{"id":609,"date":"2017-10-22T17:36:27","date_gmt":"2017-10-22T10:36:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=609"},"modified":"2024-09-07T17:32:59","modified_gmt":"2024-09-07T10:32:59","slug":"gioi-thieu-sach-pasteur-va-koch","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/gioi-thieu-sach-pasteur-va-koch\/","title":{"rendered":"Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch Louis Pasteur – Robert Koch<\/i>"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

PASTEUR \u2013 KOCH<\/span><\/h1>\n

CU\u1ed8C \u0110\u1ecc S\u1ee8C GI\u1eeeA NH\u1eeeNG NG\u01af\u1edcI KH\u1ed4NG L\u1ed2 TRONG TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI VI SINH V\u1eacT<\/span><\/h2>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong> gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u201cKhoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i [\u2026]. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc (v\u1eabn) ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng l\u00ean ni\u1ec1m quang vinh cho t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong m\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c l\u1edbn. [\u2026] Qu\u00fd v\u1ecb, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gian kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 tinh t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1eeba l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt; qu\u00fd v\u1ecb, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eb7ng cho di s\u1ea3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gian kh\u1ed5; qu\u00fd v\u1ecb m\u00e0 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i l\u00e0 danh d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014 LOUIS PASTEUR<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1eadt l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5. N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c du h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i qua c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng y h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4i ch\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 v\u00e0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m l\u1ed9 thi\u00ean b\u00ean v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n t\u00e1ch v\u00e0ng ra kh\u1ecfi b\u1ea9n, th\u1ebf th\u00f4i.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cN\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta quay m\u1eb7t \u0111i kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh ng\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, th\u00ec c\u00e1c vi sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ebd th\u1eafng l\u1edbn.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014 ROBERT KOCH<\/span><\/p>\n

Xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch m\u1edbi th\u00fa v\u1ecb, c\u1ee7a hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p Annick Perrot v\u00e0 Maxime Schwartz, v\u00e0 do B\u00e1c s\u0129 V\u0169 Ng\u1ecdc Qu\u1ef3nh, Paris, chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef, v\u00e0 do nxb T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh th\u00e1ng 10, 2017:<\/p>\n

\"C:\\Users\\HP\\AppData\\Local\\Microsoft\\Windows\\INetCacheContent.Word\\Bia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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<\/h2>\n

\u201cN\u1ebfu Galilei, Kepler v\u00e0 Newton l\u00e0m cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 th\u00ec \u0111\u00fang 200 n\u0103m sau, Pasteur v\u00e0 Koch l\u00e0m cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng y khoa v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi sinh v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng nh\u1ecf m\u00e0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 nh\u1ecf. Trong khi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 t\u00e2m t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi sinh ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp<\/i> m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Vi sinh, hay th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u201c\u00e2m binh\u201d v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, t\u1eebng g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u201cgi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t\u201d kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp trong su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft b\u00f3 tay, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1ea7n linh hay ma qu\u1ef7. Nh\u01b0ng Pasteur v\u00e0 Koch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u201c\u0111en t\u1ed1i\u201d n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Newton t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0o v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u201cb\u1ecb qu\u1ef7 \u00e1m\u201d. B\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng si\u00eau nhi\u00ean g\u00e2y ra, m\u00e0 do ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c vi tr\u00f9ng nh\u1ecf b\u00e9. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cthuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3\u201d c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hai \u00f4ng minh ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. Hai \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u201cth\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh\u201d \u0111\u1ea7y k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u201cth\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u00e2m binh\u201d v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng trong khi l\u00e0m cu\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1ec7nh, th\u00ec hai \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i m\u1eafc v\u00e0o c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/i>: C\u0103n b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ef1c \u0111oan ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 20. Albert Einstein g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ec7nh s\u1edfi\u201d. V\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi qui m\u00f4 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y, g\u00e2y \u0111au th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f2n h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u00e2m binh.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3 hai: B\u1ec7nh do vi tr\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh tinh th\u1ea7n do ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c gia g\u00e2y ra \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eam nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0o hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 Pasteur v\u00e0 Koch. Ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u01a1ng hai \u00f4ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n \u2013 v\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u00e1m \u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f4m nay c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng y\u00ean b\u00ecnh h\u01a1n.\u201d<\/p>\n

(B\u00eca sau c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

***<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Y khoa trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 tr\u1ea3i qua hai cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng quan tr\u1ecdng, th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh h\u1ecdc t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (cellular pathology), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng b\u1edfi Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann v\u00e0 Rudolf Virchow, th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft m\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh (germ theory), vi tr\u00f9ng h\u1ecdc (bacteriology) v\u00e0 huy\u1ebft thanh h\u1ecdc (serology) v\u1edbi Louis Pasteur v\u00e0 Robert Koch. Ng\u00e0nh y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt\u201d (arts) do \u201ckh\u00e9o tay\u201d, \u201cm\u00e1t tay\u201d, nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c th\u1eddi x\u01b0a n\u1eefa, m\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/i>. C\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u2018d\u00e3 man\u2019 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb khoa h\u1ecdc tinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng y h\u1ecdc trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m De humani corporis fabrica<\/i> c\u1ee7a Andreas Vesalius trong gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc, ra m\u1eaft \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o n\u0103m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n 1543 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng De revolutionibus orbium coelestium<\/i> c\u1ee7a Nicolas Copernius v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n, sau 300 n\u0103m m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi cao \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to\u00e0n c\u1ea9u.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng y h\u1ecdc<\/i> c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta 150 n\u0103m, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi hai nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i Louis Pasteur c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 Robert Koch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt gh\u00ea g\u1edbm c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. B\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch, g\u00e2y ra C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0110en n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14, b\u1ec7nh lao, C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft Tr\u1eafng, ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u00e2m th\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong gi\u1edbi v\u0103n, ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, khoa h\u1ecdc gia nh\u01b0 Spinoza, Balzac, Kafka, Chopin, Moli\u00e8re, Novalis, Riemann, Maxim Gorky, Schr\u00f6dinger, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ec7nh nguy hi\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c, b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch t\u1ea3, b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a, b\u1ec7nh b\u1ea1ch h\u1ea7u, b\u1ec7nh th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0n, b\u1ec7nh d\u1ea1i, b\u1ec7nh than v\u00e2n v\u00e2n, l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i y\u00ean \u1eafng. B\u1ec7nh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 ma, gieo r\u1eafc kinh ho\u00e0ng cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u, t\u1eeb tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi hay d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea7n linh tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 hay tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c kia n\u1eb1m trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00e1c vi sinh v\u1eadt v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Pasteur v\u00e0 Koch xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i con s\u1ed1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed bi\u1ebft n\u00f3i. <\/i>D\u1ecbch t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng, r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 l\u00e2y lan, di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y sang l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1, qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y sang qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0ng n\u00e0y sang l\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c1. M\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn d\u1ecbch t\u1ea3 l\u1edbn n\u0103m 1830-32 c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111i sinh m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel g\u00e2y s\u1eedng s\u1ed1t \u1edf \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. S\u1ed1t ban (typhus) v\u00e0 ki\u1ebft l\u1ef5 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 \u0110\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Napoleon c\u00f2n h\u01a1n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u1edf Madagasca n\u0103m 1855 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t 6.000 binh s\u0129 v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1t r\u00e9t trong khi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 20 binh s\u0129 thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng trong \u0111\u00e1nh nhau. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, trong chi\u1ebfn tranh Crimea 1854-55, trong s\u1ed1 t\u1eed vong 155.000 c\u1ee7a binh s\u0129 Anh, Ph\u00e1p, Ottoman, v\u00e0 Sardinia, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 95.000 ch\u1ebft v\u00ec d\u1ecbch t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c. Chi\u1ebfn tranh Ph\u00e1p-\u0110\u1ee9c 1870-71 di\u1ec5n ra c\u00f9ng l\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn d\u1ecbch \u0111ang ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng: Qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i 8 l\u1ea7n h\u01a1n qu\u00e2n Ph\u1ed5 v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a, b\u1edfi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00edch ng\u1eeba, trong khi Ph\u1ed5 ch\u00edch ng\u1eeba chu \u0111\u00e1o cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i h\u1ecd; th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng ch\u1ebft 200.000 trong th\u1eddi gian 1869-71. C\u00e1c t\u00f9 binh Ph\u00e1p mang m\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0o Ph\u1ed5 v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i 180.000 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n Ph\u1ed5 do th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, Philippines b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn d\u1ecbch t\u1ea3 m\u1ea5t 200.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u1ebd do rau c\u1ea3i nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb H\u1ed3ng Kh\u00f4ng hay Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng. Trong chi\u1ebfn tranh Nga-Nh\u1eadt 1904-05, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00edch ng\u1eeba c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n y t\u1ebf t\u1ed1t, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i binh s\u0129 v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n \u00bc binh s\u0129 b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft ngo\u00e0i m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb b\u1ecf y h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n chuy\u1ec3n sang y h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m so s\u00e1nh hai n\u1ec1n y h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Lan h\u1ecdc,<\/i> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Sugita Genpaku th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18. H\u1ecd thu\u00ea nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1c s\u0129 \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c y khoa hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

\"C:\\Users\\HP\\AppData\\Local\\Microsoft\\Windows\\INetCacheContent.Word\\Greek<\/p>\n

Th\u1ea7n Apollon v\u00e0 Artemis b\u1eafn nh\u1eefng m\u0169i t\u00ean mang b\u1ec7nh, m\u1ed9t<\/p>\n

\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ec7nh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y bao g\u1ed3m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, th\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5m nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a, d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch, d\u1ecbch t\u1ea3, s\u1ed1t da v\u00e0ng c\u0169ng \u201cto\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a\u201d theo. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, th\u00fa, binh s\u0129, m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh, s\u1ebd truy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c m\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i xa. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb h\u00f3a c\u0169ng bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn \u00c2u ch\u00e2u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng khu ph\u1ed1 \u1ed5 chu\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u1ed5 d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng y h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a y h\u1ecdc ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m<\/i> (laboratory medicine) m\u00e0 Pasteur v\u00e0 Koch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 n\u00f3. N\u00f3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c \u00f4ng, v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1830, Jutus von Liebig, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 “cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n”, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m h\u00f3a v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1eb1m v\u1eeba nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, v\u1eeba gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng y h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u1ec7 sinh (sanitation) sau khi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Cu\u1ed9c \u201cc\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1ec7 sinh\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4m nay. Y t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh homo hygienicus<\/i>. N\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p v\u1ec7 sinh l\u00e0 then ch\u1ed1t. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 cung c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch, Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb 1866 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb d\u1ecbch t\u1ea3 n\u1eefa. Kho\u1ea3ng 1880, vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p s\u00e1t khu\u1ea9n (antisepsis) v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t khu\u1ea9n (disinfection) \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eed vong c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh. Ch\u00edch ng\u1eeba h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt qui m\u00f4 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u0103ng l\u00ean nhanh. N\u0103m 1800 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 30 n\u0103m. H\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc tu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. Ch\u1ebft th\u01b0\u1eddng do b\u1ec7nh g\u00e2y ra. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2000 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 67 n\u0103m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd nhanh h\u01a1n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ra. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, sau \u0111\u00f3 lan t\u1ecfa ra th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

***<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 h\u01a1i \u201cgi\u1eadt g\u00e2n\u201d c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u201c\u0111\u1ecd s\u1ee9c\u201d c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00e1m \u01a1n \u1edf hai b\u00ean s\u00f4ng Rhein (Rhin), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho hai n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Ph\u1ed5. L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 chi ti\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea1nh tranh trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gi\u1eefa hai nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y v\u00e0 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u0169ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y cu\u1ed9c th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Koch, tr\u1ebb h\u01a1n Pasteur 20 tu\u1ed5i, r\u1ea5t \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec b\u1ecb c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng Pasteur qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e8. Pasteur ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc cao \u0111\u1ed9, qu\u00e1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 khi Ph\u00e1p th\u1ea5t tr\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c 1870\/71. Koch kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u201cb\u00e1c s\u0129 l\u00e0ng qu\u00ea\u201d, s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u00f3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Pasteur l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i n\u0103ng s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng tinh hoa \u00c9cole Normale Superieure<\/i>, c\u1eed nh\u00e2n, r\u1ed3i th\u1ea1c s\u0129, r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 v\u1edbi hai lu\u1eadn v\u0103n v\u1ec1 h\u00f3a v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 duy l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft r\u1ea5t s\u1eafc b\u00e9n, \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00fac Koch ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ai. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng trong hai qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, \u201cc\u00f3 n\u1ee3\u201d nhau, trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00ean cao, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

Albert Einstein trong b\u00e0i \u201cThi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t\u201d vi\u1ebft khi nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ecfng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o: \u201cTrong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f2n g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9 chung nhu\u1ed1m m\u00e0u l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chung ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef La tinh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. H\u00f4m nay nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y h\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103m x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 cu\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng La tinh, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ed1c gia qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.\u201d \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 Pasteur v\u00e0 Koch \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i trang s\u1eed n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a Pasteur v\u00e0 Koch, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u1ecd y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3m h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n. Pasteur v\u00e0 Koch \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i t\u01b0 duy kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng b\u1ed5 sung cho nhau. Cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a hai \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i, ch\u1ec9 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 y h\u1ecdc. H\u1ecd ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nhau d\u1eef d\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chung, l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u1eb1m ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5m nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vi sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Claude E. Dolman n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Koch c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang cho c\u1ea3 Pasteur, cho c\u1ea3 hai:<\/i> \u201cS\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Faust (c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ho\u00e0n v\u0169) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111i \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eb7ng cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.\u201d \u0110\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00e1m \u01a1n hai \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng y khoa, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc cho m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

21\/10\/2017<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  PASTEUR \u2013 KOCH CU\u1ed8C \u0110\u1ecc S\u1ee8C GI\u1eeeA NH\u1eeeNG NG\u01af\u1edcI KH\u1ed4NG L\u1ed2 TRONG TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI VI SINH V\u1eacT Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u   \u201cKhoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i [\u2026]. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc (v\u1eabn) ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[3,2],"tags":[49,48],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/609"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=609"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/609\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11922,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/609\/revisions\/11922"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=609"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=609"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=609"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}