{"id":483,"date":"2017-08-29T02:26:18","date_gmt":"2017-08-28T19:26:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=483"},"modified":"2019-06-29T16:13:38","modified_gmt":"2019-06-29T09:13:38","slug":"truong-hoc-cua-ly-tinh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/truong-hoc-cua-ly-tinh\/","title":{"rendered":"Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a L\u00fd t\u00ednh"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

TR\u01af\u1edcNG H\u1eccC C\u1ee6A L\u00dd T\u00cdNH<\/h1>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/h3>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/i>. Nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ghi l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh d\u00e0i 2.500 n\u0103m. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng trong chu\u1ed7i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fd t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. NXX(Aug2017)<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i t\u00ednh kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n n\u00f3ng n\u1ea3y v\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd h\u1ecd y\u00eau th\u00edch nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00fd do n\u00e0y m\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u00edch nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u \u00edt nh\u1ea5t.<\/i><\/p>\n

NEWTON <\/i><\/p>\n

Trong \u00e1nh h\u00e0o quang c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t; \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh tia ch\u1edbp c\u1ee7a \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh.<\/i><\/p>\n

HEGEL<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ai kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u1ecb d\u00e0nh cho s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i n\u00f3.<\/em><\/p>\n

EDMUND BURKE<\/p>\n

[1]<\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u00fd t\u00ednh (reason, Vern\u00fcnft, logos) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0 duy, l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00f4g\u00edc, tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c, kinh nghi\u1ec7m, quan s\u00e1t, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u1ea7n linh, m\u00ea t\u00edn hay m\u1ed9t uy quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. L\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, khoa h\u1ecdc, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m. Hegel trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cTri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a L\u1ecbch s\u1eed\u201d t\u00f3m t\u1eaft: \u201cC\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 L\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/i>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi Khai s\u00e1ng<\/i> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y.\u201d L\u00fd t\u00ednh g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo khoa h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n khai ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111am m\u00ea c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fd t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb che \u0111\u1eady b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y ph\u1ea3n khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 6 v\u00e0 5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng Ionia c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1 (Asia Minor, nay thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3) khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00fd t\u00ednh, b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 duy thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay, th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn th\u1ea7n linh, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, th\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0o khoa h\u1ecdc. V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u00fd tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng minh lan t\u1ecfa kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng minh t\u1eb7ng cho t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u00fd t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u1ebfu l\u00fd t\u00ednh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao. C\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (impersonal), c\u00f3 t\u00ednh v\u1eadt l\u00fd, v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i (mythological) v\u00e0 si\u00eau nhi\u00ean (supernatural) c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3. Democritus l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a ra thuy\u1ebft c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ebft \u0111i trong th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 r\u1ed3i s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, v\u00e0 20 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n quark, v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t Higgs.<\/p>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. Ionia l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do, ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00fd t\u00ednh. Hy L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00e1ch th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c trong t\u01b0 duy, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201cfreethinker\u201d. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ai h\u1ecfi, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ecbu \u01a1n c\u00e1i g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 J. B. Bury vi\u1ebft, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft \u01a1n s\u00e2u xa nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 x\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. B\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ef1 do tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 bi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb; \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u00e1c vi\u1ec7t v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

\"Image

Khoa h\u1ecdc bu\u1ed5i s\u01a1 khai: Archimedes kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111ang t\u1eafm.<\/p><\/div>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xem th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eb7ng v\u1eadt, m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, \u201cnicht gegeben, sondern aufgegeben\u201d ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Kant quan ni\u1ec7m. H\u1ecd b\u1ecb thu h\u00fat b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 \u0111am m\u00ea hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, xuy\u00ean th\u1ea5u v\u00e0o chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft ch\u00e2n l\u00fd s\u00e2u xa \u0111\u1eb1ng sau \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ecd thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft tr\u00ean. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u00f3c t\u00f2 m\u00f2, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n n\u00e0o trong t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Tinh th\u1ea7n khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd d\u1ee9t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 t\u00ednh sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p, d\u00f9 tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m. Tinh th\u1ea7n Hy l\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ec sao d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd lu m\u1edd, v\u00e0 bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng hi\u1ec7n ra t\u01b0\u01a1i tr\u1ebb nh\u01b0 su\u1ed1i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb chia c\u00e1ch nhau, v\u1eabn g\u1eafn b\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i g\u1ecdn l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00fd t\u00ednh: L\u00fd t\u00ednh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ef1 do trong th\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3. (N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 do tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0 duy. C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Socrates l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng.) \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, l\u00fd t\u00ednh m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u1ecb \u201cnh\u1ed1t\u201d v\u00e0o t\u00f9. M\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa gi\u1edbi tu s\u0129 v\u1edbi l\u00fd t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m, v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p d\u1eef d\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng v\u00e0 th\u1eddi C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, l\u00fd t\u00ednh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cth\u1ea3 ra\u201d, trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp theo sau l\u00e0 C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng l\u00ean t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a Khai s\u00e1ng. L\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u01b0 duy khoa h\u1ecdc \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft v\u00e0o t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00fd t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc, s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a v\u00e0 l\u00f4g\u00edc nh\u01b0 h\u00f4m nay. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 tr\u01a1n tru v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00e2n hu\u1ec7. M\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i, m\u00e1u v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd La M\u00e3, v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n l\u00ean c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 li\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 khinh mi\u1ec7t l\u00fd t\u00ednh, khoa h\u1ecdc, \u00f3c t\u00f2 m\u00f2. Nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd mu\u1ed1n \u00f4m l\u1ea5y khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 t\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o v\u00e0 \u201cto\u00e0n tr\u1ecb\u201d, v\u1eeba ch\u1ec9 ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 ra tr\u1eddi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0ng h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecd \u0111i theo khoa h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 l\u1ea5y khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb, k\u1ebb c\u1ea7m \u0111\u00e8n cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0 Immanuel Kant n\u00f3i. R\u1ed3i k\u1ebb c\u1ea7m \u0111\u00e8n kia m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai s\u00e1ng cho c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy l\u00f4g\u00edc l\u00e0 n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t, th\u1ea5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3m l\u00fd t\u00ednh[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 \u1edf cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 tri th\u1ee9c di\u1ec5n ra: T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 11, 12, 13 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u00dd, Anh, Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng lan t\u1ecfa nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Aristote \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Moslem v\u00e0 Byzantin, nh\u01b0 Si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/i>, V\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/i>, v\u00e0 De Anima<\/i> (V\u1ec1 linh h\u1ed3n), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Almagest<\/i> c\u1ee7a Ptolemy, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang La tinh, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n s\u1eafc b\u00e9n v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u00fd lu\u1eadn th\u00f4ng qua gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt quy m\u00f4 n\u00e0y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7.[3]<\/sup><\/a> Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u201ck\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Aristote\u201d, v\u1edbi gia t\u00e0i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u1eeba c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c m\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u1eeba c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. Tuy nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng m\u1eb7n m\u00f2i v\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, nh\u00e0 th\u1edd mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch<\/i>, c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c<\/i>, sau khi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ph\u1ed3n vinh. \u201cSau khi \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng trong \u0111\u1ee9c tin, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ra s\u1ee9c hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta tin\u201d nh\u01b0 Anselm, T\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Canterbury, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1. Th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111ang thua k\u00e9m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Moslem ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt cao.<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n: v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m, h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n, bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng hay logic (ba m\u00f4n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Trivium), v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc, h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, thi\u00ean v\u0103n (Quadrium). Cao h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, y v\u00e0 khoa lu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc g\u1ed3m b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng, lectura, v\u00e0 tranh lu\u1eadn, disputatio v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 (thesis). C\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n, logic, s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc, h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, thi\u00ean v\u0103n<\/i>, \u0111\u1ec1u g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n gi\u00fap cho n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/i> s\u1eafc b\u00e9n. Sinh vi\u00ean kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng khai c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y, gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 suy ngh\u0129, ph\u1ea3n t\u01b0 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng nghe l\u1eddi. Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng (plurality), v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ea1nh tranh nhau, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u00fd t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang, sai. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc trung c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ec3 cho nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00f3 l\u00fd t\u00ednh. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00ednh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin. Tri th\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn trong h\u00e0ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng tri th\u1ee9c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00e0ng gi\u1ed1ng Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Theo Aquinas, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa ph\u00fa cho v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00e2m linh s\u00e2u s\u1eafc: Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Linh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thai ngh\u00e9n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u1eeb trong l\u00f2ng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1t ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, m\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a. Sau m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 s\u1eafp s\u1eeda tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 cho ra \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14-17 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 hai sau giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sinh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn trong cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng t\u00e1i l\u1eadp s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u201cCon ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt\u201d, c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Protagoras \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u. V\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u00ean kia c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft. Leonardo, Michelangelo v\u00e0 Raphael s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, Columbus chinh ph\u1ee5c T\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Gutenberg ph\u00e1t minh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch v\u1edf \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3, l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng l\u1eef, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, Luther n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, Copernicus \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u1ea5y m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u01a1i m\u00e0o cho cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t thi\u00ean h\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u201csi\u00eau nh\u00e2n\u201d trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 tri th\u1ee9c, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, hay th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea7m tay c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

\"\"

Nicolas Copernicus (\u00a9 Tomasz Bidermann). \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 quan l\u1ea5y m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0m t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m, m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 g\u00e2y s\u1ed1c. M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u00dd \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eaft Copernicus cho v\u00e0o t\u00f9 khi hay tin, nh\u01b0ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Copernicus \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.<\/p><\/div>\n

Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Hy L\u1ea1p l\u00e0m h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 xua \u0111u\u1ed5i ma qu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111en t\u1ed1i. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 v\u00e0 s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm trong tinh th\u1ea7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n g\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i qui m\u00f4 c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ee5t r\u00e8 v\u00e0 ng\u1eadp ng\u1eebng, n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, hay \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n c\u00f4ng khai \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17. N\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n di\u1ec5n ra ngay trong l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i: Copernicus ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Ptolemy, v\u00e0 Aristote; Versalius ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Galen; Aristote b\u1ecb \u201cph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng\u201d t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i, nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb Telesio, Cardano, Ramus, Bruno, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn Galilei.<\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edf ra v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1edd ng\u1ee3. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong bu\u1ed5i tranh t\u1ed1i tranh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a H\u1eebng \u0111\u00f4ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft. Trong khi Bruno, Campanella, Galilei ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Copernicus, th\u00ec Francis Bacon, nh\u00e0 ti\u00ean tri c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n
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C\u00e1c ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c ch\u00e2n dung c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng. Tr\u00e1i: t\u01b0\u1ee3ng David c\u1ee7a Michelangelo. Ph\u1ea3i: ch\u00e2n dung c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u1ebb c\u1ee7a danh h\u1ecda Botticelli. C\u1ea3 hai th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb9p tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c.\u00a0Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u00e2t kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u00f3c th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u00f3c quan s\u00e1t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0nh h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1ea9y sinh, nh\u01b0 Leonardo nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1ea5t ch\u00ed l\u00fd.<\/p><\/div><\/td>\n

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Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (natural man), l\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh anh ta ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e8o l\u00e1i v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a anh ta trong nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng \u0111i xa h\u01a1n. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ti\u1ebfp r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 do nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb d\u00e0nh cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi si\u00eau-th\u1ebf-t\u1ee5c. Giordano Bruno v\u00e0 Francis Bacon \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a kh\u00fac d\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi trong \u0111\u00f3 Khoa h\u1ecdc<\/i> l\u00ean ng\u00f4i n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng. Nh\u01b0 Rabelais nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y uy\u00ean b\u00e1c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Plato, Cicero, hay Papinianus c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n nay.\u201d Ramus c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: \u201cTrong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 (16) ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, h\u01a1n t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a 14 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc.\u201d (J. B. Bury)<\/p>\n

[4]<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Galilei, Kepler, v\u00e0 Newton \u1edf cao \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i Principia <\/i>(C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd), b\u00ecnh minh c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n ra r\u00f5 n\u00e9t, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0i nghi v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n, m\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nh\u01b0 b\u00e0n tay huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed quy \u0111\u1ecbnh theo c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt r\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, y nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng Ionia t\u1eebng m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc hai ngh\u00ecn hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc! Huy\u1ec1n di\u1ec7u l\u00e0m sao! M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u00e0m say s\u01b0a l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1eaft: So s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n l\u00e0m sao!<\/p>\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 cao ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin v\u00e0o m\u0169i t\u00ean ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kinh vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n r\u1ebd nh\u00e1nh. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 tu ch\u1ec9nh theo \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i \u201cg\u1ea1n l\u1ecdc\u201d. Khoa h\u1ecdc cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cho ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. Nh\u01b0ng Newton v\u1eabn l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy l\u00fd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c tin (religious rationalist). C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f4ng: Kepler, Galilei. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu l\u00fd t\u00ednh. S\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a gi\u1eefa khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Newton n\u00f3i r\u00f5, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra c\u0103n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/i> c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf (creation). Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong Opticks<\/i>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng mang t\u00ednh c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc (mechanism) c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 suy ra nh\u1eefng c\u0103n nguy\u00ean t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi C\u0103n nguy\u00ean ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/i> (First Cause), c\u0103n nguy\u00ean ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n mang t\u00ednh c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc n\u1eefa. T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t \u1ea5y. Nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Alexander Pope h\u00e1t l\u00ean l\u1eddi ca ng\u1ee3i cho Newton:<\/p>\n

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T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u1eb1m \u1ea9n m\u00ecnh trong b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00eam:<\/p>\n

Ch\u00faa n\u00f3i, H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 Newton xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n!<\/i> v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u s\u00e1ng l\u00ean.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u201cTrong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i, Newton \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy l\u00fd (rationalist), ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta t\u01b0 duy b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh l\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4 m\u00e0u\u201d, nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf John Maynard Keynes n\u00f3i. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7, v\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn xa h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u00f4ng n\u00f3i th\u00eam:<\/p>\n

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\u201cT\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn \u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng n\u00e0y\u2026 Newton kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt s\u0129 (magicians), ng\u01b0\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babylon v\u00e0 Sumer, b\u1ed9 \u00f3c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u00ecn ra th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng con m\u1eaft nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng di s\u1ea3n tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta sau 10.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Isaac Newton, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a con sinh ra m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i cha v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y Gi\u00e1ng Sinh 1642, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1o s\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec1n tay, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng (Sumer, Babylon, Ai c\u1eadp) sang Hy L\u1ea1p, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn La M\u00e3, v\u00f9ng Moslem, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 s\u1eafp t\u1eaft. Sau khi b\u1ecb d\u1eadp v\u00f9i b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi man di m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m, n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafp s\u00e1ng \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13-15, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i sau c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

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Galilei tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng k\u00ednh v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o s\u0129 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. \u00d4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u00c2u ch\u00e2u s\u1ed1ng trong n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb thi\u00eau s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec d\u00e1m t\u01b0 bi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao.<\/p><\/div>\n

\u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p. Khoa h\u1ecdc Aristote kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i sai m\u00e0 c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea5t (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng t\u1ee5c), v\u00e0 Tr\u1eddi (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang). Thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Newton th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ef1 l\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u, s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a sao ch\u1ed5i v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u00ean v\u0103n kh\u00e1c. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, v\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00eam d\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 qua. B\u1ee9c tranh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i gi\u1edd t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng. Trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1eddi gian con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Carl Sagan g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ecb qu\u1ef7 \u00e1m\u201d, m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed v\u00e0 \u00e1c \u00fd th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u1ed7 m\u00e1y t\u00f2a \u00e1n d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4i gieo r\u1eafc kinh ho\u00e0ng. Condorcet tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: \u201cTh\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn khi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfu l\u00ean nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00ednh.\u201d C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n uy c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n cho t\u1ef1 do, c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean khi s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ea t\u00edn v\u00e0 truy b\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi suy ngh\u0129 kh\u00e1c t\u1eebng b\u1ecb quy l\u00e0 d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111ang l\u00ean c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 tr\u1edf \u0111i, khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

Hai Vi\u1ec7n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh, l\u00e0 H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n Anh (1660) v\u00e0 H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n Ph\u00e1p (1666). \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn h\u1ea3i \u0111\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Sprat, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Rochester, trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m Anh<\/i> cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u201cn\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i c\u01a1 kh\u00ed n\u00e0y, c\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, s\u1ebd lan t\u1ecfa r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c, hay b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n xa h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u0103n minh.\u201d \u00d4ng tin r\u1eb1ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3, khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m cho tinh x\u1ea3o h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01a1n th\u1ea7y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u1eb3n h\u01a1n c\u00e1c b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u1eb3n h\u01a1n c\u00e1c b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd n\u0103m x\u01b0a.<\/p>\n

Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh, c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n khai ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 khai ph\u00f3ng, c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng \u0111am m\u00ea ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ea5u tranh can tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n th\u1eafng. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n n\u1eefa, m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. Ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c r\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 \u00edch l\u1ee3i nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 vi\u00ean ng\u1ecdc qu\u00fd s\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc<\/i>. L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e0i d\u1eb1ng d\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi nhau tay trong tay. Khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen t\u01b0 duy di\u1ec5n ra. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a L\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/i>, v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng tin v\u00e0o khoa h\u1ecdc. (John H. Randall, Jr) \u201cL\u00fd t\u00ednh! h\u00e3y d\u1eabn d\u1eaft nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua c\u00e1c n\u1ebbo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eddi. Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd! h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 anh ta, xua tan b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a anh ta.<\/i>\u201d (Holbach)[4]<\/sup><\/a> Khoa h\u1ecdc, Khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 L\u00fd t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm ng\u1ef1 tr\u00e1i tim v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i \u00f3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u2018\u0111\u1ee9c tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o\u2019 m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t \u2018\u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7\u2019 m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ee9c b\u1eadt m\u1edbi sau \u0111\u00eam d\u00e0i b\u1ecb giam h\u00e3m. \u201cH\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac l\u00e0m sao, \u00d4 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi!\u201d (Holbach)<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft chu\u0309 nghi\u0303a \u201cchu\u0301ng ta se\u0303 kh\u00f4ng bi\u00ea\u0301t\u201d (ignorabimus). \u201c\u0110\u00f4\u0301i v\u01a1\u0301i chu\u0301ng ta kh\u00f4ng co\u0301 ignorabimus, va\u0300 theo t\u00f4i, cu\u0303ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 co\u0301 \u0111i\u00ea\u0300u \u0111o\u0301 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi khoa ho\u0323c\u201d, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u201cCh\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft\/ Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft\u201d nh\u01b0 David Hilbert kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb.[5]<\/sup><\/a> M\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, Kant c\u0169ng t\u1eebng n\u00f3i: \u201cH\u00e3y d\u00e1m bi\u1ebft\u201d nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Khai s\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0e\/Newton-WilliamBlake.jpg\/1280px-Newton-WilliamBlake.jpg\"

Isaac Newton \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda b\u1edfi William Blake, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cnh\u00e0 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh\u201d. Newton sinh ra trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f2n \u0111en t\u1ed1i, ma l\u1ef1c, t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ean b\u1edd c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u00ean lo\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hai ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt mang t\u00ean \u00f4ng.<\/p><\/div>\n

\"Prinicipia-title.png\"

T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/strong> c\u1ee7a Newton n\u0103m 1687<\/p><\/div>\n

Voltaire c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 khai s\u00e1ng cho r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd t\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u0103n minh lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u00d4ng l\u1ea1c quan tin v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u201cl\u00fd t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u01a1m tr\u1ed3ng trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u00e2m \u1ec9 cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 cu\u1ed3ng n\u1ed9 g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3, cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00ean b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch d\u00ecm n\u00f3 v\u00e0o m\u00e1u, cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb m\u1ea1o danh l\u1eeba g\u1ea1t mu\u1ed1n th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng m\u00ea t\u00edn (Bury). N\u00f3i chung, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u gian kh\u1ed5 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i c\u0169 v\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u1edbi. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tuy c\u00f3 h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng l\u00fd t\u00ednh trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Voltaire n\u00f3i, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 minh, c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 h\u1eb1n l\u1ea1i trong ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c. \u201cKh\u00f3 kh\u0103n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi\u201d, nh\u01b0 Keynes n\u00f3i, \u201cm\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn l\u00ean nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i ng\u00f5 ng\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ch\u00fang ta.\u201d Cornelius Lanczos m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Einstein t\u1eebng n\u00f3i: \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a common sense (\u2018l\u00fd t\u00ednh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng\u2019) c\u1ea3\u201d, v\u00e0 theo Einstein, \u201cl\u00fd t\u00ednh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i trong tinh th\u1ea7n\u201d t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn khi l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, hay trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc, theo Einstein, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi l\u00fd t\u00ednh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Galilei, Kepler, v\u00e0 Newton tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u00fd t\u00ednh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ai \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u1edd c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, trong khi Trung Hoa v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu t\u1eeb 1500 tr\u1edf \u0111i, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp sau \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u1eadn<\/i>, ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a \u0111i v\u00e0o g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. Gi\u1edbi tinh hoa, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban ph\u00e1t t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 tranh \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh d\u1eef d\u1ed9i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra. Cho n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201ck\u1ebb n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n\u201d, n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n trong t\u01b0 duy, trong vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u00f2ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. N\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi h\u1ecd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan m\u1edbi. Albert Einstein l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, v\u1eeba ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o, v\u1eeba n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

Trung Hoa \u2013 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u h\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao Trung Hoa t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu, trong khi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u1ea1i b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi Needham<\/em> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1ch quan quan tr\u1ecdng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u2212 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u2212 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u1ea1nh tranh nhau \u0111\u1ec3 sinh t\u1ed3n, trong khi Trung Hoa ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng duy nh\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb to\u00e0n c\u00f5i v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c. S\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 k\u00edch th\u00edch quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111em l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t: th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e2n v\u00e2n. Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 dung n\u1ea1p nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p \u1edf qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 cho h\u1ecd \u201ct\u1ecb n\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb\u201d, v\u00ec h\u1ecd ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, kh\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb gh\u00e9p v\u00e0o t\u1ed9i d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o. C\u00e1c s\u00e1ch b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m c\u1ee7a Galilei t\u1ea1i \u00dd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Lan. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hugenot b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p \u1edf Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y sang c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c s\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ri\u00eang l\u1ebb v\u1eeba c\u1ea1nh tranh nhau v\u1eeba h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c nhau theo m\u1ed9t \u201ctinh th\u1ea7n khoa h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\u201d cao c\u1ea3. Khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung: Ti\u1ebfng La tinh. David Hume trong quy\u1ec3n The Rise of Arts and Sciences \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng (diversity) v\u00e0 \u0111a nguy\u00ean (pluralism) c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t (homogeneity) v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u00d4ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e0ng sau s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u0103ng hoa c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng theo l\u1ec1 th\u00f3i h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n. Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u201ckhoan dung\u201d h\u01a1n, trong khi Trung Hoa th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 khoan dung c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. L\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Zhu Shunshui, hay Ch\u00e2u Thu\u1ea5n Th\u1ee7y, m\u1ed9t trong \u00edt h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 tri th\u1ee9c h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. V\u00ec \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 Minh cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u00e0 Minh b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u1ea1y qua Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 xin t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n, ra v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m l\u1ea7n, t\u1eebng t\u1edbi H\u1ed9i An, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua hi\u1ec3u t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecdng d\u1ee5ng, l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1, x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb d\u1ecda gi\u1ebft, n\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng b\u1ecf sang Nh\u1eadt, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho Daimy\u00f4 Mitsukuni c\u1ee7a Mito-han, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng han quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3i n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em h\u1ebft s\u1edf h\u1ecdc ra c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi m\u1ea5t.[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

C\u00e1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 cho thi c\u1eed l\u00e0m quan, v\u1eeba vinh quang, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u1edbi b\u1ed5ng l\u1ed9c. V\u1edbi c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc, qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m. Nh\u00e0 Thanh, n\u0103m 1800 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 d\u01b0 th\u1eeba v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp: C\u00f3 1.4 tri\u1ec7u th\u00ed sinh c\u1ea1nh tranh cho 20.000 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m g\u00ec? Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 cho th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00f3 ai quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t nho s\u0129 \u1edf Trung Hoa \u0111i l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn, t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che d\u1ea5u trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, hay t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c h\u1eefu \u00edch cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p? Trong m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00f3m D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u1edf Trung Hoa, Matteo Ricci vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u1edf x\u1ee9 s\u1edf n\u00e0y: \u201cCh\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c danh hi\u1ec7u Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 hay C\u1eed nh\u00e2n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c\u2026 kh\u00f4ng ai mu\u1ed1n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o trong to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc hay y khoa, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc (t\u1ee9c c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n). K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai\u201d. C\u00e1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, thi\u00ean v\u0103n, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u1eebng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Thanh, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 th\u00ed sinh ph\u1ea3i t\u1ecf ra tr\u1ea3 b\u00e0i trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 th\u01b0. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 \u0111e d\u1ecda h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 th\u00ed sinh s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh r\u1edbt. (Benjamin A. Elman) M\u1ed1i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i truy\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ebf t\u1eafc khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t: \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng cam ch\u1ecbu, d\u00f9 b\u1ecb tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1. V\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1ed7 tho\u00e1t cho h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

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T\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Giordano Bruno, tu s\u0129 d\u00f2ng Dominic, t\u1ea1i Campo dei Fiori, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng b\u1ecb thi\u00eau s\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1600 v\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng.<\/p><\/div>\n

T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean h\u00e0ng t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Trung Hoa kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 T\u00f2a \u00e1n d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o (Inquisition) nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, nh\u01b0ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00ec sao? V\u00ec c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m quan, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n T\u00f2a \u00e1n d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o. Kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0o “d\u1ea1i d\u1ed9t” th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c Kh\u1ed5ng t\u1eed, M\u1ea1nh t\u1eed v\u00e0 Tu\u00e2n T\u1eed nh\u01b0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u1eebng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Aristote, Ptolemy v\u00e0 Galen. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u201ct\u00f4n s\u01b0 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb trong tr\u1ee9ng. Kh\u00f4ng ai d\u00e1m ngh\u0129 kh\u00e1c, “d\u00e1m bi\u1ebft” nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. V\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u201c\u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00fai kh\u00f4n kh\u1ea3 d\u0129\u201d, v\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch theo \u0111u\u1ed5i khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00e1ch quan m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1eadc hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft.\u201d (Lloyd & Sivin). Trung Hoa c\u00f3 c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc (vi\u1ebft nh\u1ecf) nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Khoa h\u1ecdc (vi\u1ebft hoa). (Sivin) Tuy Trung Hoa kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd La M\u00e3 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, nh\u01b0ng Trung Hoa c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc hay khai s\u00e1ng, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00ednh, \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec l\u1ed1i h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m quan trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u00ean Trung Hoa kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u201cth\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d nh\u01b0 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tranh lu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 do, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tr\u00ean n\u00f3i d\u01b0\u1edbi nghe, tr\u00ean ph\u00e1n d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e9p. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Minh v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Thanh t\u1eadp trung to\u00e0n t\u00e2m to\u00e0n tr\u00ed v\u00e0o \u201cnghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc\u201d, cho n\u00ean thay v\u00ec ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecd b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c n\u00f3 th\u00f4i, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t minh th\u00eam c\u00e1i m\u1edbi. Ni\u1ec1m h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 v\u00f4 b\u1edd b\u1ebfn. C\u0169ng\u00a0ch\u00ednh v\u00ec ni\u1ec1m h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o. Kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u0169ng n\u00f3i: C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00f4m nay s\u1ebd ra sao. Max Weber v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, may thay cho ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, giai c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu y nh\u01b0 Trung Hoa.<\/p>\n

\u1ede Trung Hoa, do l\u00e0m \u0103n nh\u1ecf, trong ph\u1ea1m vi gia \u0111\u00ecnh, hay d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd, l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u201c\u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n\u201d (limited morality), ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tin v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ru\u1ed9t th\u1ecbt h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft lo cho h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ea7n g\u0169i h\u1ecd nh\u1ea5t, r\u1ea5t \u00edt cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i r\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u00f3, cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n \u201cb\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c\u201d v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a khi h\u1ecd giao d\u1ecbch v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f3 \u201c\u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd r\u1ed9ng\u201d (general morality), c\u00e1c \u201centerprise\u201d (c\u00f4ng ty) hay \u201ccorporation\u201d xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 tr\u1edf \u0111i, c\u00f3 qui m\u00f4 v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea1m vi gia \u0111\u00ecnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ngo\u00e0i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. L\u00f2ng tin con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. L\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh nh\u00f3m, s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eabn nhau, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u1eabn nhau, s\u1ef1 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a l\u1eabn nhau gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 vun x\u1edbi. (T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t minh lo\u1ea1i k\u1ebf to\u00e1n k\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 minh b\u1ea1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u1edbi nhau.) \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, do \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ec5 di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd r\u1ed9ng. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 mong mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng, hay \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c r\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd gi\u00fap k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n, tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c (Republic of Letters). (Joe Mokyr) V\u1edbi\u00a0t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn r\u1ed9ng, khi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd gi\u00fap l\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ho\u1eb7c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n \u00e1i M\u1ef9. H\u1ecd xem qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 nh\u00e0, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p. (Xem Th\u01b0 g\u1eedi Qu\u00fd nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/a><\/em>).<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i cho c\u00f9ng, Trung Hoa thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n mang t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c d\u00e1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do, nh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai ph\u00e1, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i xem th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5, m\u00e0 xem th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. C\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m ra th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, vua ch\u00faa v\u00e0 ma qu\u1ef7. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Hy L\u1ea1p l\u00e0m ra con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n khao kh\u00e1t \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, c\u00e1i th\u1eadt, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00fang, c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc. Descartes cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1i sai, \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m n\u00ean l\u00fd t\u00ednh, l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00fa b\u1eb1ng nhau trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. L\u00fd t\u00ednh, c\u00e1i l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, \u201cc\u00f3 c\u1ea3 trong m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ta\u201d. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc tin r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc l\u00fd t\u00ednh th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. Francis Bacon tin r\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111i c\u00e1c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nhau, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng minh h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng nhau. N\u00f3i d\u1ec5, \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0 trong \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Plato, m\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u00fat ch\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ebft, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t. Ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y qua nh\u1eefng th\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Galilei, Kepler, Newton, Maxwell, Planck, Einstein v\u00e0 Heisenberg.<\/p>\n

Steven Weinberg trong di\u1ec5n v\u0103n nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i Nobel 1976 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7y k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng, khi m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n hang \u0111\u1ed9ng Plato trong Republic<\/i>, qua \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh:<\/p>\n

\n

\u201cCh\u00fang ta \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t hang \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m t\u00f9 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u1edf v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t khi\u1ebfn cho t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n ra \u1edf d\u1ea1ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ra kh\u1ecfi hang \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch quan s\u00e1t l\u00e2u v\u00e0 ch\u0103m ch\u00fa c\u00e1c b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng hang, ch\u00fang ta \u00edt ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng tuy b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.\u201d[7]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a2\/Goya_Caprichos3.jpg\"

Francisco de Goya, Gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a L\u00fd t\u00ednh sinh ra c\u00e1c qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt<\/strong>, kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1797, m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh r\u1ea5t h\u00e0m \u00fd (Wikipedia).<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Xem th\u00eam: N\u0103m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng<\/a> v\u00e0
\nKhoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh ch\u00fang ta<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c hay \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn b\u00ean tr\u00ean.\u00a0\u201cAi d\u00e1m \u0111\u1eb7t ra gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho \u00f3c th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi? Ai mu\u1ed1n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1ed3i?\u201d nh\u01b0 Galilei t\u1eebng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u01b0 duy, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tinh vi h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. Gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 l\u00fd tr\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng thi\u00ean ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd: l\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. \u201cBao l\u00e2u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi huy ho\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi sau s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi, bao l\u00e2u uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nghi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111i\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9\u201d, nh\u01b0 J. B. Bury n\u00f3i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u1edbi Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u1ede ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, b\u1edbt gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u, kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 l\u00fd t\u00ednh nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 duy \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf, trong khi \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u1eabn b\u1ecb c\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u1ede M\u1ef9 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh tho\u00e1ng h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 y\u00eau th\u00edch khoa h\u1ecdc, l\u00fd t\u00ednh. H\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Khai s\u00e1ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u201cchuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c\u201d hay gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0o th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. T\u1ef1 do<\/i> ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u: l\u00e0 khai ph\u00e1, l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, cho n\u00ean s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf, trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Emerson di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn trong b\u00e0i \u201cTi\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a\u201d:<\/p>\n

\n

\u201cAi s\u1ebd (mu\u1ed1n) s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 hay \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng, hay s\u1eaft, hay \u1edf ao h\u1ed3? Ai kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p, v\u00e0ng, than \u0111\u00e1, d\u1ea7u h\u1ecfa, b\u00f4ng v\u1ea3i, h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111i\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 k\u00ednh quang ph\u1ed5? … H\u00e3y xem, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng l\u00e0m sao c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9, c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng hay t\u01b0, thi\u00ean t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi l\u00e0m sao c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, n\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh t\u1ed1t th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, c\u00e1c b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh ri\u00eang, xe l\u1eeda, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn, m\u1ecf, s\u1ef1 th\u00e1m t\u00ednh c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n, ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft, c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n \u00e1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc (m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng), s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t minh, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u0169ng tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i l\u00ean!\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Emerson kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1ed7 t\u1ed1i trong b\u1ee9c tranh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0o s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, Virginia Bill<\/i> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u0103m 1776 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\n

\u201cCh\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, hay n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, l\u1eadp ra v\u00ec ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i chung, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 hay an ninh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, qu\u1ed1c gia, hay c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng; trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec3u, hay d\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, th\u00ec d\u1ea1ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n, v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh t\u1ed3i; v\u00e0 khi m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, hay \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5, thay \u0111\u1ed5i hay x\u00f3a b\u1ecf n\u00f3\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

[8]<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda, r\u1ea5t c\u0169 nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn l\u00ean v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/i> c\u1ee7a Euclid[8]<\/sup><\/a>. Einstein c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1edbi n\u00f3. N\u0103m 12 tu\u1ed5i \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid trong m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng. Trong t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o l\u00fac 70 tu\u1ed5i, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ea7u\u201d th\u1ee9 hai m\u00e0 \u00f4ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m, sau c\u00e1i nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ea7u th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1i la b\u00e0n m\u00e0 \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fac 4 tu\u1ed5i. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft: \u201c\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 (\u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd), ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tam gi\u00e1c giao nhau t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u2013 m\u1eb7t d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean \u2013 nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb. S\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf, v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn n\u00e0y g\u00e2y m\u1ed9t \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea3 l\u00ean t\u00f4i.\u201d Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Pythagore.[9]<\/sup><\/a> \u00d4ng g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Euclid l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh\u201d, \u201cthi\u00eang li\u00eang\u201d. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c t\u1ecfa tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 gh\u00ea g\u1edbm v\u00e0 m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m. \u201c\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ai l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m, r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i chung c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 tinh khi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u1ee9ng minh cho ch\u00fang ta trong h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc.\u201d[10]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c4\/EuclidStatueOxford.jpg\/800px-EuclidStatueOxford.jpg\"

T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Euclid \u0111\u1ec3 vinh danh \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng L\u1ecbch s\u1eed T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oxford (Wiki)<\/p><\/div>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Yukawa Hideki, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean mang v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i Nobel cho qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00f4ng n\u0103m 1949, c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb t\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p. \u00d4ng c\u00e0ng tr\u0103n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 v\u0103n minh khai s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p n\u00f3i tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c1 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a F. Nietzsche v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy l\u00f4g\u00edc t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng suy ng\u1eabm, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

\n
\"\"

Friedrich Nietzsche
(1844-1900)<\/p><\/div>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0o quan tr\u1ecdng cho b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 d\u1ea1y c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn l\u00f4gic. Cho n\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u00e0y, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o[11]<\/sup><\/a>. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1 tr\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng sau n\u00e0y s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00f3i quen v\u00e0 ham mu\u1ed1n s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. Tuy nhi\u00ean bao l\u00e2u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f2n cho ph\u00e9p, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea1y cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 tr\u1ed9i b\u1eadt \u1edf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00e2y: \u2039L\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tri th\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u203a[12]<\/sup><\/a> nh\u01b0 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t Goethe nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u2013 Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean von Baer nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u1edf nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng, r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u00fd l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh cho \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd tin, trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng. Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy l\u00f4gic v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, trong khi ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 Thi ca[13]<\/sup><\/a>, v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t ri\u00eang v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, hay l\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh (phantasy). L\u00fd t\u00ednh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00e2u \u00c2u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u: trong th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u2013 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t tinh th\u1ea7n khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Friedrich Nietzsche<\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e0i \u201eL\u00fd t\u00ednh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc\u201c<\/p>\n

(Die Vernunft in der Schule<\/i>)<\/p>\n

Fukuzawa Yukichi trong t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, r\u1eb1ng l\u1ed1i h\u1ecdc c\u0169 l\u00e0m thi\u1ebfu \u0111i l\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

\n
\"\"

Fukuzawa Yukichi
(1835-1901)<\/p><\/div>\n

Th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 (ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y) c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e3o h\u00f2a v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o, t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 hai \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 (numbers, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc) v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00ednh (reason) trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a tinh th\u1ea7n. [\u2026]<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00ecnh trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh hai nguy\u00ean l\u00fd tr\u00ean. Cho n\u00ean t\u00f4i m\u1edbi k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng tri\u1ebft l\u00fd Trung Hoa nh\u01b0 c\u1ed9i r\u1ec5 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean n\u00f3i tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

[\u2026]<\/p>\n

L\u00fd do \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Hoa l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng tin r\u1eb1ng bao l\u00e2u h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft nh\u00ecn lui c\u0169 k\u1ef9 (old regrogressive) c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Trung Hoa v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a thanh ni\u00ean ch\u00fang ta, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi!!<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Fukuzawa Yukichi trong T\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n <\/i><\/p>\n

X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ea5t \u0111i nguy\u00ean l\u00fd l\u00fd t\u00ednh ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb trong \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh s\u1ebd l\u00e0 tai h\u1ecda. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n ra phi-l\u00fd t\u00ednh, ph\u1ea3n l\u00f4gic, ph\u1ea3n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n. C\u00e1c \u201cqu\u00e1i v\u1eadt\u201d \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0 b\u1ee9c tranh c\u1ee7a Goya minh h\u1ecda. Cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n vun \u0111\u1eafp con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fang ta \u0111i b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd t\u00ednh, khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u1ec3 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u201cthi ca\u201d, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u, \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/i>, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 \u00edt, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0o l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao h\u00e0m l\u00fd t\u00ednh, khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0 linh h\u1ed3n, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n, h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 duy \u00fd ch\u00ed.<\/p>\n

NXX<\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ng 8, 2017 (b\u1ed5 sung)<\/p>\n

—
\nCh\u00fa gi\u1ea3i:<\/p>\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Xem <\/span>Suy ngh\u0129 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecdc Tr\u00f2 Chuy\u1ec7n Tri\u1ebft H\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a B\u00f9i V\u0103n Nam S\u01a1n<\/span><\/i><\/a>
\n[2]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Xem <\/span>Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n n\u0103m h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi<\/span><\/i><\/a>
\n[3]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Xem <\/span>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/i>, Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh, trong <\/span>K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt 200 N\u0103m<\/span><\/i>. Nxb Tri Th\u1ee9c, 2011.<\/span>
\n[4]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Xem <\/span>L\u1eddi d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/i>, Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh, trong Albert Einstein, <\/span>Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/i>, nxb T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p TP HCM, 2015.<\/span>
\n[5]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Xem: <\/span>David Hilbert \u2013\u00a0Di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb b\u1ed1n ph\u00fat b\u1ea5t h\u1ee7\u00a0tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1t thanh n\u0103m 1930<\/span><\/i><\/a>
\n[6]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Xem b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1<\/span> Chu Thu\u1ea5n Thu\u1ef7<\/span><\/i><\/a> c\u1ee7a V\u0129nh S\u00ednh tr\u00ean Di\u1ec5n \u0110\u00e0n.<\/span>
\n[7]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Xem <\/span>H\u1ea1t Higgs v\u00e0 Ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/i>, Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh, trong <\/span>K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu H\u1ea1t Higgs v\u00e0 M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n<\/span><\/i>. Nxb Tri Th\u1ee9c, 2014.<\/span>
\n[8]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Xem <\/span>Euclid, C\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/i><\/a>
\n[9]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Xem <\/span>EINSTEIN <\/span><\/i>c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh, Nxb T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 HCM 2015.<\/span>
\n[10]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Xem th\u00eam <\/span>Abraham Lincoln: Ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed<\/span><\/i><\/a>
\n[11]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 \u0111ang trong tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ra kh\u1ecfi h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng gi\u1edd gi\u00e1o l\u00fd t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 v\u00e0 17 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o.<\/span>
\n[12]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0T\u1eeb hai c\u00e2u th\u01a1 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m <\/span>Faust<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a Goethe: <\/span><\/p>\n

\u2039<\/span>Verachte nur Vernunft und Wissenschaft<\/span><\/i>, <\/span><\/p>\n

des Menschen allerh\u00f6chtste Kraft<\/span><\/i>\u203a <\/span><\/p>\n

(H\u00e3y khinh mi\u1ec7t L\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111i,<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tri th\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi)<\/span><\/p>\n

(Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi Mephisto n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Faust \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ee5 d\u1ed7 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00ednh)<\/span>
\n[13]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0T\u00ean t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Goethe <\/span>Dichtung und Wahrheit.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  TR\u01af\u1edcNG H\u1eccC C\u1ee6A L\u00dd T\u00cdNH Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u. Nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ghi l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh d\u00e0i 2.500 n\u0103m. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng trong chu\u1ed7i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00f4<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[43,44],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/483"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=483"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/483\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2847,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/483\/revisions\/2847"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=483"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=483"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=483"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}