{"id":4415,"date":"2020-12-05T16:42:11","date_gmt":"2020-12-05T09:42:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=4415"},"modified":"2023-04-20T16:48:19","modified_gmt":"2023-04-20T09:48:19","slug":"la-thu-cuoi-cung-cua-w-a-mozart-gui-cha","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/la-thu-cuoi-cung-cua-w-a-mozart-gui-cha\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u00e1 th\u01b0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a W. A. Mozart g\u1eedi cha"},"content":{"rendered":"

L\u00c1 TH\u01af CU\u1ed0I C\u00d9NG C\u1ee6A W. A. MOZART <\/span><\/p>\n

G\u1eecI CHA: <\/span>S\u1ef0 S\u1ed0NG V\u00c0 C\u00c1I CH\u1ebeT<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 Mozart lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 quan, \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Socrates<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai nghe Mozart trong nh\u1eefng gi\u1edd ph\u00fat nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c thi\u00ean t\u00e0i \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: T\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u00e2m tr\u00ed \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p bay b\u1ed5ng t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt.<\/span><\/p>\n

Franz Xaver Niemetschek<\/span> 1808<\/span>[1]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

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L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em><\/strong>. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e1 th\u01b0 <\/em>ng\u00e0y 4.4.1787<\/strong> c\u1ee7a W. A. Mozart g\u1eedi cha \u00f4ng Leopold Mozart cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Salzburg, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u01a1i \u00f4ng sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng. N\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1eddi s\u1ef1, v\u00ec n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Mozart \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i trong \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft<\/em> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng<\/em>, ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ebft l\u00fd cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. C\u00e1m \u01a1n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o Tu\u1ed5i Tr\u1ebb Cu\u1ed1i Tu\u1ea7n, <\/strong>nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang d\u1ecbp k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m ng\u00e0y m\u1ea5t th\u1ee9 229<\/strong> c\u1ee7a Mozart, 5.12.1791 – 5.12. 2020:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

TTCT s\u1ed1 47, ng\u00e0y 4. 12. 2020<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n online: https:\/\/cuoituan.tuoitre.vn\/tin\/20201205\/la-thu-cuoi-cung-cua-wa-mozart-gui-cha-su-song-cai-chet-va-tinh-yeu\/1572031.html<\/a><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu Einstein cho r\u1eb1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t drama<\/em> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi drama c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Mozart. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. Trong khi khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 th\u00ec \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n, hai c\u00e1i b\u1ed5 sung nhau. \u1ede khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u00eam tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, intellect. Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/em> – emotion c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Friedrich Nietzsche t\u1eebng n\u00f3i, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4 khan kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hay ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec tro t\u00e0n, m\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u1eeda<\/em> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 Jean Jaur\u00e8s, nh\u1eefng rung \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac.<\/p>\n

\u00c2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda. N\u1ebfu \u1edf \u00dd th\u1eddi “High Renaissance” c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng 30 n\u0103m, t\u1eeb 1497-1527, c\u00f3 ch\u00f2m sao ba danh h\u1ecda n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t, Raphael, Michelangelo v\u00e0 Leonardo da Vinci chi\u1ebfm ng\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, th\u00ec c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u0169ng kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 v\u1edbi ch\u00f2m sao Haydn, Mozart v\u00e0 Beethoven.<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh cho th\u00eam sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Mozart l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng cao c\u1ea3, v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 g\u00e2y x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng. Gi\u1eefa mu\u00f4n ngh\u00ecn chi ti\u1ebft, t\u00f4i mong m\u1ea5y d\u00f2ng th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fat g\u00ec v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb \u00f4ng. Mozart m\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n m\u1ed3, nh\u01b0ng h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c x\u00e2y \u0111\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m cho \u00f4ng trong tr\u00e1i tim h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

Xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam<\/em>:<\/span><\/p>\n

Ludwig van Beethoven s\u1eafp 250 tu\u1ed5i<\/span> <\/i><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2740\u2740\u2740<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kho\u1ea3ng nh\u1eefng tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 11, 2020, truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0a tin v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Mozart g\u1eedi cha \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y 4.4.1787 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 Qu\u1ef9 Mozarteum, Salzburg, \u00c1o trung t\u00e2m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u Mozart l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2020, m\u1ed9t b\u01b0u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t chuy\u1ec3n nhanh t\u1eeb Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ef9 Mozarteum ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng 3 l\u00e1 th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 g\u1eedi cho v\u1ee3 Constanze, g\u1eedi l\u00fac \u00f4ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb Praha \u0111\u1ebfn Berlin, Dresden v\u00e0 Leipzig n\u0103m 1789. L\u00e1 th\u01b0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 y\u00eau qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t\u201d.<\/p>\n

B\u1ee9c th\u01b0 th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i Bologna v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1770 – l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 Amadeus m\u1edbi 14 tu\u1ed5i – trong chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a hai cha con Leopold v\u00e0 Wolfgang Mozart t\u1ea1i \u00dd. N\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Leopold vi\u1ebft cho v\u1ee3 l\u00e0 Anna Maria, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf l\u1ea1i Salzburg, bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u00e1i b\u00fat ng\u1eafn c\u1ee7a Wolfgang Amad\u00e9 Mozart, vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng \u00dd v\u00e0 g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn \u201ccarissima sorella\u201d (ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecb g\u00e1i th\u00e2n y\u00eau nh\u1ea5t), Maria Anna (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cNannerl\u201d). Amad\u00e9 l\u00e0 t\u00ean \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft theo ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f2n Amadeus theo ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u1ec1 sau, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Gottlieb.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 m\u00e0 Mozart \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft cho cha m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1787 sau khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin r\u1eb1ng Leopold \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u1ed1m n\u1eb7ng. B\u1ee9c th\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea3 ba b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 thu\u1ed9c di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Maurice Sendak, h\u1ecda s\u0129 minh h\u1ecda s\u00e1ch tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ef9 Mozarteum mua l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 100.000 \u20ac. Trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua, c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 khai m\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a m\u00f9a h\u00f2a nh\u1ea1c m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y \u1edf ti\u1ec1n s\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Mozarteum. Qu\u1ef9 Mozarteum c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh Mozart.<\/p>\n

Trong l\u00e1 th\u01b0 g\u1eedi cha, Mozart kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 k\u00fd v\u00e0o b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 v\u1edbi t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft “manu propria” (k\u00fd v\u1edbi tay m\u00ecnh), m\u00e0 c\u00f2n th\u00eam d\u1ea5u H\u1ed9i Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m (Freemasonry), \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, Ulrich Leisinger, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ef9 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch.<\/p>\n\"\"\n

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (27. 2. 1756 \u2013 5.12. 1791).<\/p>\n

Tranh c\u1ee7a Barbara Krafft v\u1ebb n\u0103m 1819 sau khi Mozart m\u1ea5t
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh ch\u1ee5p l\u00e1 th\u01b0 Mozart g\u1eedi cha ng\u00e0y 4.4.1787<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Cha r\u1ea5t y\u00eau qu\u00fd c\u1ee7a con!<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00fac n\u00e0y nghe tin khi\u1ebfn con c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ch\u00e1n n\u00e3n. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edd con nghe n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Cha th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e2m b\u1ec7nh! Con \u0111ang mong ch\u1edd m\u1ed9t tin an \u1ee7i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb Cha, ch\u1eafc Cha bi\u1ebft con kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i; v\u00e0 con ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u0169ng hy v\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u2013 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 con \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen lu\u00f4n t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 – b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft (hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a) l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta, cho n\u00ean trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m qua con \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 an \u1ee7i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m an l\u00f2ng h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u! V\u00e0 con t\u1ea1 \u01a1n Ch\u00faa v\u00ec Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ban cho con s\u1ef1 may m\u1eafn t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, Cha hi\u1ec3u \u00fd con, nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a<\/em> cho h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Con kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111i ng\u1ee7 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng con c\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y m\u1edbi h\u00f4m sau. Kh\u00f4ng ai trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft con c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng con l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7 r\u0169 v\u00e0 bu\u1ed3n b\u00e3 trong giao ti\u1ebfp. Con h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ea3m \u01a1n T\u1ea1o h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a con v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh n\u00e0y. [2]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y hai th\u00e1ng sau, ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 5, 1787, Leopold Mozart m\u1ea5t trong v\u00f2ng tay c\u1ee7a con g\u00e1i \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 Amadeus kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u00f4ng. Mozart vi\u1ebft cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Nam t\u01b0\u1edbc Gottfried von Jacquin, \u201cT\u00f4i th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i r\u1eb1ng khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 h\u00f4m nay, t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin bu\u1ed3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha y\u00eau qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.\u201d \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t \u0111au bu\u1ed3n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Mozart. Cha \u00f4ng ra \u0111i mang theo nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng mong g\u00ec h\u00e0n g\u1eafn l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Wolfgang Amadeus l\u00fac vi\u1ebft b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng cho cha m\u1edbi 31 tu\u1ed5i. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 quan t\u00e2m s\u00e2u xa v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 linh c\u1ea3m \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0i n\u0103m n\u1eefa tr\u00ean cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi? Ch\u1ec9 h\u01a1n 4 n\u0103m sau, Mozart c\u0169ng m\u1ea5t, ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 12, n\u0103m 1791, h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 35 tu\u1ed5i, hai tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb h\u01a1n Vincent van Gogh (37t).<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao Mozart l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129 s\u1edbm c\u00f3 t\u00ednh tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf? \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eddi, joie de vivre<\/em>. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a cha, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh gia tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng \u1edf l\u1ea1i Salzburg nh\u01b0 cha \u00f4ng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Vienne c\u00e1ch Salzburg kho\u1ea3ng 200 d\u1eb7m, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 do, s\u1ed1ng vui v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Constanze Weber theo \u00fd m\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 cha \u00f4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn. Cho n\u00ean quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Amadeus v\u00e0 Leopold kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p. Khi Leopold m\u1ea5t, \u00f4ng trao quy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba k\u1ebf to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n cho ch\u1ecb g\u00e1i \u00f4ng, Marianne, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n ti\u1ec1n l\u1edbn m\u00e0 Leopold \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n v\u1edbi Amadeus th\u1eddi ni\u00ean thi\u1ebfu, trong khi Amadeus s\u1ed1ng trong t\u00fang thi\u1ebfu. Nh\u01b0ng Amadeus c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 bu\u1ed3n khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin cha m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb \u1ed1m n\u1eb7ng.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 Mozart \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi sau tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ed3i. Ch\u1ec9 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, Mozart \u0111\u00e3 tin v\u00e0o tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, tin \u201cr\u1eb1ng b\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta m\u00e3i m\u00e3i – r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i b\u00e0 – r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nhau h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft khi n\u00e0o s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra – nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m phi\u1ec1n con; Khi Ch\u00faa mu\u1ed1n, con \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng. \u201d ([5], th\u01b0 ng\u00e0y 9. 7. 1778 g\u1eedi cho cha t\u1eeb Paris) L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 Mozart m\u1edbi 22 tu\u1ed5i. Trong suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a Mozart, c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c. ([1], 379)<\/p>\n

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 14 t\u1ea1i Verona, \u00dd, 1770. Tranh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho c\u1ee7a Giambettino Cignaroli. Mozart l\u00e0 “th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng”, “m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i n\u0103ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 si\u00eau ph\u00e0m”. \u00d4ng ch\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0n piano forte \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 3, ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u0129 c\u1ea7m v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 phong c\u1ea7m \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 7; c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ng\u1eafn \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 5. \u1ede tu\u1ed5i teen, b\u1ed1 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ecb \u00f4ng Nannerl \u0111i tour kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vang d\u1ed9i. \u1ede tu\u1ed5i 12, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft v\u1edf opera \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, La finta semplice<\/em>. \u00d4ng th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef, Ph\u00e1p, Anh, \u00dd, ngo\u00e0i ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng La tinh.<\/p>\n

\u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0n b\u1ea1c trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Socrates, Cicero, Herder, Goethe, Schiller, hay Spinoza, Einstein t\u1eebng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y hay c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft. H\u1ecd xem c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd y\u00eau qu\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng Mozart ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m (Freemasonry\/ Freimaurerei), v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 quan ni\u1ec7m c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i n\u00e0y. H\u1ed9i Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Ngay khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ea1p, m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 ch\u1ebft, v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 \u0111au bu\u1ed3n. Ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111i theo ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng to\u00e0n n\u0103ng cho m\u1ed9t “c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c cao h\u01a1n”.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, Mozart \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ea1p l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a chi h\u1ed9i \u201cNh\u00e2n \u00e1i\u201d ng\u00e0y 26. 3. 1785, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 4 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m, ti\u1ebfn l\u00ea th\u00e0nh \u201cMaster\u201d m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tranh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cha m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Haydn v\u00e0o H\u1ed9i. \u00c1o l\u00e0 x\u1ee9 H\u1ed9i Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd v\u00e0o Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. Trong gi\u1edbi tinh hoa, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. Beethoven sau n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. Trong gi\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 Lessing, Schiller, Goethe. Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 n\u01a1i quy t\u1ee5 gi\u1edbi gi\u1edbi khai s\u00e1ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ea3 gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. C\u00e1c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Tam \u0110i\u1ec3m m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, nh\u00e2n \u00e1i, h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p, ngay c\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m – t\u1ef1 do, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7, l\u00f2ng khoan dung, l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng – \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o cho n\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho s\u1ef1 r\u1ea1n n\u1ee9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Mozart v\u1edbi cha m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0a cha v\u00e0o H\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ee5 mong mu\u1ed1n trong \u201c\u0111\u1ea1i gia \u0111\u00ecnh\u201d r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh y\u00eau r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Mozart th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1770 \u1edf tu\u1ed5i teen. N\u0103m 1772, l\u00fac m\u1edbi 16 tu\u1ed5i, Mozart \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft aria (m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u00e1t d\u00e0i cho gi\u1ecdng solo) v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u00e1nh ca Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee5c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c trong tinh th\u1ea7n Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edf opera C\u00e2y s\u00e1o th\u1ea7n<\/em> (Magic flute, Zauberfl\u00f6te, 1791) cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng m\u1edbi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ca ng\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m. \u00d4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n opera n\u00e0y chung v\u1edbi Emanuel Schikaneder, v\u1eeba di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t t\u1ea1i Vienna. Schikaneder c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 C\u00e2y s\u00e1o th\u1ea7n<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai \u201chuynh \u0111\u1ec7\u201d c\u1ee7a Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ea1c do Mozart lo, ph\u1ea7n l\u1eddi do Schikaneder. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Swafford vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a C\u00e2y s\u00e1o th\u1ea7n<\/em>:<\/p>\n

Mozart l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7y nhi\u1ec7t huy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 C\u00e2y s\u00e1o th\u1ea7n<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a v\u1ec1 H\u1ed9i Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m, m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c chi h\u1ed9i (lodges) qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ng\u1ea7m trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Khai s\u00e1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a v\u1edf opera n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a Mozart: t\u00ecnh y\u00eau thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a Papageno v\u00e0 Papagena, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Tamino v\u00e0 Pamina, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a Sarastro d\u00e0nh cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9a h\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Tamino v\u00e0 Pamina, Sarastro ca ng\u1ee3i c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Mozart, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng<\/em>, l\u00e0 minh tri\u1ebft cao nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. (Swafford, 89)<\/p>\n

\u2740\u2740\u2740<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u201cC\u1eadu b\u00e9 Mozart\u201d, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng\u00a0 c\u1ee7a Barrias Louis-Ernest, 1883, t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Orsay, Paris<\/p>\n

Tuy Mozart kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng \u0110\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a<\/em> Figaro<\/em> (1786) theo m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cgi\u1ea5c m\u01a1\u201d v\u1ec1 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p: nh\u1eefng g\u00ec cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c, th\u00ec t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u1edf Mozart ra s\u1ee9c l\u00e0m: x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ranh gi\u1edbi giai c\u1ea5p. V\u1edf n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean v\u1edf k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Beaumarchais m\u00e0 Napoleon \u0111\u1eb7t cho c\u00e1i t\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng: \u201cc\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d. V\u1edf Figaro<\/em> v\u1ebd n\u00ean b\u1ee9c tranh v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng suy \u0111\u1ed3i, khi\u00eau g\u1ee3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3i tr\u1ee5y. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. N\u00f3 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 t\u1ef1 do, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, droit du seigneur<\/em>. Figaro<\/em> c\u1ee7a Mozart ra \u0111\u1eddi 11 n\u0103m sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 2 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u1ed1c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1edb.<\/p>\n

\u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 trong v\u1edf opera V\u1ee5 b\u1eaft c\u00f3c t\u1eeb Serail<\/em> (Entf\u00fchrung aus dem Serail<\/em>, 1782). M\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. B\u00e0i th\u00e1nh ca v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau (\u201cT\u00ecnh y\u00eau mu\u00f4n n\u0103m!\u201d) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, l\u00e0 \u201ccu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1 ng\u1ee5c Bastille\u201d, th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a quan ni\u1ec7m t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c-cung \u0111\u00ecnh, th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. V\u1edbi Mozart, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 –Amor vincit omnia<\/em> – k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. T\u00ecnh y\u00eau, v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, m\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau. (Dieter Borchmeyer) N\u1ebfu Rousseau k\u00eau g\u1ecdi: H\u00e3y tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, th\u00ec Mozart mu\u1ed1n k\u00eau g\u1ecdi: H\u00e3y tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau<\/em>. Tuy Mozart s\u1edbm n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ca ng\u1ee3i t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

Qua v\u1edf Don Giovanni<\/em>, m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau Figaro<\/em>, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 \u0110\u1ee9c Eduard M\u00f6rike, trong ti\u1ec3u ph\u1ea9m Mozart tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1edbi Praha<\/em> (1855), nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u201cti\u1ebfng \u00ec \u1ea7m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p\u201d hai n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng Mozart kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng Mozart l\u00e0m cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ea9u v\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 cung \u0111\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

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T\u00f4i n\u00f3i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t Ch\u00faa, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung th\u1ef1c, r\u1eb1ng con trai \u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng th\u1ecbt v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Joseph Haydn<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1 nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Mozart kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o, th\u00f4ng minh v\u1ec1 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m phi th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m sao!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Joseph Haydn<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cung \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n Mozart thu x\u1ebfp v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vua quan. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Nam t\u01b0\u1edbc Grimm, trong m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 g\u1eedi Leopold, nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t\u00a0 \u201cAnh ta qu\u00e1 th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, qu\u00e1 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i, qu\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4n ngoan, h\u0103ng h\u00e1i v\u00e0 d\u00e1m l\u00e0m.\u201d\u00a0 Grimm bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh t\u00e0i n\u0103ng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Mozart \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n anh \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. “T\u00f4i mong \u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cho s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn, anh ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, nh\u01b0ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i t\u00e0i kh\u00f4n l\u00e9o.”<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ed1 \u00f4ng. Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1782, Leopold Mozart \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 con trai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng anh ta, nh\u01b0ng, ti\u1ebfc thay, c\u00e1c thi\u00ean t\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u1eadt c\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.\u201d V\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp: \u201cC\u00f3 hai di\u1ec1u tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau – qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 \u00edt, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i trung dung.\u201d Mozart kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a anh ta. C\u1ea3 \u1edf Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 bi k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Mozart. Nh\u01b0 nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 \u00c1o Manfred Klein nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ho\u00e0n v\u0169 c\u1ee7a \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c Mozart: \u201cMozart \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p trang tr\u1ecdng, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t duy\u00ean d\u00e1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh trong \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian, th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh\u201d. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Einstein \u01b0a th\u00edch.<\/p>\n

\u00c2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Mozart tu\u00f4n tr\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec9. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00f4 gic \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u00f3. T\u1eeb tuy\u1ec7t t\u00e1c Entf\u00fchrung<\/em> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn Zauberfl\u00f6te<\/em> sau c\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ec9 9 n\u0103m, Mozart s\u1ed1ng trong s\u1ef1 \u201cth\u00f4i th\u00fac v\u00e0 gi\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m ph\u1ea3i s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c theo ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi b\u00ean trong. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Vincent van Gogh ph\u1ea3i v\u1ebd, ph\u1ea3i v\u1ebd li\u00ean t\u1ee5c m\u1eb7c cho \u0111au \u1ed1m, thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n, cho \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00fat cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. Mozart kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00ec gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 \u201clu\u1ed3n c\u00fai\u201d (\u201cCon kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3\u201d, Mozart vi\u1ebft cho cha), hay th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ebb cong thi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u201cT\u00ednh th\u00edch vui nh\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a Mozart l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m d\u1eef d\u1ed9i kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n b\u00e3o tinh th\u1ea7n, s\u1ef1 b\u1ed3n ch\u1ed3n tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111ang l\u00ean men c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u1eb1ng sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft lu\u00f4n r\u00ecnh r\u1eadp, ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh h\u01a1n\u201d, nh\u01b0 Ernst Lert ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 v\u00e0 s\u1eed gia \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1o nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t ([12], 448). Mozart c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7t t\u00e0i s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ngay trong l\u00fac b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghe th\u1ea5y \u00e2m thanh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i nh\u1ea3m nh\u00ed c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

\u2740\u2740\u2740<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Cha th\u00e2n y\u00eau nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con, \u2014 Con kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thi v\u1ecb, b\u1edfi v\u00ec con kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1. Con kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec con kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ecda s\u1ef9; con c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a con b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 hay d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u, b\u1edfi v\u00ec con kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u0169 c\u00f4ng; nh\u01b0ng con c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7u, v\u00ec con l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea1c s\u0129.<\/span><\/p>\n

W. A. Mozart<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(Th\u01b0 g\u1eedi cha ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 11, 1777 t\u1eeb Mannheim, [5])<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i, thi\u00ean t\u00e0i hay c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u00ednh l\u1ea1 (strangeness). Francis Bacon c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng \u201cC\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1i m\u00f9a h\u1ea1, d\u1ec5 h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e2u.\u201d ([1], 373) Hay n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Ph\u00e1p Baudelaire: \u201cC\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p l\u00e0 c\u00e1i l\u1ea1\u201d. L\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c Mozart \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi quy ch\u1ebf ho\u00e0n v\u0169<\/em>, universality. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0 Goethe nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 th\u1ebf gian v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Einstein t\u1eebng n\u00f3i, \u00f4ng \u201cxem nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Mozart nh\u01b0 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1eady\u201d. Nam t\u01b0\u1edbc F. M. Grimm, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Khai s\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Encyclop\u00e9die<\/em>, cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy l\u00fd l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 Mozart, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Grimm n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/em> c\u1ee7a Mozart: \u201cTh\u1eadt kh\u00f3 gi\u1eef cho m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb \u0111i\u00ean khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 quan nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.\u201d ([2],77) Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1919 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3, bao ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111i\u00ean l\u00ean v\u00ec Albert Einstein v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. C\u00f4ng ch\u00fang k\u00e9o t\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, h\u1ecd ch\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh, v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng gian xung quanh \u00f4ng b\u1ecb cong. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean s\u1ee9 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi, \u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng trong t\u00fang thi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng \u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng mi\u1ec7t m\u00e0i v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng h\u1ebft m\u00ecnh cho ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9m. Cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 8, Mozart l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i Praha d\u1ef1 l\u1ec5 \u0111\u0103ng quang c\u1ee7a Leopold II v\u00e0 l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3 th\u00e1ng. Nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ea7y \u1ea5p nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Mozart nh\u01b0 Don Giovanni<\/em>, La Clemenza di Tito<\/em>. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ec7nh \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Mozart xanh xao v\u00e0 n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t bu\u1ed3n b\u00e3, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eabn h\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u1ed1m. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, Mozart ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n C\u00e2y s\u00e1o th\u1ea7n<\/em>. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 9 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn bu\u1ed5i ra m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1ea1i Freihaustheater (Theater auf der Wieden), Vienna, v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 9. Mozart t\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy d\u00e0n nh\u1ea1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e0n piano. Ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c v\u1edf opera tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hit l\u1edbn. H\u00e0ng tr\u0103m bu\u1ed5i bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1790.<\/p>\n

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M\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u (l\u00fac N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00eam<\/em> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n) c\u1ee7a Karl Friedrich Schinkel<\/p>\n

d\u00e0n d\u1ef1ng cho C\u00e2y s\u00e1o th\u1ea7n<\/em>, Berlin, 1815 (Pinterest)<\/p>\n

Mozart b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n t\u1ea5t b\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 ca h\u00e1t, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ch\u0103m s\u00f3c gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9 v\u1ee3 chu \u0111\u00e1o, s\u1ed1ng vui v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u00f9ng b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n. Liebe und Arbeit<\/em> – T\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2013 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, mu\u1ed1n chu c\u1ea5p \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh, qua \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng xua tan nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y u s\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201ct\u00e2m tr\u00ed b\u00ecnh an\u201d. \u00d4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u mua vui c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

Trong v\u00f2ng 4 th\u00e1ng cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi, khi Mozart \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n kh\u1ecfe n\u1eefa v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111i du l\u1ecbch, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft 6 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 C\u00e2y s\u00e1o th\u1ea7n, La Clemenza di Tito, \u00a0\u201cNh\u1eefng b\u1ea1n t\u00f4n vinh ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00f4 bi\u00ean\u201d, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n concerto cho k\u00e8n clarinet cho H. Stadler, m\u1ed9t cantata cho c\u1ea3 d\u00e0n h\u1ee3p x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 Requiem. M\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c phi th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cho s\u1ee9c \u00f4ng c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t. ([13]) N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1eebng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111ang tu\u00f4n tr\u00e0o v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n trong \u00f4ng, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u00f4ng ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c. Mozart, hay van Gogh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng sinh ra th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang thai ngh\u00e9n bao l\u00e2u v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u00fat n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n 1790 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t “n\u1ed7i bu\u1ed3n kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee9t” trong l\u00f2ng, v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n r\u01a1i v\u00e0o b\u1ec7nh u s\u1ea7u (Solomon, 459). Ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 chia tay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Haydn (1732-1908) l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i Anh, Mozart \u1edf su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y v\u1edbi \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng chung c\u01a1m t\u1ed1i. V\u00e0o l\u00fac chia tay, Mozart n\u00f3i: “C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i l\u1eddi chia tay cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y.” N\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai tr\u00e0o ra. Haydn v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00ec \u00f4ng ngh\u0129 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Mozart c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, sau C\u00e2y s\u00e1o th\u1ea7n<\/em> s\u1ee9c \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i bu\u1ed3n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Mozart b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft b\u1ea3n Requiem<\/em> do m\u1ed9t qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c b\u00ed m\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng l\u00e0 cho ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 ch\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ebft l\u00fac n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho \u00f4ng chu to\u00e0n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh. N\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft \u00f4ng ch\u1ea3y: \u201cAnh c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y d\u1ee9t kh\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao l\u00e2u n\u1eefa; anh ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9c. Anh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y\u201d Mozart n\u00f3i v\u1edbi v\u1ee3. (Solomon, 489) Mozart ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c vi\u1ebft Requiem<\/em>, nh\u01b0ng dang d\u1edf. V\u00e0i ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Hungary v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb Amsterdam h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 cung c\u1ea5p t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ea3nh thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n. \u00d4ng m\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 12, 1791, t\u1ea1i Vienna, h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd 35 tu\u1ed5i, 9 th\u00e1ng 7 ng\u00e0y. S\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn nghi\u1ec7t ng\u00e3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea5m m\u1ed9 ri\u00eang \u2013 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sau th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n – tuy r\u1eb1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a Mozart ch\u1eafc c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u ph\u1ea9y n\u00e0o cho h\u00e0o quang v\u0129nh c\u1eedu c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Einstein c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed1t hay di t\u00edch chi c\u1ea3. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t bu\u1ed3n b\u00e3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u th\u1ed1ng thi\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Khi J. S. Bach m\u1ea5t, ti\u1ec1n quy\u00ean g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 mua m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m bia \u0111\u00e1 d\u1ef1ng cho \u00f4ng, khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn 50 n\u0103m sau m\u1edbi t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.
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C\u0103n h\u1ed9 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Mozart t\u1ea1i Vienna. \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9: Domgasse 5, t\u1ea7ng 1. C\u0103n h\u1ed9 cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng \u1edf v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c C\u00e2y s\u00e1o th\u1ea7n<\/em> b\u1ecb san b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y Si\u00eau th\u1ecb “Steffl”, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 K\u00e4rntner Str. 19, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb.<\/p>\n

C\u0103n h\u1ed9 tr\u00ean l\u00e0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, sang tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eaft nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 Mozart \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng x\u00e0i sang. C\u0103n h\u1ed9 \u00f4ng g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ph\u00f2ng, hai cabinet v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u1ebfp. Mozart \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u1edbi v\u1ee3 Constanze t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 9, 1784 \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 4, 1787. Ba n\u0103m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 cao \u0111i\u1ec3m trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edf opera \u0110\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Figaro<\/em>, vi\u1ebft b\u1ea3n serenade Eine kleine Nachtmusik<\/em> v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u bu\u1ed5i h\u00f2a nh\u1ea1c trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Vienna. Mozart m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t si\u00eau sao n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch m\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c sang tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c cung \u0111i\u1ec7n qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Joseph Haydn. \u00d4ng ch\u01a1i nh\u1ea1c v\u1edbi Mozart, u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 ch\u01a1i bida su\u1ed1t \u0111\u00eam. Hay Ludwig van Beethoven, 16 tu\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1ebfn Vienna \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc nh\u1ea1c v\u1edbi Mozart, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng 2 tu\u1ea7n th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i quay v\u1ec1 Bonn v\u00ec m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng s\u1eafp m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

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Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd St. Michael, n\u01a1i Emanuel Schikaneder l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n Requiem<\/em> cho l\u1ec5 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb Mozart. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u1ed7 k\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Vienna, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 4.000 nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mai t\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n\"\"\n

Burgtheater, Vienna, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c v\u1edf opera c\u1ee7a Mozart V\u1ee5 b\u1eaft c\u00f3c t\u1eeb Serail<\/em>, \u0110\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Figaro<\/em> v\u00e0 Cos\u00ec fan tutte<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. C\u1ea3 ba v\u1edf \u0111\u1ec1u do Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Joseph II khai m\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n

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Freihaustheater hay Theater auf der Wieden, Vienna, kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1800, ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ebfn 1.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y v\u1edf C\u00e2y s\u00e1u th\u1ea7n<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ng\u00e0y 30.9.1791, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c 35 l\u1ea7n cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 12, l\u00e0m cho nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t c\u00f3 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng, v\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n 223 l\u1ea7n trong nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t n\u00e0y. (Wiki)<\/p>\n

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Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd St. Stephen, n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng ni\u1ec1m vui v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i bu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a Mozart. \u00d4ng k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Constanze Weber t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1782 trong v\u00f2ng b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft. Ch\u00edn n\u0103m sau, ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1791, thi h\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Mozart \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n. B\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u0129nh bi\u1ec7t Mozart t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 xe ng\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0a \u00f4ng c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u0129a trang St. Marxer c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 10km \u0111\u1ec3 mai t\u00e1ng chung v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n kh\u00e1c trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00eam 6 ho\u1eb7c 7 th\u00e1ng 12. Theo th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0111i c\u00f9ng. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u01a1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00f4n m\u1edf n\u1eafp quan t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u00f4ng r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng h\u1ed1, c\u00f2n quan t\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i cho t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m bia hay v\u1eadt g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m d\u1ea5u. M\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y n\u0103m sau, v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecm th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n tr\u00f4ng ch\u1edd v\u00e0o th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n ngh\u0129a trang.<\/p>\n

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Bia t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i ngh\u0129a trang St. Marxer \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 n\u01a1i an ngh\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a Mozart, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y c\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9t ngang t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi gi\u1eefa ch\u1eebng xu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Mozart, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee9ng kh\u00f3c \u00f4ng. T\u1ea1i Ngh\u0129a trang trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Vienna, m\u1ed9t bia t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng, mang s\u1ed1 55, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean. Trong ngh\u0129a trang n\u00e0y nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c t\u00e0i n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mai t\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0 Beethoven, Brahms, Schubert, Sch\u00f6nberg. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Ludwig Boltzmann.<\/p>\n

Vienna v\u00e0 Praha kh\u00f3c Mozart. Khi \u00f4ng ng\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng, bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a tay gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1. Nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap gia \u0111\u00ecnh Mozart. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t Freihaustheater tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Requiem<\/em> t\u1ea1i Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd St. Michael, v\u00e0 v\u00e0i h\u00f4m sau Schikaneder, \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 huynh \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Mozart, tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n C\u00e2y s\u00e1o th\u1ea7n<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n gi\u00fap gia \u0111\u00ecnh Mozart. Nam t\u01b0\u1edbc Gottfried van Swieten cam k\u1ebft s\u1ebd lo ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 c\u00e1c con c\u1ee7a Mozart. Constanze xin ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0u v\u00e0 ph\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i h\u00f2a nh\u1ea1c v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ea3 n\u1ee3. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1ea3o t\u00e2m, c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Vienne ra tay ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9c. \u1ede Praha, bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y 15.12 t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Nicolai b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed3i chu\u00f4ng b\u00e1o, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u00e0 khu Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00dd c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a h\u1ebft. C\u00e1c huynh \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c truy \u0111i\u1ec7u Mozart. \u201cAi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft anh \u1ea5y? Ai kh\u00f4ng qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng anh \u1ea5y? Ai kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau anh \u1ea5y – ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em Mozart x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i?\u201d Constanze t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn \u00c1o, \u0110\u1ee9c Graz, Linz, Dresden, Leipzig v\u00e0 Berlin \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1c quy\u00ean. (Solomon, 498, 499)<\/p>\n

Gia \u0111\u00ecnh tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng Mozart th\u00ec m\u00e3i m\u00e3i ra \u0111i, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i mu\u00f4n v\u00e0n t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1i \u00e1c v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, nung n\u1ea5u m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u201cMozart \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 quan trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ee9a con c\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u00f4ng! Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i nh\u01b0ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean m\u1edbi trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c\u201d nh\u01b0 Franz Xaver Niemetschek, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u1ebft vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Mozart. ([13])<\/p>\n

Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin Mozart \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t qua \u0111\u1eddi, Haydn, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang \u1edf Anh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n cao qu\u00fd v\u1edbi Mozart, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Mozart ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 xem l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y, l\u00e0 cha, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n: \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a anh \u1ea5y. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng Thi\u00ean \u00dd \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 b\u00ean kia th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.” V\u00e0: “H\u1eadu th\u1ebf s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong 100 n\u0103m n\u1eefa.”<\/p>\n

NXX, M\u00f9a Gi\u00e1ng Sinh 2020<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Franz Xaver Niemetschek (1766 – 1849) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00e9c. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/em> v\u1ec1 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin g\u1ed1c quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c thi\u00ean t\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Mozart ng\u00e0y 4.4.1787. M\u1ed7i t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u00edch \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho m\u00ecnh. Tr\u00edch \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1edf tr\u00ean l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Benz, 251-252. C\u00e2u cu\u1ed1i Con h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ea3m \u01a1n T\u1ea1o h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a con v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh n\u00e0y <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y th\u00eam t\u1eeb Paul Johnson, ([14]), Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5, trang \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Tham kh\u1ea3o<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

[1] Maynard Solomon, Mozart. <\/em>A Life<\/em>. HarperPerennial, 1995.<\/p>\n

[2] Klaus Matthias, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart<\/em>, tr. 74-99 trong Die Grossen<\/em>, Band VII\/1. Kindler, 1977.<\/p>\n

[3] Jan Swafford, Language of the Spirit. An Introduction to Classical Music<\/em>. Basic Books, 2017.<\/p>\n

[4] Richard Benz, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart<\/em>. Trong Die Grossen Deutschen<\/em>, Band II. Propyl\u00e4en Verlag, 1956. Trang 240-254.<\/p>\n

[5] Mozarts letzter Brief an seinen Vater<\/em>: https:\/\/www.br-klassik.de\/themen\/klassik-entdecken\/mozarts-letzter-brief-an-vater-leopold-was-heute-geschah-1787-100.html<\/p>\n

[5] Nh\u1eefng l\u00e1 th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart <\/em>1769-1791:<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/5307\/5307-h\/5307-h.htm<\/p>\n

[7] Mozart’s Key to Happiness<\/em>: https:\/\/www.theosophy-nw.org\/theosnw\/death\/de-idap.htm<\/p>\n

[8] Besch\u00e4ftigen sich Freimaurer mit dem Tod?:<\/em> https:\/\/friedrich-zur-bruderkette.de\/100-fragen\/beschaeftigen-sich-freimaurer-mit-dem-tod\/<\/p>\n

[9] Freimaurerei<\/em> ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c: https:\/\/de.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freimaurerei, ho\u1eb7c Freemasonry<\/em> ti\u1ebfng Anh:: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freemasonry<\/p>\n

[10] Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart<\/em>: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart<\/p>\n

[11] Dieter Borchmeyer: Mozart \u2013 Zeitgenosse der Franz\u00f6sischen Revolution<\/em>: http:\/\/www.sine-causa.com\/er\/arte\/musique\/mozart\/mozart_d.htm<\/p>\n

[12] B. G. Kuznecov, Einstein. Leben-Tod-Unsterblichkeit<\/em>. Akademie-Verlag. Berlin, 1979.<\/p>\n

[13] Franz Xaver Niemetschek, Lebensbeschreibung des K. K. Kapellmeisters Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart aus Originalquellen<\/em>: https:\/\/musik.cc\/lebensbeschreibung-des-k-k-kapellmeisters-wolfgang-amadeus-mozart\/<\/p>\n

Th\u00eam sau ng\u00e0y<\/em> 5.12.2020:<\/span><\/p>\n

[14] Paul Johnson, Mozart. A Life<\/em>. Penguin Books 2014.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

L\u00c1 TH\u01af CU\u1ed0I C\u00d9NG C\u1ee6A W. A. MOZART G\u1eecI CHA: S\u1ef0 S\u1ed0NG V\u00c0 C\u00c1I CH\u1ebeT Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh   M\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 Mozart lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 quan, \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe C\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4415"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4415"}],"version-history":[{"count":147,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4415\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9450,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4415\/revisions\/9450"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4415"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4415"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4415"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}