{"id":5645,"date":"2021-05-15T10:23:00","date_gmt":"2021-05-15T03:23:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=5645"},"modified":"2022-01-23T06:41:25","modified_gmt":"2022-01-22T23:41:25","slug":"francis-bacon-fukuzawa-yukichi-va-viet-nam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/francis-bacon-fukuzawa-yukichi-va-viet-nam\/","title":{"rendered":"Francis Bacon – Fukuzawa Yukichi v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam"},"content":{"rendered":"

FRANCIS BACON<\/span><\/p>\n

FUKUZAWA YUKICHI<\/span><\/p>\n

(TRUNG QU\u1ed0C) V\u00c0 VI\u1ec6T NAM<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/p>\n

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B\u00e2y gi\u1edd m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00e0y, r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh (c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang).\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

FRANCIS BACON<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cTh\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc\u201d m\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n m\u00e0 h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 trang b\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o. Ch\u00ednh vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 trang b\u1ecb ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch m\u00ecnh, s\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1ed1t gia nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

FUKUZAWA YUKICHI<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u00f3<\/span><\/span>m t\u1eaft<\/em>. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch VI\u1ec6T NAM \u2013 H\u00d4M NAY v\u00e0 NG\u00c0Y MAI<\/a>. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00fa v\u1ecb gi\u1eefa t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Fukuzawa Yukichi v\u00e0 Francis Bacon, hai nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1ch nhau g\u1ea7n ba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 khi h\u1ecd \u00f4m ho\u00e0i b\u1ea3o th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi<\/em> (new learning). Khuy\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc<\/em> v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Fukuzawa, k\u00eau g\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc<\/em>, h\u1ecdc c\u00e1i h\u1eefu \u00edch cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n \u0111i v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Bacon \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5\/Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng sang C\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i\/Hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Tuy hai th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Bacon v\u00e0 Fukuzawa c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau r\u1ea5t xa v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian, nh\u01b0ng mang trong m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n: s\u1ef1 k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc kinh vi\u1ec7n, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quy\u1ec1n uy, nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 khai ph\u00e1, t\u1ea1o ra khoa h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Fukuzawa v\u00e0 Bacon l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo \u0111\u00fang t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00f2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam? Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 Fukuzawa hay Bacon, v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u00f4ng. H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u00e2m th\u1ee5t tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y li\u1ebfc m\u1eaft nh\u00ecn sang Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u1ec3 xem h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 g\u00ec v\u00e0 l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u, Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Danh t\u1eeb Trung qu\u1ed1c<\/em> trong ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 h\u01a1n r\u1eb1ng b\u00e0i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n

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\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0n gi\u00f3 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y th\u1ed5i v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. Kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ecf c\u00e2y n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0n gi\u00f3 v\u0103n minh n\u00e0y.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

FUKUZAWA YUKICHI<\/span><\/p>\n

(Tho\u00e1t \u00c1 lu\u1eadn<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\n

Tinh th\u1ea7n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, weltgeist<\/em>, \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c th\u1ed5i qua th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1ea5y th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00ean B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 sang Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n qua Trung Qu\u1ed1c. <\/span>\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. N<\/span>h\u01b0ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 t\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi “c\u1ecf c\u00e2y”, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3n “l\u00e0n gi\u00f3 v\u0103n minh n\u00e0y”, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 Trung Hoa \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy “c\u00e1ch v\u1eadt tr\u00ed tri” c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ngay h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu t\u01b0 duy c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu t\u01b0 duy m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t minh ch\u1ee9ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn.
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Mu\u1ed1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “l\u00e0n gi\u00f3 v\u0103n minh” \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p theo quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc<\/em>, khuy\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc<\/em>, khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em>.<\/em> V\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft s\u00e1ch, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 cho nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m. Sau khi Marx m\u1ea5t, Engels \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng n\u00f3i: <\/span>Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed duy v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u00e1i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c. Marx v\u00e0 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n. <\/em>(Friedrich Engels trong th\u01b0 cho Joseph Bloch n\u0103m 1890, MEW, Bd 37, 463) <\/span><\/span>Do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i \u01b0u, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed1i \u0111a m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fd do phi kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0o. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o cho m\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. <\/span><\/span>Thi\u1ebfu khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 gian r\u1ed9ng m\u1edf cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Friedrich List, nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Adam Smith, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t s\u00fac t\u00edch: T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean c\u1edb ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf. <\/i>T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/em> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng h\u00f3a r\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111i sau. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3, qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi b\u1eaby thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh. Cho n\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc, khai s\u00e1ng<\/em> cho qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111i\u1ec1u Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n. Ch\u00ednh m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t minh khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o n\u1ea3y m\u1ea7m. V\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd nh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n, th\u1ea5y mu\u00f4n v\u00e0n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/span>
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Xem \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft Francis Bacon-Fukuzawa Yukichi v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/p>

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I. FUKUZAWA YUKICHI<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Fukuzawa Yukichi. Khuy\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc<\/em>[1]<\/a> (Gakumon no Susume<\/em>) l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng Fukuzawa Yukichi (1834-1901) th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n g\u1ed3m 17 t\u1eadp nh\u1ecf (ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn) t\u1eeb 1872 \u0111\u1ebfn 1876. T\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u00e1n ra ngay 200.000 b\u1ea3n. T\u1eadp XII c\u0169ng v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3[2]<\/a>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 \u201ckh\u1ee7ng\u201d c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a Fukuzawa l\u00e0 \u201ckhuy\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc\u201d cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n canh t\u00e2n, g\u1ea5p r\u00fat x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ch\u00e2u \u00c1. T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i \u201ckhuy\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc\u201d, v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1i g\u00ec? Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u \u201chi\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc\u201d h\u1ebft hay sao? Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1eddi Tokugawa (1600-1868) t\u1ecf ra l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Trung Hoa v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng \u201chi\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc\u201d (th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i). S\u00e1ch v\u1ee1 v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian \u201cb\u1ebf quan t\u1ecfa c\u1ea3ng\u201d. T\u1eeb qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, tu v\u0129, v\u00f5 s\u0129, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u ham mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch. S\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n 10.000 b\u1ea3n! v\u1edbi\u00a0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 20 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n (30 tri\u1ec7u th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb). Edo c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 h\u01a1n tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi (l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 Paris), t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef l\u00ean t\u1edbi 70%. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n M\u1ea1c Ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc l\u00ean t\u1edbi 17.000! Bertrand Russell nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: \u201cNh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\u201d Hi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi M\u1ea1c Ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb khi v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch vi\u00ean khai ph\u00e1, khi nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y b\u00e1n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn b\u1ea3n.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a Fukazawa trong Khuy\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc<\/em> l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng kh\u00f4ng thua k\u00e9m, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1eefa v\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, b\u1eb1ng tri th\u1ee9c. Fukuzawa Yukichi trong Khuy\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc<\/em> (t\u1eadp I) \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, sang hay h\u00e8n, cao hay th\u1ea5p, ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d. Ai c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, ai kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu d\u1ed1t v\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ef1c. H\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb khinh mi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi ngo\u1ea1i bang hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi<\/em>, n\u1ed9i dung h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi<\/em>. Fukuzawa mang hai g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft: c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5, c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y, tri th\u1ee9c h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng<\/em> l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n. Nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u201cv\u00f9i m\u00ecnh trong thi ca, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn r\u1ed7ng tuy\u1ebfch, tranh lu\u1eadn tr\u00e0 d\u01b0 t\u1eedu h\u1eadu\u2026\u201d c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t.<\/p>\n

Fukuzawa l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e3 ph\u00e1o v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p phong ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi nho h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh d\u00e2n nh\u00e2n. C\u00e1i h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, h\u1ecdc khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho \u201cqu\u1ed1c ph\u00fa qu\u00e2n c\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d, fukoku ky\u014dhei<\/em>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nho \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, hay ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201ct\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch\u201d v\u00f4 \u00edch. Fukuzawa nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh:<\/p>\n

V\u0103n minh Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebfu m\u1ea5t hai th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3: khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em> trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/em>\u201d trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c tinh th\u1ea7n. [\u2026] N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0o nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. [\u2026] Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb sao l\u00e3ng, v\u00e0 trong khi \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng tin r\u1eb1ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Trung Hoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 \u2026t\u00f4i l\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00ean tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em>.\u201d[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

Fukuzawa c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u201cph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1eb3n c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3\u201d, v\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia v\u0103n minh m\u1edbi v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi Anh qu\u1ed1c \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.\u201d[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u201cTh\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc\u201d (jitsugaku<\/em>) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Fukuzawa ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do. C\u00e1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y. C\u00f2n c\u00e1i \u201cgi\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc\u201d (kyogaku<\/em>) l\u00e0 c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 lu\u1eadt, ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, hay vua quan. C\u00e1i Kh\u1ed5ng h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y. Fukuzawa xem n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o (kunren<\/em>) h\u01a1n l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c (ky\u014diku<\/em>). Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1880, \u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Kei\u014d c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng to\u00e1n v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng xem l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, s\u1eed, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i kh\u00e1c. Nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trong c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u01b0ng mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 th\u00eam ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh m\u1edbi. \u00d4ng tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ngay c\u1ea3 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ef9.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n

Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m V\u0103n minh lu\u1eadn<\/em> n\u0103m 1875, Fukuzawa cho r\u1eb1ng v\u0103n minh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh sau nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. H\u1ecd r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng trong ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m d\u00e1m ch\u1ebft n\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh h\u1ecd thi\u1ebfu can \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u cho ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Fukuzawa tin r\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc l\u00fd lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp thu v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

Fukuzawa ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt nho gi\u00e1o, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i l\u1ed1i h\u1ecdc v\u00f4 \u00edch, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00ea t\u00edn, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm danh v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng phi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e8 ch\u00e9n v\u00e0 m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng ch\u1ea1y theo v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng tinh th\u1ea7n. Ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 giam c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u0169, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u1edbi: x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, g\u1ea5p r\u00fat chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia, nhanh ch\u00f3ng l\u00e0m cho qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c an to\u00e0n. C\u00e1i h\u1ecdc c\u0169 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, trong khi c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

L\u00e0m t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Fukuzawa khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. Fukuzawa kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i m\u00e0 l\u00e0m:\u00a0 ngay n\u0103m m\u1edf c\u1eeda 1868 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf c\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u00f3 minh h\u1ecda (Kunm\u014d Ky\u016bri Zukai<\/em>)[8]<\/a>. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng, \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n th\u00ec s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi v\u00f4 minh.\u201d[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\" \"\"<\/p>\n

Francis Bacon (1561-1626) v\u00e0 Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

II. FRANCIS BACON<\/span><\/p>\n

G\u1ea7n ba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Fukuzawa Yukichi, Francis Bacon – nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Anh qu\u1ed1c – l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00f3ng l\u00ean tinh th\u1ea7n \u201cth\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc\u201d ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc v\u00f4 b\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt kinh vi\u1ec7n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i trong \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t \u00e1c c\u1ea3m su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Aristote v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ma thu\u1eadt, m\u00ea t\u00edn, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi tu s\u0129 v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3 phi khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft \u0111i s\u0103n b\u1eafn v\u00e0 g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn tranh, v\u00e0 xem th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u1edbn lao cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a Bacon l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi, thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u01b0\u1edbng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ph\u00e9p quy n\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cl\u1eafng nghe t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d, \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u00f3\u201d, v\u00e0 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft n\u00f3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u00d4ng truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ra tri th\u1ee9c h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng cao c\u1ea5p, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec3n c\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft l\u1ee3i \u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt l\u1edbn h\u01a1n chi ph\u1ed1i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

Theo Bacon, trong nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i tham v\u1ecdng<\/em>:<\/p>\n

Lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb mu\u1ed1n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd; lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a. Lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ai lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng \u00edt l\u00f2ng ham mu\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu. Nh\u01b0ng (lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 ba) n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, th\u00ec tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a anh ta (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tham v\u1ecdng) kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd l\u00e0 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 cao c\u1ea3 h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. B\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, tr\u1eeb khi tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 n\u00f3<\/em>.\u201d[10]<\/a> (nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a tg)<\/p>\n

Tham v\u1ecdng th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 Bacon d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i: \u201cCon ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c y \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft. Ngo\u00e0i l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c\u201d (Novum Organum<\/em>). Do \u0111\u00f3, mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng suy lu\u1eadn quy n\u1ea1p. Ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 ra, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu Fukuzawa vi\u1ebft \u201cKhuy\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc<\/em>\u201d (Encouragement of Learning) cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u00ec g\u1ea7n 300 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc Bacon c\u0169ng vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u201cKhu\u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc<\/em>\u201d (Advancement of Learning, 1605) cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m khu\u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em> m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. C\u00e1i h\u1ecdc kinh vi\u1ec7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Bacon (c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i nho h\u1ecdc \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng), ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i s\u1ef1 m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i. Bacon xoay h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ecdn gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c: ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00f4n ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5ng v\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh h\u00f3a, b\u1edbt th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh h\u00f3a. Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 n\u00f3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Bacon. C\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, \u201cKnowledge is power\u201d.<\/p>\n

Bacon di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 m\u1ed1i nguy h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cs\u00f9ng k\u00ednh tinh th\u1ea7n\u201d (mental idols<\/em>), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m sai tr\u00e1i b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1m r\u1ec5 s\u00e2u trong \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00e2y kh\u1ed1n tinh th\u1ea7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ch\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00f3 r\u1ecdi v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng ngay c\u1ea3 sau khi r\u1ecdi v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u1eefng s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh kia s\u1ebd v\u1eabn g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho ch\u00fang ta trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i khoa h\u1ecdc, tr\u1eeb khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc nguy c\u01a1 m\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.\u201d (Novum Organum, <\/em>Aphorism 38) Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng m\u00e0 Fukuzawa ra s\u1ee9c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Trong su\u1ed1t hai ng\u00e0n n\u0103m, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc tinh th\u1ea7n “\u0111\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd v\u00e0 ca t\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, hay b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang “h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 v\u1eabn \u1edf trong c\u00f9ng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng; kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd n\u00e0o, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, sau khi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, th\u00ec sau \u0111\u00f3 suy gi\u1ea3m.\u201d \u201cTrong khi \u1edf c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u01a1 kh\u00ed, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i x\u1ea3y ra, ch\u00fang li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u01b0 mang trong m\u00ecnh ch\u00fang h\u01a1i th\u1edf c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng; l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n, sau \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ec7n \u00edch, sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec3m, v\u00e0 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Paolo Rossi di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Bacon.[11]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u201cS\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d. (New Atlantis<\/em>) Bacon l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ng\u00f4n cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/em> c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc. S\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00f9i d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh vi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Aristote v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p (Edgar Zisel[12]<\/a>). Quan t\u00e2m h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, m\u00e0 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kia \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Bacon l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ai ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi. V\u1edbi \u00f4ng, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb l\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c sinh linh. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, theo Bacon, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tri th\u1ee9c. Cho n\u00ean \u00f4ng xem khinh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tri th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap t\u00e1i l\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.[13]<\/a><\/p>\n

Atlantis<\/em> l\u00e0 t\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Platon, c\u00f2n v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u201cT\u00e2n Atlantis<\/em>\u201d Bacon mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi, gi\u1ea3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169. Trong khi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, Bacon mu\u1ed1n quay c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m cho t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0m cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y th\u00f4i l\u00e0 \u201cthung l\u0169ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft\u201d.<\/p>\n

Trong T\u00e2n Atlantis<\/em>, Bacon c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 th\u1eddi \u00f4ng, tuy r\u1eb1ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb gi\u1edbi th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n. S\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. N\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean chi ti\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Bacon. Tr\u00ean \u0110\u1ea3o qu\u1ed1c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u1ecb v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Trong \u0111i\u1ec7n Pantheon kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, hay qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, hay c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. \u201c\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Columbus \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra T\u00e2y \u1ea4n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\u2026\u1ede ch\u1ed7 kia l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, ch\u1eef c\u00e1i, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, nh\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n kim, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o k\u00ednh, nu\u00f4i t\u1eb1m, l\u00e0m r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang, l\u00e0m b\u00e1nh m\u00ec, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\u2026\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.\u201d \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc-k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt phi-ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Bacon th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 h\u01a1n ai h\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ngo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u00f4ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 kh\u00ed trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u, h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i, \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ecdc, in \u1ea5n v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u01b0\u1edbc, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt khai m\u1ecf v\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n kim, trong khi gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc khinh th\u1ecb, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Leonardo da Vinci t\u1eebng b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 xem th\u01b0\u1eddng. Bacon t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng s\u1ef1 \u2018ng\u1ea1o m\u1ea1n ki\u00eau k\u1ef3\u2019 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3. Thay v\u00ec s\u0103n b\u1eafn v\u00e0 l\u00e0m chi\u1ebfn tranh, Bacon \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00ean theo \u0111u\u1ed5i vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc khoa h\u1ecdc. Ch\u00ednh vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u0103n b\u1eafn v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft ch\u00f3c, hay tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, s\u1ebd ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba \u201cs\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a \u0111ang ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh vi\u1ec7n.\u201d Trong Khu\u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc<\/em> Bacon t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi tu s\u0129 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd La M\u00e3, \u201ctr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 giam c\u1ee7a v\u00e0i t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 h\u1ecd b\u1ecb giam trong c\u00e1c c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n.\u201d Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i, \u201cgi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb trai, ch\u00fang n\u00f3i n\u0103ng mau l\u1eb9, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ea3n sinh; minh tri\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u1eeba th\u00e3i b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.\u201d \u00d4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng, v\u00ec gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111i t\u00ecm danh v\u1ecdng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng sang th\u1eddi C\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i, tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, kinh vi\u1ec7n, kinh th\u00e1nh sang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng trong gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 Copernicus, Vesalius, Harvey, Gilbert, Galilei, Descartes, Palissy, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 trong gi\u1edbi k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael, D\u00fcrer l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc, ph\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ebd v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m cho \u0111\u00fang. \u0110\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng 1600, khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi Bacon, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m<\/em> \u2013 experimental philosophy – ra \u0111\u1eddi. Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 sau c\u00f3 hai v\u1ebf: Th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m theo Bacon, v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft theo Descartes. M\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea1t Higgs ra \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i r\u00f2ng r\u00e3 48 n\u0103m sau m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ea1i CERN.<\/p>\n

\u201cBao l\u00e2u s\u1ef1 ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y (gi\u1eefa gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng cao c\u1ea5p) ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, bao l\u00e2u c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb khinh r\u1ebb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, th\u00ec ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc trong ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i\u201d nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc Edgar Zilsel[14]<\/a> vi\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0ng \u201ccu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c hai b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng cao c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 h\u00e0n l\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp thu: Khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra kho\u1ea3ng 1600 v\u1edbi William Gilbert, Galilei v\u00e0 Francis Bacon\u201d, Zilsel vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, theo \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Francis Bacon \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn. \u00d4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o khai s\u00e1ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00f4ng gian ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi cho gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Galilei, c\u0169ng t\u1eebng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng l\u00e0m rung chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kinh vi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, quy n\u1ea1p v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc trong kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Bacon c\u0169ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Encyclopedia<\/em>, b\u00e1ch khoa th\u01b0, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 arts and crafts<\/em>, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Diderot v\u00e0 d\u2019Alembert th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1790 c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 khu\u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn Bacon nh\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

Bacon \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c<\/em> m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1eb1n s\u00e2u n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00f4n ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng tr\u1ecb tr\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m, Fukuzawa \u00fd th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 hai, ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i tinh th\u1ea7n<\/em> tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean. C\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n sang c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00ec ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 Platon \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 vua ch\u00faa minh tri\u1ebft trong vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ecb v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00ec Bacon \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201ckho b\u00e1u d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 n\u1ed7i th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 vinh danh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o h\u00f3a.\u201d T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Bacon l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ef1c \u0111oan\u201d (radical), nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 x\u1ea5u c\u1ef1c \u0111oan m\u00e0 \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

\u2606\u2606\u2606<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kinh vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kinh vi\u1ec7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n trong khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian. Khi Fukuzawa m\u1ea5t (1901), Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi chia bu\u1ed3n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc: \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 l\u1edbn \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Fukuzawa Yukichi. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1edbn lao v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\u201d. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. Fukuzawa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u201cth\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n h\u1ed9 m\u1ea1ng\u201d c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n v\u1edbi Francis Bacon, \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi t\u00e1n th\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. John Locke khuy\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9: \u201cN\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb mu\u1ed1n cho con c\u00e1i qu\u00fd v\u1ecb l\u00fd lu\u1eadn t\u1ed1t, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ecdc Bacon.\u201d[15]<\/a> Trong Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00fd t\u00ednh thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/em>, Immanuel Kant khen ng\u1ee3i Bacon nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m (experimental) v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u1ec7m (empirical), r\u1ed3i n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, l\u00fd t\u00ednh \u201cph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tay l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ea5y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt; v\u00e0 trong tay kia l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd t\u00ednh suy ngh\u0129 ra theo c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tr\u00ean; t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y mu\u1ed1n d\u1ea1y b\u1ea3o g\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi do \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra.\u201d[16]<\/a><\/p>\n

H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n Anh (Royal Society<\/em>) \u1edf Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n n\u0103m 1662 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch “th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y S\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc Th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m V\u1eadt l\u00fd-To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc”, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t cho Francis Bacon. Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Thomas Sprat, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp, n\u0103m 1667 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \u201cT\u00f4i s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 Tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd n\u00f3 \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i Bacon.\u201d[17]<\/a> \u201cBacon, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Moses, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta \u0111i ti\u1ebfp ra kh\u1ecfi b\u1ebf t\u1eafc\u201d nh\u01b0 trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i Ca ng\u1ee3i<\/em> vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u01a1.<\/p>\n

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III. TRUNG QU\u1ed0C \u0110\u1ea6U TH\u1ebe K\u1ef6 20<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n nh\u00ecn sang Trung qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. C\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn so s\u00e1nh bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh khai s\u00e1ng. Trung Hoa t\u1eeb sau cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea5t tr\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n trong chi\u1ebfn tranh 1894-95, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh gi\u1ea5c khi \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 thua tr\u1eadn c\u1eadu h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 t\u00ed hon c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. H\u1ecd m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn th\u00f4i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ec7u r\u00e3. N\u0103m 1905 Trung Hoa m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 thi c\u1eed l\u00e0m quan, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n l\u1ed1i h\u1ecdc c\u0169. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, thi r\u1edbt hay d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh thi, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n sang con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng (arsenal) l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Jiangnan[18]<\/a>, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u1eadn may. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, b\u00e1c s\u0129, k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, TQ ch\u1ec9 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng c\u01a1 kh\u00ed \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m khai s\u00e1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Sinh ho\u1ea1t d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u201ctrung t\u00e2m c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y\u201d. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Khang H\u1eefu Vi (Kang Youwei, 1858-1927) v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 \u00f4ng L\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u1ea3i Si\u00eau (Liang Qichao, 1873-1929), nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, c\u0169ng mua nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng Jiangnan \u1edf Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c \u201cTh\u01b0 m\u1ee5c T\u00e2y h\u1ecdc\u201d (Xixue shumu biao<\/em>) qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Sau cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh Thi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c (1850 -1871), Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o m\u1edbi g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt vi\u00ean, v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa 1865-1895 m\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o thi\u00ean tri\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201ct\u00ednh to\u00e1n\u201d chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p (chouren<\/em>), \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i l\u00ean th\u00e0nh \u201cnh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d (gewu zhe<\/em>).[19]<\/a><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 Du Yaquan (\u0110\u1ed7 \u00c1 Tuy\u1ec1n), Ding Wenjiang (\u0110inh V\u0103n Giang) v\u00e0 Cai Yuanpei (Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean B\u1ed3i, t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c) nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecf l\u1ed1i h\u1ecdc c\u0169. Nghi\u00eam Ph\u1ee5c (Yan Fu, 1854-1921), nh\u00e0 d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a TQ sau n\u00e0y, th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Ph\u00fac Ch\u00e2u n\u0103m 1866, n\u01a1i sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh trong khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

Sau chi\u1ebfn tranh Trung-Nh\u1eadt, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Trung Qu\u1ed1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch sinh vi\u00ean sang Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc. Khang H\u1eefu Vi khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, xem Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung gian tri th\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch l\u00ean vua Quang T\u1ef1. N\u0103m 1898 vua ra ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecdc Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Mecca c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean TQ. H\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi TQ sang du h\u1ecdc Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1eeb 1902-1907, trong v\u00f2ng ch\u1ec9 5 n\u0103m. Kho\u1ea3ng 90% s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 Thanh sau 1905 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Gi\u1edbi t\u00e2n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m nghi\u00eang c\u00e1n c\u00e2n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.[20]<\/a> B\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 Thanh m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn v\u0103n n\u0103m 1905 v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a<\/em>, nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Khang H\u1eefu Vi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00ean \u0111i theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ecf, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ea5y c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng.<\/p>\n

Sau n\u0103m 1905, TQ b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa t\u1eeb Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf B\u1eafc Kinh v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng qua s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 sau n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh trong Phong tr\u00e0o V\u0103n h\u00f3a M\u1edbi<\/em> (New Cultural Movement) n\u0103m 1915-1919 v\u00e0 Phong tr\u00e0o Ng\u0169 T\u1ee9<\/em> \u00a0n\u0103m 1919 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc TQ m\u1ecdc l\u00ean trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1915-1927[21]<\/a> nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/em>: H\u1ed9i khoa h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa<\/em> v\u00e0 t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1915, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cornell, Hoa K\u1ef3, do nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m; H\u1ed9i V\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/em> ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1932.H\u1ed9i to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc<\/em> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean: \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Tokyo n\u0103m 1877, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1eadt l\u00fd; n\u0103m 1884 H\u1ed9i To\u00e1n-L\u00fd Tokyo<\/em> n\u0103m 1884; Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Y khoa Qu\u1ed1c gia <\/em>1915 t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n ch\u00ednh ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i y khoa Trung Hoa truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. H\u1ed9i Tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em> (The Wissen and Wissenschaft Society<\/em>): \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1917 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean TQ \u1edf Tokyo, v\u1edbi t\u1edd b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 t\u00ean Xueyi<\/em> (Tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc) t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 4, 1919 t\u1ea1i Tokyo; v\u00e0 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed, h\u1ed9i khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c mu\u1ed1n v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean b\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

Ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh trong Phong tr\u00e0o V\u0103n h\u00f3a M\u1edbi sau n\u0103m 1915. T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em>, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1914, cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c ch\u1eefa b\u00e1ch b\u1ec7nh cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu cho s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u ch\u1eefa \u0111\u00f3, cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1915 khi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0a th\u00eam b\u1ea3ng 21 y\u00eau s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i cho TQ bu\u1ed9c Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i (Yuan Shikai) ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c, l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa v\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.[22]<\/a> H\u1ecd chuy\u1ec3n sang h\u1ecdc tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

\u2606\u2606\u2606<\/span><\/p>\n

Phong tr\u00e0o Ng\u0169 T\u1ee9<\/em>. C\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, r\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn Phong tr\u00e0o Ng\u0169 T\u1ee9<\/em> \u00a0(ng\u00e0y B\u1ed1n th\u00e1ng N\u0103m) n\u0103m 1919, ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 s\u00f4i s\u1ee5c v\u00e0o \u00fd th\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc B\u1eafc Kinh (Beida), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y h\u1ecd, xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e9o ra qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i H\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc Versailles trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0110\u1ed3ng minh \u0111\u00e3 giao t\u1ec9nh S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 TQ \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0110\u1ed3ng minh b\u1eb1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng T\u00e2n H\u1ee3i n\u0103m 1911 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ed1ng vua quan, th\u00ec Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Nho gi\u00e1o th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 \u0111ang r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng khoa h\u1ecdc, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ea1o s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea3n ng\u1eef (baihua<\/em>). H\u1ecd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n sinh quan khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy. Th\u1ea7y v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i trong l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi x\u00f3a b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 Francis Bacon, nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd tr\u00edch d\u1eabn, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cidols\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m sai tr\u00e1i b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1m r\u1ec5 s\u00e2u trong \u0111\u00f3\u201d, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u1edf tr\u00ean. \u201cC\u1ee9u v\u00e3n qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi khai minh\u201d. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c Khai minh Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y lan t\u1ecfa nhanh ch\u00f3ng kh\u1eafp 22 t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 150 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Thi\u00ean T\u00e2n, Nam Kinh, H\u00e0ng Ch\u00e2u, V\u0169 H\u00e1n… l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n tham gia nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc sinh, sinh vi\u00ean, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n, th\u1ecb d\u00e2n, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c. Ng\u0169 T\u1ee9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Phong tr\u00e0o V\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi<\/em> trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1910 v\u00e0 1920, ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a TQ, v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u01b0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, t\u01b0 duy ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, v\u1eeba mu\u1ed1n t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u1edbi, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n uy, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n vinh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p ch\u00fang. V\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng, l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng l\u00e0m sao, phong tr\u00e0o m\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi am hi\u1ec3u di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00f3 v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 H\u1ed3 Th\u00edch (Shih Hu) gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. [23]<\/a>\u00a0 Phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Phong tr\u00e0o cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 Cai Yuanpei (Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean B\u1ed3i, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Beida), Chen Duxiu (Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ed9c T\u00fa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea3ng CSTQ sau n\u00e0y), Chen Hengzhe (Tr\u1ea7n H\u00e0nh Tri\u1ebft), Li Dazhao (L\u00fd \u0110\u1ea1i Chi\u00eau), Lu Xun (L\u1ed7 T\u1ea5n), Zhou Zuoren (Chu T\u00e1c Nh\u00e2n), He Dong, Qian Xuantong (Ti\u1ec1n Huy\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ed3ng), Liu Bannong (L\u01b0u B\u00e1n N\u00f4ng), Bing Xin (B\u0103ng T\u00e2m), v\u00e0 Hu Shih (H\u1ed3 Th\u00edch) v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u201cn\u1ed5i d\u1eady v\u0103n h\u00f3a\u201d ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Fukuzawa Yukichi t\u1eebng l\u00e0m g\u1ea7n n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. H\u1ed3 Th\u00edch n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n:<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trong su\u1ed1t hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m qua \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 chinh ph\u1ee5c thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n r\u1ed9ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng … b\u1ecb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i ph\u00eda sau trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00e2n tay trong khi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n.[24]<\/a><\/p>\n

Phong tr\u00e0o V\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi<\/em> c\u00f3 t\u1edd b\u00e1o Th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u m\u1edbi<\/em> (New Tide) c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, r\u1ea5t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/em> c\u1ee7a Einstein, Ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/em> c\u1ee7a H. G. Wells, N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tinh th\u1ea7n<\/em> c\u1ee7a Henri Bergson, L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em> c\u1ee7a G. D. H. Cole, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c.[25]<\/a> Hai nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc John Dewey v\u00e0 Bertrand Russell c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3ng b\u00e0i t\u1ea1i Beida. Einstein c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean B\u1ed3i \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n m\u1eddi n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t l\u00fac Einstein sang th\u0103m Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1922, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng thu x\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u1ecd ti\u1ebfc v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb l\u00fac c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Nghi\u00eam Ph\u1ee5c (Yan Fu) c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em> c\u1ee7a Thomas Huxley, thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft Darwin x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi th\u00edch nghi l\u00e0 ti\u00eau vong. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a qua s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh, s\u00e0n l\u1ecdc gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u00f3m, qu\u1ed1c gia. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u1ecb giam c\u1ea7m trong th\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 n\u00e9t: n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 c\u1ed5 k\u00ednh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n n\u00f3, v\u00e0o si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0o t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n, trong khi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u1ea1nh tranh, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.[26]<\/a><\/p>\n

Xin n\u00f3i th\u00eam, Nghi\u00eam Ph\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ngo\u00e0i Thomas Huxley \u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill, Montesquieu v\u00e0 Herbert Spencer, trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c. V\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Nghi\u00eam Ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc ca ng\u1ee3i l\u00e0 \u201ccha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do Trung Qu\u1ed1c\u201d v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 trong phong tr\u00e0o t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c\u201d.[27]<\/a><\/p>\n

Trong ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda h\u1eebng h\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o Ng\u0169 T\u1ee9, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c gia ra \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp: Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng (1919), v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n TQ (1921). V\u1edbi Ng\u0169 T\u1ee9<\/em>, m\u1ed9t ma tr\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u00f3a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i TQ c\u00f3 t\u00ednh khai ph\u00f3ng (liberal), d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng phong ki\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t di ch\u00fac, m\u1ed9t c\u00fa h\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t, cu\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00f2n \u201cn\u1eeda ch\u00edn n\u1eeda s\u1ed1ng\u201d, nh\u01b0 John Dewey vi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng phong tr\u00e0o v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi \u201ccung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t cho ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c\u201d.[28]<\/a> TQ b\u01b0\u1edbc ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean t\u1edbi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ec3 xem ai th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di ch\u00fac n\u00e0y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u00eam \u1ea3. Ma tr\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch l\u0169y v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o TQ. \u201cB\u1ed1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a\u201d ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t trong hai v\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Di ch\u00fac Ng\u0169 T\u1ee9. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n: ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ma tr\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u00f3a khai minh l\u00e0m di ch\u00fac nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

IV. VI\u1ec6T NAM<\/span><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Francis Bacon, hay Fukuzawa Yukichi, hay bunmei kaika<\/em> c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o Ng\u0169 T\u1ee9. Phong tr\u00e0o v\u0103n h\u00f3a duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng vang l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t nam l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m T\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c v\u0103n \u0111o\u00e0n<\/em> v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930. Nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a v\u0103n h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng n\u1ebfp tuy duy x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169, l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t. Phong tr\u00e0o v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi Phong tr\u00e0o V\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi<\/em> c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1910-1920 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng ngo\u00e0i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, phong t\u1ee5c, Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 cao vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u00fd th\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng thay \u0111\u1ed5i to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan khoa h\u1ecdc. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00ean phong \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. M\u1ea3ng d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, thi ca. H\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Ng\u1ecdn gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t th\u1ed5i v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Trung Hoa, qua hai nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch l\u1edbn Khang H\u1eefu Vi v\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u1ea3i Si\u00eau \u1edf d\u1ea1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00e2n th\u01b0<\/em>. T\u00e2n th\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0m lay \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u00e1c s\u0129 phu Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5 Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cM\u1ed9t h\u00f4m, b\u1ed7ng nhi\u00ean ch\u1ee3t t\u1ec9nh c\u01a1n m\u00ea, nh\u01b0 v\u00e9n m\u00e2y m\u00f9 tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y tr\u1eddi xanh, nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba ra kh\u1ecfi bu\u1ed3ng t\u1ed1i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi hay m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng. Ni\u1ec1m vui \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i sao cho h\u1ebft.\u201d Nh\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0 V\u0129nh S\u00ednh vi\u1ebft: \u201cTuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u2018ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u th\u00ec \u00edt m\u00e0 k\u1ebb ngoan c\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u\u2019 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i do s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00e1t c\u1ed5 (nho s\u0129) g\u00e2y ra v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby.\u201d[29]<\/a> L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00e1t c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf to l\u1edbn. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh nh\u01b0 gi\u1edbi tinh hoa Trung Qu\u1ed1c, hay Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. H\u1ecd v\u1eabn \u00ec ra kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu m\u1edf m\u1eaft tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eafp \u0111\u00e2m s\u1ea7m v\u00e0o h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh (1892-1945), nh\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a T\u00e2y h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 l\u1ebd uy\u00ean b\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, s\u1ed1ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Ng\u0169 T\u1ee9, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1eef d\u1ed9i \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u201cm\u1edf l\u00f2ng\u201d m\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng d\u00e0nh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00e2m tr\u00ed cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong b\u00e0i V\u0103n minh lu\u1eadn<\/em> n\u0103m 1920<\/em>, <\/em>Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ea5t s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/em> th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh n\u1eb1m \u1edf tri th\u1ee9c, khoa h\u1ecdc, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v.v\u2026 Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201cbi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1<\/em>\u201d thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n lu\u00f4n, \u201ckhi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1eafng \u0111o\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u\u201d, trong khi r\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201ch\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1<\/em>\u201d, khi th\u1ecbnh, khi suy, tuy kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u0103n minh th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c th\u00e1nh hi\u1ec1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201ch\u00e0ng li\u1ec7t b\u1ea1i\u201d. [30]<\/a> Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00f4i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o n\u1eefa, kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t Fukuzawa khai minh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m V\u0103n minh lu\u1eadn<\/em> nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

Sau \u00f4ng, Ho\u00e0ng Xu\u00e2n H\u00e3n (1908-1996), ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong gi\u1edbi tinh hoa, c\u0169ng t\u1eebng l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1edbn lao trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Ngo\u00e0i quy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc, \u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o v\u0103n h\u1ecdc.[31]<\/a> B\u1ee9c tranh khai s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00e1c xa v\u1edbi b\u1ee9c tranh Trung qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. M\u1ea3ng khoa h\u1ecdc, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, khai s\u00e1ng b\u1ecb m\u1edd \u0111i h\u1eb3n. S\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u00fd th\u1ee9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi TQ v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 Nam Phong<\/em> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh, hay V\u0103n h\u00f3a ng\u00e0y nay<\/em> c\u1ee7a T\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c v\u0103n \u0111o\u00e0n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh. Trang b\u00eca c\u1ee7a Nam Phong tuy c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u201cV\u0103n h\u1ecdc-Khoa h\u1ecdc T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed\u201d (xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n 2 l\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng), nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i khoa h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9c t\u1ea3n m\u1ea1n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc.[32]<\/a> Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, c\u1ea3 tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi m\u1edf c\u1eeda Minh Tr\u1ecb, qua lan h\u1ecdc<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc khoa h\u1ecdc, bi\u1ebft Newton, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u, \u0111\u00fac s\u00fang, y h\u1ecdc. H\u1ecd h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb \u00f3c t\u00f2 m\u00f2 mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i m\u1edbi. Ch\u00ednh y khoa, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u, \u0111\u00fac s\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn gi\u00fap h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y so v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a TQ, v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi 1868.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh v\u00e0 Fukuzawa Yukichi (s\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 hai h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi hai t\u00e2m th\u1ebf r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 nho s\u0129, b\u00ean kia l\u00e0 v\u00f5 s\u0129 c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc, cho n\u00ean hai con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c g\u1ea7n g\u1ee7i v\u1edbi Fukuzawa h\u01a1n, b\u1edfi \u00f4ng t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c luy\u1ec7n v\u00f5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi luy\u1ec7n v\u0103n. C\u00f2n Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng T\u1ed9 th\u00ec do th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o n\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh.[33]<\/a> Trong c\u01a1n nguy nan, \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u1edf tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u00ec Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf tuy\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a lu\u1eadn: “Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfng ta c\u00f2n. Ti\u1ebfng ta c\u00f2n n\u01b0\u1edbc ta c\u00f2n”, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u1ebfu ng\u00e0i Fukuzawa b\u1ea3o: \u201cTruy\u1ec7n Genji[34]<\/a> c\u00f2n th\u00ec ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt c\u00f2n. Ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt c\u00f2n th\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt c\u00f2n\u201d.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c keim\u014d<\/em> Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u00ec n\u00eau l\u00ean kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u: \u201cKhoa h\u1ecdc\/C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng\u201d (Sakuma Sh\u014dzan), t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tinh hoa Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khai minh TQ, tuy c\u0169ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u0103n minh khai s\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb b\u1ecf Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o, do t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd th\u1ea5y nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c hai l\u1ea7n, t\u1eeb vua quan xu\u1ed1ng t\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh, nh\u00e2n danh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o. C\u00f2n Phanh Ch\u00e2u Trinh th\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u201cKhai d\u00e2n tr\u00ed, ch\u1ea5n d\u00e2n kh\u00ed, h\u1eadu d\u00e2n sinh\u201d n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi tinh hoa VN chia s\u1ebb, v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f4ng s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u201ckh\u1ea9u v\u1ecb\u201d c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u thu\u1ed9c \u201cv\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1m v\u1ebf\u201d s\u1ebd \u201ct\u1ea5t th\u1eafng\u201d, v\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u01a1n.[35]<\/a><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i n\u0103m 1907, nh\u1eb1m \u201c\u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n thu\u1ed9c Ph\u1ee7 To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng.\u201d \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ed1t, nh\u01b0ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 khao kh\u00e1t c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t \u201cSorbonne nh\u1ecf\u201d \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng? Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i. \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Kh\u00f4ng nghe n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 khoa h\u1ecdc. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng: Quy\u1ec3n Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng<\/em> c\u1ee7a Einstein vi\u1ebft cho \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u0103m 1919, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ngay sang ti\u1ebfng Anh n\u0103m 1920 t\u1ea1i Anh, ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt n\u0103m 1921, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Trung n\u0103m 1922. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2014 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21 n\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u201cl\u1ec7ch gi\u1edd\u201d ng\u00f3t 100 n\u0103m[36]<\/a>. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m khai minh m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khai minh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eebng d\u1ecbch th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ecbu c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn l\u1ec7ch gi\u1edd c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Einstein, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill, Herbert Spencer, Thomas Huxley, Montesquieu, Samuel Smiles v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c. Trong khi VN ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00e1p, th\u00ec gi\u1edbi tinh hoa Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 TQ ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Anh M\u1ef9, n\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m chi\u1ebfn tranh \u00e1c li\u1ec7t, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf hai mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi khi h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh t\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn, m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4m nay. Nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do: \u201cC\u01a1 ch\u1ebf\u201d, \u201cth\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf\u201d, s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb ph\u00eda tr\u00ean, \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf theo tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. VN t\u1ef1 \u201c\u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda\u201d th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, trong khi ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd r\u1ea5t nguy h\u1ea1i.[37]<\/a> H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn nay Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, l\u00e0m cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u1eb9t v\u00e0o \u201cb\u1eaby thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh th\u1ea5p\u201d ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 l\u1ed1i ra. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c s\u00e2u xa n\u00e0o n\u1eb1m trong DNA c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng? H\u00e3y nghe g\u1ee3i \u00fd l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean t\u00e0i Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) khi \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t tinh t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00fac khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ed3i sinh th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng sau h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng: \u201cAi coi khinh h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau cho tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (t\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc)\u201d[38]<\/a>; h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda l\u00e0 k\u1ebb b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ee9a con c\u1ee7a T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n coi khinh h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng s\u1ebd coi khinh s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o tinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a. Hay n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u1ea3 hai, nh\u00e0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t: con m\u1eaft quan s\u00e1t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/em>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u00f3 l\u1ebd Vi\u1ec7t Nam thi\u1ebfu.[39]<\/a> [Ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng 9 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp ng\u1eafm nh\u00ecn c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a danh h\u1ecda th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng Raphael (1483-1520) c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi Leonardo, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c kinh ng\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c tranh.]<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 hai, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean khi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec1u thi\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 hai. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y r\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u00f3c t\u00f2 m\u00f2, v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao, n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 sao ch\u00e9p nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i hay c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y r\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m cao, hi\u1ec3u ngay nh\u1eefng \u201ct\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb xa \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 noi theo \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi TQ nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m \u00edt h\u01a1n, n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd c\u00f3 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t m\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u, l\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nhanh h\u01a1n r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f3a r\u1ed3ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra xung quanh, v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00e0m m\u0169, trong khi ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm so v\u1edbi h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

\u2606<\/span>\u2606\u2606<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u00e0i n\u00e0y t\u00f4i xin m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Francis Bacon b\u1ed1n tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc <\/em>v\u1eabn c\u00f2n n\u00f3ng b\u1ecfng, kh\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 suy ng\u1eabm cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u00f4m nay:<\/p>\n

Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9a con c\u1ee7a Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n uy. V\u00e0 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u0129 nh\u1ee5c cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3, tinh t\u00fa trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c soi s\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c th\u00ec l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb b\u00f3 h\u1eb9p trong c\u00e1i g\u00f3c ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5.[40]<\/a><\/p>\n

Tinh th\u1ea7n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Weltgeist<\/em>, \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c th\u1ed5i qua th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb m\u1ea5y th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua. Mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3, v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc theo quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc<\/em>, khuy\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc<\/em>, khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em>, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, n\u1ebfu Vi\u1ec7t Nam mu\u1ed1n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n, kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. V\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 cho nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m.<\/p>\n

Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh<\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ng 9, 2020<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Fukuzawa Yukichi, Khuy\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc, hay Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ef1\u00a0 c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/em>. Ph\u1ea1m H\u1eefu L\u1ee3i d\u1ecbch. C\u00f4ng ty C\u00e0 ph\u00ea Trung Nguy\u00ean (kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y n\u0103m)<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Xem ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n tr.42 trong The Speeches of Fukuzawa Yukichi<\/em>. A Translation and Critical Study by Wayne H. Oxford. The Hokuseido Press, 1973.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Xem th\u00eam b\u00e0i T\u1ea1i Sao Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt M\u00ea \u0110\u1ecdc S\u00e1ch?<\/em> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/tai-sao-nguoi-nhat-me-doc-sach\/<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Trang 10, Carmen Blacker, The Japanese Enlightenment.<\/em> A Study of the Writings of Fukuzawa Yukichi. Cambridge University Press, 1969.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Trang 10 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Trang ix, x trong Fukuzawa Yukichi on Education<\/em>. Translated by Eiichi Kiyooka v\u00e0 Introduction by Kazuyoshi Nakayama. University of Tokyo Press, 1985.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Trang xii, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean<\/em><\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Tessa Morris-Suzuki, The Technological Transformation of Japan<\/em>. From the Seventeenth to the Twenty-first Century. Cambridge University Press, 1994.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Trang 43 trong The Speeches of Fukuzawa<\/em>. Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Novum Organum<\/em>, Aphorism 129, hay trong Benjamin Farrington, Francis Bacon<\/em>. Philosopher of Industrial Science<\/em>. Octagon Books,1979. Trang 7<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a>\u00a0 Trang 37-38 trong Markku Peltonen (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Bacon<\/em>. Cambridge University Press, 1996.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Edgar Zilsel, Die Sozialen Urspr\u00fcnge der neuzeitlichen Wissenschaft<\/em>. Suhrkamp, 1976.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> Benjamin Farrington, Francis Bacon<\/em>. Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Edgar Zilsel, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean<\/em><\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> Hugh Kearney, Science and Change<\/em> 1500-1700. World University Library, 1981, tr. 221.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> Immanuel Kant, Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00fd t\u00ednh thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/em>. B\u00f9i V\u0103n Nam S\u01a1n chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef. Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, 2004. Trang 41-42.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Trang 48 trong Joel Mokyr, The Enlightened Economy<\/em>. An Economic History of Britain 1700-1850. Yale University Press, 2009.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> C\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng Jiangnan c\u00f3 l\u1ebd quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t \u1edf TQ. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi TQ t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i. Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Nh\u1eadt Iwakura t\u1eebng th\u0103m c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3\u00a0 mua t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> Benjamin A. Elman 2005, 387-390.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> Elman 2006, 198<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> Elman 2005, 434-435<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> Elman 2006, 223<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> Shih Hu, The Chinese Renaissance<\/em>. University of Chicago Press, 1934. Tr. 44<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> Edmund S. K. Kung, The Intellectual Foundations of Chinese Modernity<\/em>. Cambridge University Press, 2010. Trang 41.<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a> Vera Schwarcz, The Chinese Enlightenment. Intellectuals and the Legacy of the May Fourth Movement of<\/em> 1919. University California Press, 1986. Tr. 120.<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a> E. S. K.\u00a0 Kung, 132<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a> E. S. K.\u00a0 Kung, 132<\/p>\n

[28]<\/a> Vera Schwarcz, 8<\/p>\n

[29]<\/a> Xem trang web Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh \u2013 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u2013 v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/em> n\u00f3i tr\u00ean<\/p>\n

[30]<\/a> Xem S\u1ee9c \u1ef3 c\u1ee7a \u00dd th\u1ee9c Khoa h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/em>: https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/suc-y-cua-y-thuc-khoa-hoc-viet-nam\/<\/p>\n

[31]<\/a> S\u1ee9c \u1ef3, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean<\/p>\n

[32]<\/a> S\u1ee9c \u1ef3 <\/em>nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean<\/p>\n

[33]<\/a> Xem Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh \u2013 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u2013 v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/em> n\u00f3i tr\u00ean<\/p>\n

[34]<\/a> Truy\u1ec7n Genji<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 11 m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 n\u1eef qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Murasaki Shikibu trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

[35]<\/a> Xem Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh \u2013 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u2013 v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/em> n\u00f3i tr\u00ean<\/p>\n

[36]<\/a> Xem Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng<\/em> c\u1ee7a Albert Einstein, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef, do nxb T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p TP H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh, 2014.<\/p>\n

[37]<\/a> Xem s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC<\/em> \u2013 \u0110\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cao thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/em> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, nxb T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p TP HCM, 2019.<\/p>\n

[38]<\/a> Trang 180 trong Kenneth R. Bartlett, The Civilization of the Italian Renaissance<\/em>. A Sourcebook. University Toronto Press, 2011.<\/p>\n

[39]<\/a> Trong b\u00e0i L\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t nam<\/em> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. Ch\u01b0a c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1<\/p>\n

[40]<\/a> Francis Bacon, Das Neue Organon<\/em>. Akademie Verlag, 1982. Tr. XX<\/p>\n

click \u0111\u1ec3 thu g\u1ecdn<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam:<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c h\u00f3a r\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi tinh hoa k\u1ef9 tr\u1ecb<\/a><\/p>\n

li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vai tr\u00f2 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/em>; v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed1ng tro t\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19:<\/p>\n

V\u00ec sao t\u00f4i vi\u1ebft N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX<\/i>?<\/a><\/h3>\n

c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 xin \u0111\u00f3n xem<\/p>\n

(1) B\u00ed m\u1eadt Thung l\u0169ng Silicon & Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb Th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 kinh t\u1ebf Hi-tech; <\/em>v\u00e0<\/p>\n

(2) Thung l\u0169ng Silicon & T\u00e2n Tr\u00fac v\u00e0 Cu\u1ed9c h\u00f3a r\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan<\/em><\/p>\n

s\u1eafp ra m\u1eaft t\u1ea1i Nxb T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p TP H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, 2021. NXX<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

FRANCIS BACON FUKUZAWA YUKICHI (TRUNG QU\u1ed0C) V\u00c0 VI\u1ec6T NAM Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh   B\u00e2y gi\u1edd m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00e0y, r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh (c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang).\u201d FRANCIS BACON \u00a0 \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5645"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5645"}],"version-history":[{"count":70,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5645\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7502,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5645\/revisions\/7502"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5645"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5645"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5645"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}