tr\u0103m nghe kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ea5y”<\/em>, nh\u01b0ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n. S\u1ef1 t\u00f2 m\u00f2 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4i th\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u00f4i b\u00e0n tay ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1y m\u00e1y\u00a0h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00ec “Tr\u0103m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1edd”<\/em>! Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, STM c\u00f2n cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng di chuy\u1ec3n\u00a0nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. N\u0103m 1990, D.\u00a0Eigler v\u00e0\u00a0E. Schweizer c\u0169ng t\u1ea1i IBM l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean “s\u1edd” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. Hai \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f2 (tip) c\u1ee7a STM \u0111\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n\u00a0t\u1eebng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nguy\u00ean t\u1eed theo \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. L\u1eddi ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Feynman n\u0103m 1959 nay \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Eigler v\u00e0 Schweizer \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p (-270 \u00b0C). Hai \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3\u00a0di chuy\u1ec3n 35 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed xenon \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra 3 m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 “IBM”. Chi\u1ec1u ngang c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 3 m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 3 nanom\u00e9t. \u0110\u1ebfn nay, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi!<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

M\u1eabu t\u1ef1 nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed xenon c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. (Ngu\u1ed3n: Wikipedia)<\/em><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed tuy l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.\u00a0V\u00ec v\u1eady,\u00a0k\u00e9o hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eed\u00a0k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n t\u1eed r\u1ed3i ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1eadp c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed l\u00ean nhau t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 hay m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 si\u00eau nh\u1ecf\u00a0nh\u01b0 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u1ebfu\u00a0kh\u00f4ng\u00a0mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 hoang t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia hi\u1ec3u r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc (chemical bonding). H\u1ecd bi\u1ebft t\u1eebng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p\u00a0cho ra c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m\u00a0ph\u00e2n t\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u01a1n 200 n\u0103m qua. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng l\u00f4i k\u00e9o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch “v\u1eadt l\u00fd” c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n t\u1eed hay h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd\u00a0tr\u1ed9n dung d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch kia, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc.\u00a0Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt, v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 100 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 “b\u1ed1c ra” t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfc n\u00f3n “k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u” c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111i t\u1eeb tr\u1ef1c c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n s\u01a1 nh\u01b0 \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m, l\u1ecd th\u1ee7y tinh, \u1ed1ng ch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t, h\u1ecd t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u00f3a t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p “c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n” \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o\u00a0d\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u, ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c, thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5, b\u1ed9t gi\u1eb7t, s\u01a1n, ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n, thu\u1ed1c s\u00e1t tr\u00f9ng, t\u01a1 s\u1ee3i, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i polyme kh\u00e1c nhau\u00a0c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.\u00a0V\u1edbi b\u00e0n tay “ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y”, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3\u00a0c\u1eaft v\u00e0i nguy\u00ean t\u1eed ra kh\u1ecfi ph\u00e2n t\u1eed m\u1eb9 hay\u00a0g\u1eafn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau\u00a0tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n t\u1eed\u00a0m\u1edbi\u00a0v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eb5n b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. \u1ede m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng thao t\u00e1c nano, di d\u1eddi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed\u00a0b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. T\u1eeb truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf\u00a0t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 hay c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

M\u1eb9 Thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc si\u00eau ph\u00e0m, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u1ecdc trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt cho vi\u1ec7c sinh t\u1ed3n trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb thu\u1edf khai thi\u00ean l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba. Trong khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh h\u1ecdc kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c qua vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 “\u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed” th\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 an nhi\u00ean b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m, d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ee7y tinh c\u00e1c th\u1ee9, l\u1eafc l\u1eafc xoay xoay \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, tinh ch\u1ebf s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed “b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng”. V\u1eady l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng, tr\u1ee5c quay, piston, van, c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafp r\u00e1p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed bi\u1ebft chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng? C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ebfn sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00ec s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u1edf m\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi cho ng\u00e0nh h\u00f3a t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p. B\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng sinh h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Jean-Pierre Sauvage, J. Fraser Stoddart v\u00e0 Bernard L. Feringa m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 sinh h\u1ecdc, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u00e2n t\u1eed t\u00e0i ba v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed bi\u1ebft di \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ba \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc (2016) cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, ta ph\u1ea3i khi\u00eam\u00a0cung n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang t\u1eadp t\u00e0nh b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u1edf m\u1ee9c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3i cho d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, trong khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0\u0111ang c\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebdo nh\u1eefng kh\u00fac g\u1ed7 l\u00e0m chi\u1ebfc xe c\u00fat k\u00edt th\u00ec t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe Mercedes\u00a0h\u1ea1ng sang! D\u00f9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y to l\u1edbn hay l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng; t\u1eeb h\u00f3a n\u0103ng hay \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 n\u0103ng. \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft xoay, bi\u1ebft \u0111i, bi\u1ebft b\u00f2, bi\u1ebft \u1ee9ng x\u1eed\u00a0v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t\u00a0\u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 nano (ph\u00e2n t\u1eed) nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nano “t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean”\u00a0t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0 Sauvage, Stoddart v\u00e0 Feringa \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n cho \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 nano. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\u00a0l\u00e0\u00a0t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng si\u00eau ph\u00e2n t\u1eed (supramolecule) l\u00e0m n\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nano, sau \u0111\u00f3 “r\u00e1p” c\u00e1c b\u1ed9\u00a0ph\u1eadn n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1.\u00a0Trong m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m qua, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nano\u00a0c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec7n, kh\u1ed1i quay (rotor), c\u00e1nh qu\u1ea1t, tr\u1ee5c, phanh, b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng, b\u00e1nh c\u00f3c (ratchet) v.v… Nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 n\u1ed5 l\u00e0 x\u0103ng, cho \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 nano nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. D\u00f9 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n so\u00a0v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c trong h\u00f3a h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00e0 quang h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc (photochemistry).<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 2011, Feringa l\u00e0m n\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u00edch tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, t\u1eeb m\u00f4-t\u00f4 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf ra xe h\u01a1i nano. Nh\u00f3m Feringa t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc xe h\u01a1i m\u00e0 4 b\u00e1nh xe l\u00e0 c\u00e1i qu\u1ea1t m\u00f4-t\u00f4. Khi chi\u1ebfc xe nano \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec 4 “b\u00e1nh xe ch\u00e2n v\u1ecbt” s\u1ebd quay l\u00e0m di \u0111\u1ed9ng chi\u1ebfc xe tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng. Nghe \u0111\u00e2u, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 nano to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Grand Prix Nano. Ch\u1edd xem.<\/p>\n

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Xe h\u01a1i nano t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/em><\/p>\n

Khi m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 vi m\u00f4 c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nanom\u00e9t hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed microm\u00e9t, nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng\u00a0\u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0129 m\u00f4 (macroscopic) s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi m\u00f4. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u1edf \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb m\u00e9t (v\u0129 m\u00f4) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu nh\u1ecf\u00a0\u0111\u1ebfn microm\u00e9t hay nanom\u00e9t, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ebd t\u0103ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ea7n – nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 l\u1edbn. S\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch\u00a0trong c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c cho ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng quang t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng v\u00ec s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh (nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc hay kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed), s\u1ee9c c\u0103ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nhanh ch\u00f3ng gia t\u0103ng l\u00e0m c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 di \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt n\u00e0y.\u00a0M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, b\u1eb1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh vi t\u00ednh (computer model) ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n\u00a0r\u1eb1ng l\u1ef1c ma s\u00e1t g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 zero trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nano. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t\u00a0quan tr\u1ecdng cho s\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9, \u00edt hao m\u00f2n v\u00ec\u00a0kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ma s\u00e1t\u00a0c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn di \u0111\u1ed9ng, xoay, nh\u1ea3y, b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 nano. D\u00f9 l\u1ef1c ma s\u00e1t zero ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, nh\u01b0ng khi ta nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng “b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y” con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c vi m\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0129 m\u00f4 \u00edt b\u1ecb b\u00e0o m\u00f2n v\u00e0 “x\u00e0i” t\u1ed1t,\u00a0\u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i tu\u1ed5i “c\u1ed5 lai hi”!<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra,\u00a0trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf nano, c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n Newton \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c v\u1eadt v\u0129 m\u00f4 tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111i\u00a0v\u00e0o m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. M\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng tennis khi va v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec s\u1ebd b\u1eadt tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c\u00a0hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nano th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i xuy\u00ean b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00f3ng ma trong phim kinh d\u1ecb! \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 v\u00e0\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m (tunnelling effect) – m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n\u00a0trong c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng\u00a0n\u00e0y cho electron nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1edd kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i xuy\u00ean qua l\u00e1 ch\u1eafn c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n. V\u00ec v\u1eady,\u00a0nh\u1eefng linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u1edf thang nano kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0m\u00a0gia t\u0103ng m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eadp t\u00edch m\u00e0\u00a0c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u00a0cho electron di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf\u00a0v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nano. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0129 m\u00f4 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. D\u00f9 b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean “hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u1eadn” (phenomenological) nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra\u00a0nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3\u00a0ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cho vi\u1ec7c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 n\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c sinh h\u1ecdc, hi\u1ec7n nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a\u00a0\u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u1ecdc trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, v\u00ec\u00a0v\u1eady ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u00a0c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 t\u00ed hon n\u00e0y. Mu\u1ed1n l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y ta c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0ng li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0129 m\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1y c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi m\u00f4 (nano)? Ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t v\u00ec hai l\u00fd do. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 n\u1ed5, trong \u0111\u00f3 piston\u00a0ch\u1ec9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong \u1ed1ng xi lanh c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ri\u00eang m\u00e0\u00a0kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 sinh h\u1ecdc ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf giao l\u01b0u v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh. Th\u1ee9 hai, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 chi\u1ebfc xe Toyota Camry 2,4 l\u00edt ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng 1022 <\/sup>(10.000 t\u1ef7 t\u1ef7) ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. L\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngo\u1ea1i suy c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p h\u1eb1ng t\u1ef7 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt cho m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eed th\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ef1c di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n b\u1ecb c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano. N\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c ngo\u1ea1i suy n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong mu\u1ed1n, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd cho ta bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u1eadt to nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1y xe l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u1eadt nh\u1ecf trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o sinh h\u1ecdc. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp “l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt” (theory of everything) t\u1eeb c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eebng m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc h\u01a1n 100 n\u0103m nay.<\/p>\n

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AN TO\u00c0N SINH H\u1eccC V\u00c0 \u0110\u1ed8C T\u00cdNH<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nano l\u00e0 con dao hai l\u01b0\u1ee1i. V\u00ec l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n “s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n ch\u1ee9c nghi\u1ec7p” (occupational health and safety), ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra khi h\u1ea1t nano \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y theo qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (metabolism). Hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd n\u00e0o cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u1ed1ng than nano v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t nano. Song song v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m \u1ea9n t\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea3i thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ung th\u01b0. H\u1ea1t nano v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng than nano l\u00e0 hai lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m m\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n (platform) t\u1ea3i thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ho\u00e1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c (functional group) th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9 pH, nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea3 thu\u1ed1c khi g\u1eb7p m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau. Ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m t\u00ed hon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u01a1m v\u00e0o m\u1ea1ch m\u00e1u, len l\u1ecfi v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o b\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eeba l\u1ea1i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o t\u1ed1t. \u1ed0ng than nano c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y kim \u0111i xuy\u00ean qua t\u1ebf b\u00e0o m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t nh\u1ea3 thu\u1ed1c. Hi\u1ec7n nay, h\u1ea1t sinh h\u1ecdc lyposome ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea3i thu\u1ed1c tr\u1ecb ung th\u01b0 doxorubicin. Nh\u01b0ng lyposome ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea3i 8 – 10 wt% thu\u1ed1c trong khi \u1ed1ng than nano c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn 60 wt%. Ngo\u00e0i ra, thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng \u1ed1ng than nano c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng th\u00edch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng qua s\u1ef1 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a tia c\u1eadn h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

D\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u01a1n liposome, \u1ed1ng than nano v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, khi \u1ed1ng than nano \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 th\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch sinh h\u1ecdc (biocompatibility), kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 d\u1ecb \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. Th\u1ee9 hai, sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 nh\u1ea3 thu\u1ed1c \u1ed1ng than nano ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3i ra ngo\u00e0i. \u1ed0ng than nano ch\u01b0a th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n hai \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng h\u00f3a trong y h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd b\u1ebf t\u1eafc n\u1ebfu hai \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, d\u00f9 r\u1ea5t khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eb1m thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng than nano \u0111\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y. M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00e0 g\u1eafn nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c l\u00ean tr\u00ean \u1ed1ng than nano v\u00e0 qua nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y x\u1ea3y ra d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c enzyme trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt[9]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

T\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ea1t nano v\u00e0 carbon nano (fullerene, \u1ed1ng than nano, graphene) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan t\u00e2m. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb “c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p in l\u00ean nh\u00e3n m\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u0103ng x\u00ea s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ef9 ph\u1ea9m hay kem ch\u1ed1ng n\u1eafng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u00e0 “kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano”. Gi\u1edbi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng r\u1ea5t hoang mang v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 th\u1ef1c h\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Tuy r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 sinh v\u1eadt, t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m qua s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng k\u1ecbp v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u1eafm khi m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn b\u1edfi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Trong nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nano l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn gay g\u1eaft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u1ed1ng than nano, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t vi\u00eam g\u00e2y ung th\u01b0 ph\u1ed5i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ee3i a-mi-\u0103ng (asbestos) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan ng\u1ea1i s\u00e2u xa trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng y h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Ngo\u00e0i ra, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ho\u00e1 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a graphene tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t graphene to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 15 t\u1ea5n trong n\u0103m 2011 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gia t\u0103ng, nh\u01b0ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a graphene v\u1eabn c\u00f2n trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb3ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, tr\u00ean m\u00f4 sinh v\u1eadt hay trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 sinh v\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m m\u00e2u thu\u1ea9n nhau g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng than nano m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 m\u1eabu v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau. Hi\u1ec7n nay m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf chung cho c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp. Ngo\u00e0i ra, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 l\u1edbp (layer) c\u1ee7a graphene, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t hay c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a oxy, hydroxide hay nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a graphene. V\u00ec v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh graphene c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Brown (M\u1ef9), k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 cho th\u1ea5y graphene c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc l\u01b0\u1ee1i lam nano. Khi nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh graphene \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn kho\u1ea3ng 10 micom\u00e9t c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u g\u00f3c c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1eb7t trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ph\u1ed5i hay da con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1eaft xuy\u00ean t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o trong. Ngo\u00e0i ra, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh gi\u1eefa graphene v\u00e0 GO \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn trong m\u1eabu t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ph\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed9t. Trong khi graphene kh\u00f4ng cho t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng x\u1ea5u th\u00ec GO g\u00e2y th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00edch v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t vi\u00eam trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u00f3a b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y sinh h\u1ecdc (biodegardation) cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 cho nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, GO \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp polymer nh\u01b0 poly(ethylene glycol) hay chitosan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u1eddi gian hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a GO trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a graphene hay GO tr\u00ean m\u00f4 sinh v\u1eadt (in vitro) hay trong sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng (in vivo), theo s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2017, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u00e2y ung th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a graphene hay GO. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng than nano; c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ed1ng than nano h\u00e0nh x\u1eed gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ee3i a-mi-\u0103ng cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t vi\u00eam trong m\u00f4 sinh v\u1eadt. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tin m\u1eebng cho graphene, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a graphene l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a c\u00f3 c\u00e2u “d\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9c tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c”. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp b\u00ean tr\u00ean graphene c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1ee1i lam nano c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1eaft l\u1edbp da t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111i v\u00e0o trong g\u00e2y x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n nh\u1eefng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea3i thu\u1ed1c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c ch\u1ed1ng ung th\u01b0 nh\u01b0 doxorubicin.\u00a0 C\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0i l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t graphene v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ung th\u01b0 cho vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nano (nanotoxicology) nay \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p, c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang gia t\u0103ng r\u1ea5t nhanh nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano. C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c gia c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, quang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, vi t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ea1t nano, \u1ed1ng than nano v\u00e0 graphene v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng y h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

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L\u1edcI K\u1ebeT<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e3 h\u01a1n 60 n\u0103m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y\u00a0Feynman th\u1ed1t ra nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n thi\u00ean t\u00e0i, n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh v\u00e0\u00a0\u0111ang \u0111\u01b0a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai. Ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f4i qua, cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed – b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi m\u00f4 –\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 ti\u00ean li\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nano.\u00a0Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n\u00a0\u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng vi m\u00f4 b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i\u00a0quan tr\u1ecdng trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 c\u00f2n d\u1eabn d\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng v\u00f4 minh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i\u00a0ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i\u00a0xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1\u00a0ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u1ecdc. Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ba gi\u1ea3i Nobel cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nano v\u00e0 166.000 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00e1o khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1eabn \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd ph\u00e1t minh, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn cho n\u0103m 2018[10]<\/a>. T\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u trong 30 n\u0103m qua. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng nano \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0o tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch\u00a0qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd khoa h\u1ecdc s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t\u00a0c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn xa c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 k\u1ebfch s\u00f9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c doanh th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0\u00a0nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. T\u1ea1i M\u1ef9, theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea 1.900 c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai (R&D) c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano l\u00ean h\u00e0ng qu\u1ed1c s\u00e1ch. Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfn nhanh nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 doanh thu d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi $125 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2024 g\u1ea7n g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i con s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 2018[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n d\u00e0nh cho v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano c\u0169ng gia t\u0103ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1edbi trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. H\u1ea1t nano chi\u1ebfm 85% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t graphene \u0111ang b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t do nhu c\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ee9a graphene gia t\u0103ng. Hi\u1ec7n nay, graphene ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u1ea5p (low tech). Nh\u01b0ng trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i n\u0103m t\u1edbi, nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch graphene \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao bao g\u1ed3m pin, t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n, linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn. Graphene s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i (game changer). \u1ed0ng than nano sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian im ti\u1ebfng v\u00ec nh\u1eefng quan ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u gia c\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nano composit.<\/p>\n

D\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 trong khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 doanh thu d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eed th\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n th\u1eddi gian. S\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ebf b\u00e0o sinh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 hai nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0m tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nano. \u0110\u1ed9c t\u00ednh s\u1ebd li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u1ea9n hi\u1ec7n song h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t t\u1ed1i; hoa h\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 gai. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

Melbourne, th\u00e1ng 10, 2020<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Richard Feynman, “There’s plenty of room at the bottom” (Google search).<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> H. W. Kroto et al, Nature 318 <\/strong>(6042) 162.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> S. Iijima, Nature 354<\/strong> (1991) 56.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> K. S. Novoselov et al, Science 306<\/strong> (2004) 666.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> P. Avouris and R. Martel, MRS Bulletin 25<\/strong> (April 2010) 306.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> M. M. Shulaker et al, Nature 501<\/strong> (2013) 526.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> www.nantero.com.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> A. K. Geim and I. Grigorieva, Nature 499<\/strong> (2013) 419.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> A. Bianco, K. Kostarelos and M. Prato, Chem. Comm. 47<\/strong> (2011) 10182.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/statnano.com\/news\/65056\/Nanotechnology-Publications-of-2018-An-Overview.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/nano-magazine.com.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2729<\/span>\u2729<\/span>\u2729<\/span><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

S\u00c1CH C\u1ee6A TR\u01af\u01a0NG V\u0102N T\u00c2N<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ea1t b\u1ee5i n\u00e0o h\u00f3a ki\u1ebfp th\u00e2n t\u00f4i<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t mai v\u01b0\u01a1n h\u00ecnh h\u00e0i l\u1edbn d\u1eady.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 TR\u1ecaNH C\u00d4NG S\u01a0N<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn: T\u1eeb polymer d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ed1ng than nano <\/strong>(tuy\u1ec7t b\u1ea3n), NXB Tr\u1ebb (2008). 251 trang<\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1. S\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 polymer v\u00e0 polymer d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2. \u0110i\u1ec7n t\u1eed Pi v\u00e0 polymer d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3. Nh\u1eefng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a polymer d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4. Nh\u1eefng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5. Qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 C60<\/sub> v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng than nano<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p: Composite v\u00e0 nanocomposite<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng minh: C\u01a1 b\u1eafp nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 8. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\"\"\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Nano <\/strong>(xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n 1), NXB Tri Th\u1ee9c (2009)<\/p>\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Nano<\/strong> (t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 b\u1ed5 sung), NXB \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia Tp HCM (2014). 281 trang<\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1. Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nano thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean: b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n Th\u1ea1ch S\u00f9ng<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3. M\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nano: B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00e1 sen v\u00e0 hoa h\u1ed3ng<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4. C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano trong y h\u1ecdc: hi\u1ec1n m\u1eabu hay t\u1eed th\u1ea7n<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6. M\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng sinh h\u1ecdc: bi\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n t\u1eed th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3: \u1ed1ng than nano<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 8. Hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng than nano<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb Nano <\/strong>(xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n 1), NXB T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p Tp HCM (2016).<\/p>\n

V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb Nano <\/strong>(t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 b\u1ed5 sung), NXB T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p Tp HCM (2018). 518 trang<\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1. Transistor: nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng (1)<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2. Transistor: nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng (2)<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3. \u0110i\u1ec7n t\u1eed plastic<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4. \u00dd ngh\u0129a v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5. Si\u00eau v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6. \u00c2m thanh, s\u00f3ng bi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7. Graphene: Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a carbon<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 8. M\u1eb9 Thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean: Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc si\u00eau ph\u00e0m<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 9. S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean b\u1edd r\u00eca: Sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

B\u00ean l\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc<\/strong>, NXB T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p Tp HCM (2019). 415 trang<\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c<\/strong><\/p>\n

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                  I. Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/strong><\/p>\n

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                              1. Tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc<\/li>\n
                              2. Ng\u1ee5y t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ea1o v\u0103n v\u00e0 tham nh\u0169ng trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc<\/li>\n
                              3. Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7: \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y<\/li>\n
                              4. Tr\u0103m n\u0103m v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/li>\n
                              5. Khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 “s\u0129, n\u00f4ng, c\u00f4ng, th\u01b0\u01a1ng” th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/li>\n
                              6. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 H\u00e1n T\u1ef1<\/li>\n
                              7. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/li>\n
                              8. \u00dd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfc kh\u1ea9u trang v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh s\u1eefa ch\u1ee9a h\u1ea1t nano<\/li>\n
                              9. Nh\u1eefng “d\u00f2ng nh\u1ea1c” ph\u00e2n t\u1eed b\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea7m<\/li>\n
                              10. Seth Lloyd: L\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (b\u00e0i d\u1ecbch)<\/li>\n
                              11. \u0110\u1ecdc “Giai \u0111i\u1ec7u b\u00ed \u1ea9n v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra v\u0169 tr\u1ee5”<\/em> (Tr\u1ecbnh Xu\u00e2n Thu\u1eadn)<\/li>\n
                              12. \u0110\u1ecdc “The quantum and the lotus”<\/em> (L\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 hoa sen) (Matthieu Ricard & Tr\u1ecbnh Xu\u00e2n Thu\u1eadn)<\/li>\n
                              13. \u0110\u1ecdc “1421 – The year China discovered the world”<\/em> (1421: N\u0103m Trung Hoa \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi) (Gavin Menzies)<\/li>\n
                              14. \u0110\u1ecdc “The 5th miracle – The search for the origin and meaning of life”<\/em> (Ph\u00e9p m\u1ea7u th\u1ee9 5: Truy t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng) (Paul Davies)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                II. Du k\u00fd <\/strong><\/p>\n

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                                            1. Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 k\u00fd \u1ee9c<\/li>\n
                                            2. M\u1ed9t tho\u00e1ng Ph\u00f9 Tang<\/li>\n
                                            3. Kagoshima: mi\u1ec1n c\u1ef1c Nam Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/li>\n
                                            4. Truy\u1ec7n Ryoma<\/li>\n
                                            5. \u0110i t\u00ecm l\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecf m\u00f9a thu<\/li>\n
                                            6. Cu\u1ed9c du h\u00e0nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed: Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/li>\n
                                            7. \u0110\u1ecba \u0111\u00e0ng ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng: New Zealand<\/li>\n
                                            8. T\u1ea1p ghi nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/li>\n
                                            9. D\u00f2ng Mekong \u00eam \u0111\u1ec1m: L\u00e0o<\/li>\n
                                            10. Mi\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec5n T\u00e2y n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dac<\/li>\n
                                            11. L\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n Italy<\/li>\n
                                            12. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: Singapore<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

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                                               <\/p>\n

                                               <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                              CU\u1ed8C C\u00c1CH M\u1ea0NG C\u00d4NG NGH\u1ec6 NANO TR\u01af\u01a0NG V\u0102N T\u00c2N   \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2100, s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta t\u1eebng t\u00f4n th\u1edd v\u00e0 k\u00ednh s\u1ee3. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u0169a th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh thu\u1ed1c ma thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 l\u00e0 khoa<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4309"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4309"}],"version-history":[{"count":37,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4309\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6205,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4309\/revisions\/6205"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4309"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4309"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4309"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}