{"id":5997,"date":"2021-04-30T19:13:39","date_gmt":"2021-04-30T12:13:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=5997"},"modified":"2022-06-25T20:38:52","modified_gmt":"2022-06-25T13:38:52","slug":"tu-tuong-giao-duc-cua-j-h-pestalozzi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/tu-tuong-giao-duc-cua-j-h-pestalozzi\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a J. H. PESTALOZZI"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a<\/span><\/p>\n

JOHANN HEINRICH PESTALOZZI<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u00e2n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c mi\u1ec1n Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1975\u00a0<\/em> <\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00ea Xu\u00e2n Khoa: \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc mi\u1ec1n Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1975<\/i><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh khai ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat v\u1ec1 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai s\u00e1ng Pestalozzi. <\/span><\/p>\n

Pestalozzi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o n\u1eeda ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 v\u00e0 n\u1eeda ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Khai minh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn l\u00ean n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1eddi Fichte, Humboldt, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean Hoa K\u1ef3 r\u1ed3i c\u1ea3 Tokyo trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi sang M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Pestalozzi, v\u00e0 mang tri\u1ebft l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 tr\u1ed3ng t\u1ea1i qu\u00ea nh\u00e0, trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn Takamine Hideo (1853-1910) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Pestalozzi v\u00e0o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n cho ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Takamine \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o r\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh quy t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m Oswego Normal School (SUNY Oswego ng\u00e0y nay) t\u1ea1i New York, Hoa K\u1ef3, trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Pestalozzi. \u00d4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean m\u1edbi t\u1ea1i Tokyo (Tokyo Teacher Training School).
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Pestalozzi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (individualism). Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng thu\u00ea nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ee9c Emil Hausknecht (1853-1927<\/span><\/span>) \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho c\u1ea5p trung h\u1ecdc theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng Gymnasium c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Wilhelm von Humboldt. Hausknecht, <\/span>m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Pestalozzi, <\/span>\u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ee9c Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776<\/span>–1841<\/span>), ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u00f4n s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00e0n l\u00e2m to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a It\u014d Hirobumi, th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Mori Arinori, b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. H\u1ecd th\u1ea5y gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. Hausknecht c\u0169ng truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam<\/p>

<\/p>\n

T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Hausknecht c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Pestalozzi. Hausknecht ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb7t vai tr\u00f2 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/em> l\u00ean cao nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i vai tr\u00f2 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Pestalozzi v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Fukuzawa Yukichi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00f3p bu c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb, g\u1ed3m It\u014d Hirobumi, Mori Arinori v\u00e0 Inoue Kowashi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ee9c, t\u1eeb gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1eb7t Vua l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. It\u014d Hirobumi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. H\u1ecd thu\u00ea c\u1ea3 chuy\u00ean gia ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Hermann Roesler l\u00e0m t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n. Gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh, chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc theo tinh th\u1ea7n anglo-saxon Anh M\u1ef9 m\u00e0 Fukuzawa l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n sang m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Ph\u1ed5 trao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1ed1i \u0111a cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 Vua \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m. H\u1ecd b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng Anh, Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, trong khi \u0110\u1ee9c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. H\u1ecd s\u1ee3 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 Phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00f2i T\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n (People’s Movement for Freedom).<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u00ean di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 gia s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Minh Tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 Motoda Nagazane l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn l\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Minh Tr\u1ecb. Sau m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3i tranh c\u00e3i, \u00a0n\u0103m 1890 \u201cPh\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/em>\u201d ra \u0111\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p gi\u1eefa Motada v\u00e0 Inoue Kowashi, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 th\u00e2n t\u00edn c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng It\u014d Hirobumi. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Inoue k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em> v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em> n\u1eefa. Qu\u1ed1c gia c\u0103n b\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c th\u00ec m\u1edbi b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5y Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, Inoue quay v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em> (kokumin d\u014dtoku<\/em>) cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. T\u1eeb c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Motada. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Fukuzawa tuy c\u0169ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u0103n minh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 hai, tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 tri th\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Anh Thomas Buckle m\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u1eebng tham kh\u1ea3o trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m L\u1ecbch s\u1eed V\u0103n minh Anh qu\u1ed1c<\/em>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u01b0 theo Buckle, s\u1ef1 \u01b0u t\u00fa \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u00edt t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 \u01b0u t\u00fa tri th\u1ee9c. Xem chi ti\u1ebft trong D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp s\u00e1ch Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Minh Tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Donald Keene .<\/i><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u1ea1i, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft l\u00fd Pestalozzi \u1edf t\u1ea7ng d\u01b0\u1edbi, c\u1ee7a Herbart v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Ph\u1ed5 t\u1ea7ng gi\u1eefa, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o t\u1ea7ng tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

click \u0111\u1ec3 thu g\u1ecdn ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00e0i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft l\u00fd gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Pestalozzi. T\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Pestalozzi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Johann<\/p>\n

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1872)<\/p>\n

Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 may gi\u1ecfi, th\u1ee3 gi\u00e0y gi\u1ecfi, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n gi\u1ecfi, hay chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 gi\u1ecfi, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ra c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 may, th\u1ee3 gi\u00e0y, doanh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>, theo ngh\u0129a cao qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a danh t\u1eeb.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y l\u00e0, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u00e0i h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c n\u1eb1m trong b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean h\u1eefu \u00edch c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u1ebb em.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem \u1edf m\u1ecdi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 (to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n).<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 vun x\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 vun x\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m, tr\u00ean h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cho, v\u00e0 trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o ph\u1ea3i cho ph\u00e9p, T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/em> ch\u00edn m\u00f9i trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u00edn ch\u1eafn c\u1ee7a T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean; n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fang s\u1ebd, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00edn m\u00f9i.<\/span><\/p>\n

PESTALOZZI<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi V\u0103n ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 C\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u1ebft<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\n

Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng qua v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f2ng, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi may m\u1eafn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00edch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c, nh\u01b0ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u1ebfu gi\u1ecfi \u0111i b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00edch.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ch\u00fang ta, trong m\u01b0\u1eddi <\/em>tr\u1ebb em, trong khi c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u1ebft s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m, trong m\u1ed9t<\/em> tr\u1ebb em.<\/span><\/p>\n

PESTALOZZI<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u0103n ph\u1ea1m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a La tinh v\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4n ngoan n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ea1y tr\u1ebb em c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3, v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb hay kh\u00f4ng-gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0m cho tr\u1ebb em quen v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o tu\u1ed5i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho ch\u00fang ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, \u1edf tu\u1ed5i v\u00f4 t\u01b0 l\u1ef1 n\u00e0y, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c, v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c qua \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

PESTALOZZI<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, Pestalozzi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc<\/em>, v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp to\u00e1n l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u01b0 duy. Ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129, thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc cho s\u1eb5n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n trong SAT ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ch\u00fang theo t\u00f4i: c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft t\u01b0 duy tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/em>, sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7t b\u00fat t\u00ednh to\u00e1n. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 mong mu\u1ed1n, ph\u1ea3i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

NXX, 30.4. 2021<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt 8.6.2021<\/em>:<\/span><\/p>\n

GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C T\u01af DUY B\u1eb0NG H\u00ccNH \u1ea2NH<\/span><\/p>\n

\"File:Pestalozzi.jpg\"<\/p>\n

Pestalozzi v\u00e0 v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng Anna th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf<\/p>\n

gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Neuhof (tranh kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7 n\u0103m 1882)<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Pestalozzi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u01b0 duy b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh,\u00a0 thinking in pictures (visualization, Anschauung<\/em>). T\u01b0 duy b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, theo \u00f4ng, \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n t\u01b0 duy b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef v\u00e0 s\u1ed1. N\u00f3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u00f3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.Trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch 1801 c\u00f3 t\u00ean Gertrude d\u1ea1y con c\u00f4 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o<\/em>, \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3o tri\u1ebft l\u00fd gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch tr\u1ebb em suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, n\u00ean \u0111i t\u1eeb quan s\u00e1t, th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u201cph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 b\u00ean trong\u201d v\u00e0 c\u00e1 t\u00ednh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb. Pestalozzi t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m, sinh vi\u00ean n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c quan s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c, t\u01b0 duy kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m (conceptual thinking) v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a (visual emagery). ([7]) “Hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft tr\u1ef1c quan l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c”, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft, “vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng vai ph\u1ee5.” ([7]) hay ([3], 105)<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi Albert Einstein may m\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc \u1edf t\u1ec9nh Aarau, Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, g\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Z\u00fcrich, th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y d\u1ea1y theo tri\u1ebft l\u00fd Pestalozzi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng phai trong \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng. “<\/span>H\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c ri\u00eang l\u1ebb, s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb xem ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, m\u00e0 b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh h\u1ecdc sinh, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t\u201d, nh\u01b0 em \u00f4ng Maya thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i.([7])<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Aarau h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 Einstein r\u1ea5t th\u00edch.\u00a0<\/span>T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, \u00f4ng l\u00e0m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean khi t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea1y theo s\u00f3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. Theo suy ngh\u0129 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, khi Einstein b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp, th\u00ec s\u00f3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng s\u1ebd ng\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng sau n\u00e0y.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

Einstein t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ch\u1eadm n\u00f3i, l\u00e0m cho b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 lo l\u1eafng, t\u01b0\u1edfng con m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Sau n\u00e0y \u00f4ng b\u1ea3o, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u00f4ng suy ngh\u0129 b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh. \u00d4ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, r\u1eb1ng \u00f3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi \u201cth\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d, Gedankenexperiment<\/em>. C\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng, hay thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh. (Xem c\u00e1c quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 Einstein trong Tham kh\u1ea3o<\/em>)
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p y\u00eau c\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy, Einstein tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: <\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb ng\u1eef ho\u1eb7c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3i, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 vai tr\u00f2 n\u00e0o trong c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. <\/span><\/p>\n

Max Wertheimer, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp T\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Gestalt<\/em> (H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng, [5]) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Einstein, k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1916, trong nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecfi Einstein “r\u1ea5t chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng” d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. Einstein n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Wertheimer: “<\/span>Nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0o. T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm khi suy ngh\u0129 b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3”; v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp theo: “Trong su\u1ed1t ng\u1ea7n \u1ea5y n\u0103m, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111i th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi \u2026 Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i c\u00f3 n\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c quan.” (Gerald Holton, 103)
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng t\u01b0 duy b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Galilei, Faraday, Bohr, de Broglie, Heisenberg, Schr\u00f6dinger, Richard Feynman, trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tham kh\u1ea3o<\/em><\/p>\n

[1] Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh, EINSTEIN<\/em>. Nxb T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p TP H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. M\u1ea1ng https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/sach-einstein\/<\/p>\n

[2] Albert Einstein, Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng<\/em>. Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i. Nxb T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p TP H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. M\u1ea1ng\u00a0 https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/thuyet-tuong-doi-hep-va-rong\/<\/p>\n

[3] Gerald Holton, On Trying to Understand Scientific Genius. Ngu\u1ed3n: The American Scholar, Winter, 1971-72, Vol. 41, No. 1 (Winter, 1971-72), pp. 95-110.<\/p>\n

[4] Xem th\u00eam Trang \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ALBERT EINSTEIN<\/a><\/p>\n

[5] T\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Gestalt<\/em>: Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, cung c\u1ea5p n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c.<\/span> Thuy\u1ebft Gestalt nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span> C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ra t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/span> (Britannica)<\/p>\n

[6] Walter Isaacson, Einstein<\/em>. The Life of a Genius<\/em>, 12. Andr\u00e9 Deutsch, 2014.<\/p>\n

[7] Walter Isaacson, Einstein, His Life and Universe, <\/em>26.<\/em> Simon & Schuster, 2007.<\/p>\n