https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/khoa-hoc-va-truyen-ba-dai-chung\/<\/a><\/p>\nSau ph\u1ea7n d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp t\u00f4i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh W. Daniel Hills r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y t\u01b0 duy, nh\u1eefng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i, hay ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng song song, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch tuy \u0111\u00e3 26 n\u0103m, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng amazon:<\/p>\n
![\"The](\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/d\/dd\/The_Third_Culture.jpg\/220px-The_Third_Culture.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Touchstone, 1996<\/p>\n
John Brockman l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch, quy t\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n
Xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 xin c\u00e1m \u01a1n ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean John Brockman v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Touchstone<\/span>.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n
D\u1eaaN NH\u1eacP<\/span><\/p>\nJOHN BROCKMAN<\/span><\/p>\nTrong v\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, s\u00e2n ch\u01a1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng (traditional intellectuals) ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb g\u1ea1t ra ngo\u1ea1i vi. N\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950 theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Freud, Marx v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh trang \u0111\u1ee7 cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0 duy trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, theo m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c M\u1ef9 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd g\u00ec v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u tri th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta. N\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf khoa h\u1ecdc, th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m. N\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef ri\u00eang (jargon) v\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ef1 gi\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh\u201d. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1edfi \u201cb\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn\u201d, v\u00f2ng xo\u00e1y ph\u1ed3ng l\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n
N\u0103m 1959 C.P. Snow \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 Hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a (The Two Cultures)<\/em>. M\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc; b\u00ean kia, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng ghi nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0i nghi r\u1eb1ng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1930, nh\u1eefng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 coi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 “tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c”, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a “nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a” (men of letters) \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Edwin Hubble, nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc John von Neumann, nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc Norbert Wiener, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr v\u00e0 Werner Heisenberg.<\/p>\nTrong \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a Hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/em>, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1963, Snow \u0111\u00e3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn m\u1edbi, “Hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a: C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn th\u1ee9 hai”, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng l\u1ea1c quan \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t “n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 ba”, s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 thu h\u1eb9p kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch giao ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. Trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a Snow, c\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u00f4i m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a Snow, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 ba m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u1ea5y d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n. Tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. <\/em>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc trong khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang giao ti\u1ebfp tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng thu\u1ed9c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 ba c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00e1nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung gian v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng b\u00e0y t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd theo c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng minh.<\/p>\nStewart Brand, nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp (counterculture)<\/em> \u1edf Thung l\u0169ng Silicon, vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng “Khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 tin t\u1ee9c (m\u1edbi) duy nh\u1ea5t. Khi b\u1ea1n l\u01b0\u1edbt qua m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u201c\u00f4ng-b\u00e0 n\u00f3i\u201d, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 phim truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh bu\u1ed3n b\u00e3 theo chu k\u1ef3, th\u1eddi trang l\u00e0 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ed1ng thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u; nh\u01b0ng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00ec c\u00f3, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00edch t\u1ee5, l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c.” Hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n l\u1edbn.<\/p>\nC\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1edd b\u00e1o v\u00e0 t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m qua, bao g\u1ed3m sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n, m\u1ea1ng th\u1ea7n kinh, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t, fractals, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, si\u00eau d\u00e2y, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc (biodiversity), c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano, b\u1ed9 gen ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng chuy\u00ean gia, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng (punctuated equilibrium), m\u00e1y t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, logic m\u1edd (fuzzy logic), b\u1ea7u sinh h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng gian, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft Gaia, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u1ea3o, kh\u00f4ng gian m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 m\u00e1y teraflop. Trong s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy chu\u1ea9n ho\u1eb7c danh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 ba ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khoan dung cho nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 ba kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tranh ch\u1ea5p b\u00ean l\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp quan l\u1ea1i hay c\u00e3i v\u00e3: ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh.<\/p>\n
Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c bao g\u1ed3m giao ti\u1ebfp. Tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u00ecnh. Tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi giao ti\u1ebfp. Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/em> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1987 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc v\u0103n h\u00f3a Russell Jacoby \u0111\u00e3 than tr\u00e1ch s\u1ef1 ra \u0111i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang (c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, 70) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 h\u00e0n l\u00e2m thi\u1ebfu sinh kh\u00ed. \u00d4ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng sai. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng thu\u1ed9c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang m\u1edbi<\/em>.<\/p>\nM\u1ef9 hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1eddn \u01b0\u01a1m h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c di c\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a Albert Einstein v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y th\u00eam b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 sau Sputnik trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khoa h\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 ba gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c di\u1ec5n ng\u00f4n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng quan tr\u1ecdng. Trong su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1edfi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n suy ngh\u0129 nghi\u00eam t\u00fac cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng sang m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m m\u1edbi, c\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 ba m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 ai? Danh s\u00e1ch bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng mang l\u1ea1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef: c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Paul Davies, J. Doyne Farmer, Murray Gell-Mann, Alan Guth, Roger Penrose, Martin Rees v\u00e0 Lee Smolin; c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a Richard Dawkins, Niles Eldredge, Stephen Jay Gould, Steve Jones v\u00e0 George C. Williams; nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Daniel C. Dennett; c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Brian Goodwin, Stuart Kauffman, Lynn Margulis v\u00e0 Francisco J. Varela; c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh W. Daniel Hillis, Christopher G. Langton, Marvin Minsky v\u00e0 Roger Schank; c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Nicholas Humphrey v\u00e0 Steven Pinker. \u00dd ki\u1ebfn h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng quan. T\u00f4i xem n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n vinh \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng thu\u1ed9c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 ba, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd \u0111ang truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0 cho nhau. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng cho n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 ba, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o khoa h\u1ecdc – nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n \u01b0u t\u00fa v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd – c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn; nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 ba.<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 t\u00f4i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p: h\u1ecd l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i; nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. (Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2y.) Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd, v\u00e0 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1edf th\u00edch khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y l\u00e0 suy \u0111o\u00e1n (t\u01b0 bi\u1ec7n, speculative); H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi tri \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c sinh h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc, khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh, t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u? S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u? \u0110\u1ea7u \u00f3c t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u ra? Xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 du nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p (complexity), c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p – cho d\u00f9 l\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt, b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o, sinh quy\u1ec3n hay ch\u00ednh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 – kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf (design); t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a). C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p m\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft trong \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1edbi n\u00e0y – nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111ang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd – h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n
H\u1ebeT D\u1eaaN NH\u1eacP<\/p>\n
V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a W. Daniel Hillis:<\/p>\n
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W. DANIEL HILLIS<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\u201cG\u1ea7n t\u1edbi \u0110i\u1ec3m K\u1ef3 d\u1ecb\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n“Close to the Singularity”<\/span><\/p>\n(1995)<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\nMarvin Minsky<\/strong> (gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u): Danny Hillis l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 t\u00f4i t\u1eebng g\u1eb7p, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng quan tr\u1ecdng cho khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh – \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf, trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song (parallel computation). Anh \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u00e1y n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp (serial machines) v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ch\u1ea1y song song – v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 nhanh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o anh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi, anh s\u1ebd s\u1edbm t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra (test) n\u00f3, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c m\u00e1y m\u00f3c khai th\u00e1c n\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. Sau khi l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi trong khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, anh \u1ea5y quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a (evolution), v\u00e0 t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 anh \u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\nW. DANIEL HILLIS<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh; nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a T\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n M\u00e1y m\u00f3c T\u01b0 duy (Thinking Machines Corporation); ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm gi\u1eef ba m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf Hoa K\u1ef3; bi\u00ean t\u1eadp vi\u00ean (editor) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed khoa h\u1ecdc, bao g\u1ed3m \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o (Artificial Life), S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p (Complexity), H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p (Complex Systems) v\u00e0 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai (Future Generation Computer Systems); t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch The Connection Machine<\/em> (1985).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nTR\u00ccNH B\u00c0Y<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nDaniel Hillis<\/strong>: T\u00f4i th\u00edch l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p (complicated behaviors). Th\u1ee9 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 tr\u00ed \u00f3c (mind). Ch\u00e9n Th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt (engineering) trong v\u00e0i ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m qua l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, suy lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y t\u00ednh r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n (simple sequential computers) m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng m\u00e1y n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh. C\u00e0ng bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u, ch\u00fang c\u00e0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n – \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c (mind) con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eebng vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi ch\u00fang nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh, ch\u00fang nh\u00ecn t\u1eebng d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m (dot) m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ee9c tranh; khi ch\u00fang xem c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ch\u00fang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm t\u1eebng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t. \u0110\u1ea7u \u00f3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 n\u00f3 bi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn ra ph\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean quan. \u0110i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady h\u01a1n.<\/p>\nR\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gi\u1ed1ng n\u00e3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u; n\u00f3 s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, song song, thay v\u00ec ch\u1ea1y nhanh qua m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i vi\u1ec7c. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00e2m tr\u00ed qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng r\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm so v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1.<\/p>\n V\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sao ch\u00e9p l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m, v\u00ec v\u1eady t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch sao ch\u00e9p l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu tra v\u1ea5n kh\u00e1c (interorogatory patterns). T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i c\u1eaft b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u00e2y n\u1ed1i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh. \u0110\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u00e1y t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “m\u00e1y k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i” (connection machine). T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00f3 \u1edf MIT, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la. V\u00ec v\u1eady, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1983, t\u00f4i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp C\u00f4ng ty M\u00e1y T\u01b0 duy\u00a0 (Thinking Machines Coorporation) v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ty s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nhanh nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u tr\u1edb tr\u00eau l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh t\u01b0 duy.<\/p>\n Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. Khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u00f4i ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra (engineered). V\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, t\u00f4i v\u1eabn tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 thi, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t ba tr\u0103m n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y th\u00f4ng minh m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p s\u1ebd nh\u1ea5n ch\u00ecm ch\u00fang ta. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n l\u1edbn th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i; t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y trong \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1eefa m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngh\u0129a, m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i l\u1edbn l\u00e0 c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o. M\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00f3 v\u00e0i tr\u0103m t\u1ef7 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f9ng nhau v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5, ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 chia n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd c\u00f3 h\u1ed9p n\u00e0y, h\u1ed9p kia v\u00e0 h\u1ed9p n\u1ecd, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1eed m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eebng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ed9p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt (engineering) m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y t\u01b0 duy theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3. Ai \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 Marvin Minsky s\u1ebd n\u00f3i, “\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed3i, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c (vision) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p l\u00fd lu\u1eadn (reason) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p (grammar)”, v.v. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 n\u00f3i, “OK, Tommy” – Tomaso Poggio, t\u1ea1i MIT – “b\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 l\u00e0m h\u1ed9p th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c (vision),” v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd nh\u1edd Steve Pinker l\u00e0m h\u1ed9p ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 Roger Schank \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ed9p c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n (story). Sau \u0111\u00f3, Poggio s\u1ebd c\u1ea7m h\u1ed9p th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 n\u00f3i, “\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed3i, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n h\u1ed9p c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u (depth perception) v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n h\u1ed9p nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc”, v.v. Sau \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00f3m nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u s\u1ebd n\u00f3i, “\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed3i, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u b\u1eb1ng manh m\u1ed1i ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m (focus clues) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u b\u1eb1ng th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c hai m\u1eaft (binocular vision).” H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang l\u00e0m c\u00e1c m\u00f4-\u0111un n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00f3. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf (engineer) m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (decompose), v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng giao di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y. C\u00f3 m\u1ecdi l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia g\u1ecdn g\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i chung, trong khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p (hierachical) \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t cho vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o, tuy kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u1ed9 n\u00e3o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a (evolutionary approach). Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt (engineering). B\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee7 nhanh \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng minh \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n T\u00f4i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a b\u00ean trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec c\u1ea3, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. B\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean (random instructions), v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 \u201cquan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c\u201d v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00fang v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u01a1i ch\u00fang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, th\u00ec v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, ch\u00fang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gi\u1ecfi h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, v\u00e0 sau v\u00e0i tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, h\u1ecd gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u00e1y t\u01b0 duy (thinking machine).<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n (larger-order things) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt \u0111a b\u00e0o tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n b\u00e0o. Sinh v\u1eadt \u0111a b\u00e0o \u0111ang x\u1eed l\u00fd \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n b\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a (cultural artifact). M\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y qu\u00e1 kh\u00f4n ngoan (smart). M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4n ngoan l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y t\u01b0 duy tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00f4ng minh. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sinh h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n n\u00e0y t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 (organisms) sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p? V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt (engineering), l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch (switching devices) \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn, c\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u? V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt l\u00fd, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111ang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n (emergence), v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau: l\u00e0m sao t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n t\u1ed5ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn? L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, ngu ng\u1ed1c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ch\u00fang? V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft “x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c” (society of mind) c\u1ee7a Marvin Minsky n\u00f3i v\u1ec1; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u1ec1 “cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o” (artificial life) c\u1ee7a Chris Langton n\u00f3i v\u1ec1; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Richard Dawkins v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a n\u00f3i v\u1ec1; v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111ang xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i (emerging) \u0111ang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a Murray Gell-Mann v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1t quark; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t h\u00e0o h\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch khai th\u00e1c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd (principles) chung c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00fang ta. N\u1ebfu l\u00f9i l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 n\u0103m, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem l\u1ecbch s\u1eed s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. Sau \u0111\u00f3, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o. Sau \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt \u0111a b\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt \u0111a b\u00e0o t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. C\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nhau v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa h\u1ecd. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc trong m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i, v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u00e1y t\u01b0 duy.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, ngu ng\u1ed1c t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n. M\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 t\u00f4i quan t\u00e2m – cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh song song, ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n pha (phase transition) trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd, hay ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a – \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh (pattern) \u0111\u00f3. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, t\u00f4i \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0nh vi th\u00f4ng minh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y (machines). Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0m l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean thang th\u1eddi gian micro gi\u00e2y. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i l\u1ec7nh ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u2013 th\u00ed d\u1ee5, “M\u00e1y t\u00ednh, b\u1ea1n vui l\u00f2ng t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u chu\u1ed7i l\u1ec7nh ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, h\u00e3y x\u1eed l\u00fd (execute) t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i l\u1ec7nh ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn ra nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n.” N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh n\u00f3.<\/p>\n N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i (alphabetical order), t\u00f4i s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn (instruction) kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i, v\u00ec v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1i n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ban \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd \u0111\u1eb7t hai t\u1eeb theo \u0111\u00fang th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1. Sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i n\u00f3i v\u1edbi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, “B\u1ea1n vui l\u00f2ng l\u1ea5y 10 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, l\u01b0u ch\u00fang, h\u0169y h\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho ch\u00fang sao ch\u00e9p b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 sex. L\u1ea5y hai ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c con (children) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh con (subroutines) c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. ” C\u00e1c “con” k\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u00e1c “\u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m”, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh con, c\u1ee7a hai ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd t\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i n\u00f3i, “Xin l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3, cho \u0111i\u1ec3m (score) l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn (mutation) v\u00e0 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 cho nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7.” M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5t v\u00e0i mili gi\u00e2y, v\u00ec v\u1eady t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh trong v\u00e0i ph\u00fat – ho\u1eb7c, trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, trong v\u00e0i gi\u1edd. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, t\u00f4i k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i v\u00e0 n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o m\u00e0 t\u00f4i t\u1eebng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng tay. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u1ebd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng? Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i (sorting case), t\u00f4i ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng? \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd bay m\u00e1y bay? Ch\u00e0, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, “Tr\u1eddi \u01a1i, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh bay m\u00e1y bay khi ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o!” Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t phi c\u00f4ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o n\u00f3. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay, th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf r\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c b\u1edfi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng minh. T\u00f4i nh\u1edb c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n t\u00f4i \u0111i tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc 747 v\u1edbi Marvin Minsky, v\u00e0 anh \u1ea5y r\u00fat th\u1ebb n\u00e0y t\u1eeb t\u00fai gh\u1ebf ra, c\u00f3 ghi: “M\u00e1y bay n\u00e0y c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u1ecf, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho b\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn bay an to\u00e0n.” Marvin n\u00f3i, “\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 tin?”<\/p>\n Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt (engineering) kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t khi n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u00e1y t\u00ednh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt – m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec v\u1eady theo m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 \u0111ang \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. Hi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh nhanh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y nhanh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111ang t\u1ef1 nu\u00f4i n\u00f3 (feeding on itself). N\u00f3 \u0111ang tr\u1edf n\u00ean nhanh h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 x\u00fac t\u00e1c (autocatalytic). Ch\u00fang ta t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n b\u00e0o khi ch\u00fang chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt \u0111a b\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con amip, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee9 qu\u00e1i qu\u1ef7 g\u00ec m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang t\u1ea1o ra. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra sau ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n Ch\u00fang ta th\u1eadt ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o khi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec s\u1eafp ra m\u1eaft ti\u1ebfp theo. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00fa v\u1ecb. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ef3 d\u1ecb (singularity). Quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n b\u00e0o, r\u1ed3i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh. B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 n\u0103m, b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp theo m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u, v.v. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo thang th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111ang t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ef1 x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh nhanh, cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00e1y t\u00ednh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 nhanh h\u01a1n. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm – trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta – v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eebng suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c. T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u1eefa. Khi t\u00f4i c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2000. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y (20), m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn \u0111ang n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2000. T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thu h\u1eb9p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u0103m m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra. N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ngo\u1ea1i suy c\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u1ec3 xem n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ebd \u0111i v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 t\u1edbi (21), s\u1ebd c\u00f3 l\u00fac \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y th\u00f4ng minh. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t ch\u00fang ta th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 n\u00f3, nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb th\u1ea7n b\u00ed, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra b\u00e2y gi\u1edd – v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c x\u1ea3y ra trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 t\u1edbi – \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eeba \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 v\u1eeba th\u00fa v\u1ecb.<\/p>\n L\u1edcI B\u00ccNH<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\u00a0<\/strong>Marvin Minsky<\/strong>: Danny Hillis l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 t\u00f4i t\u1eebng g\u1eb7p, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t. Anh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng quan tr\u1ecdng cho khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh – \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf, trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song (parallel computation). Anh \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u00e1y n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp (serial) v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ch\u1ea1y song song – v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 nhanh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. C\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n anh \u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi, anh ta s\u1ebd s\u1edbm t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00f3, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00e1y m\u00f3c khai th\u00e1c n\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. Sau khi l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi trong khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, anh \u1ea5y quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 anh \u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Anh \u1ea5y c\u0169ng gi\u1ecfi k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n. Danny c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u1eafp r\u00e1p c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft: anh \u1ea5y c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ebfm hoi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129. Khi \u0111ang suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, anh \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i qua m\u1ed9t c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 linh tinh s\u1ebd kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u00f4i kh\u00e1 gi\u1ecfi trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng Danny th\u00ec gi\u1ecfi h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n.<\/p>\nDaniel C. Dennett<\/strong>: T\u00f4i nh\u1edb l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean g\u1eb7p Danny khi anh \u1ea5y c\u00f2n l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m AI t\u1ea1i MIT, v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 anh \u1ea5y ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n. Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 anh \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1edbn – c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i. Anh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac song song kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Alan Turing \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u00e1y Turing, l\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3. C\u1ed7 m\u00e1y do John von Neumann ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a c\u01a1 kh\u00ed cho \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Turing. M\u00e1y von Neumann l\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh tr\u00ean b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n – m\u00e1y t\u00ednh n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. V\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, m\u00e1y von Neumann – v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, l\u00e0 m\u00e1y Turing \u0111a n\u0103ng – c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n n\u00e0o; nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n th\u00fa v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng gian th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac n\u00e0o l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. N\u00f3 g\u1eedi s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9 m\u1ecfng manh v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng n\u00e0y ra ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111a chi\u1ec1u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t minh ra c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac song song kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\nNh\u1eefng g\u00ec Danny \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u00ec m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh song song th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. N\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n s\u1ed1t v\u00e0ng. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m m\u1edbi, n\u00f3 \u0111ang xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Danny \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t gi\u1ecfi trong vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 (thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c) cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n n\u00e0y m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 th\u00fa v\u1ecb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n Christopher G. Langton<\/strong>: Danny Hillis l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Danny k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb “B\u1ea3n ghi nh\u1edb AI” \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a anh \u1ea5y, t\u1eeb MIT, trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean anh \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho m\u00e1y k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i. Danny c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd khi \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. Anh \u1ea5y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf m\u0169i nh\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. T\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hy v\u1ecdng anh \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh c\u1ee7a Thinking Machines, Inc., \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c anh \u1ea5y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\nFrancisco Varela<\/strong>: \u0110i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Danny l\u00e0, anh \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t minh tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Anh \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi v\u1edbi m\u00e1y k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh – bao g\u1ed3m, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng con b\u1ecd nh\u1ecf. Ch\u00fang c\u1ea1nh tranh, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00e3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a sinh h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i suy ngh\u0129 lai t\u1ea1o kh\u00e1 phi th\u01b0\u1eddng trong tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\nC\u00f3 m\u1ed9t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft Danny \u0111ang ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn: kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e1t minh ra th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 song song. Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng “cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o” n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o.” B\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u1ea7n th\u00fa v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng l\u00e0 coi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh – m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 b\u00ean trong, n\u01a1i b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t huy h\u1ebft t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3.<\/p>\n Murray Gell-Mann<\/strong>: T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t th\u00edch Danny Hillis v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 r\u1ea5t cao anh \u1ea5y. \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 anh \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi suy ngh\u0129 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. T\u00f4i \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a anh \u1ea5y. T\u00f4i mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 anh \u1ea5y v\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 anh \u1ea5y quan t\u00e2m<\/p>\nH\u1ebeT<\/p>\n Ng\u00e0y 6.6.2021<\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" GI\u1edaI THI\u1ec6U S\u00c1CH \u00a0N\u1ec0N V\u0102N H\u00d3A TH\u1ee8 BA THE THIRD CULTURE BEYOND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean: John Brockman (1995) Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf – t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang \u2013 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0y nay c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6181"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6181"}],"version-history":[{"count":30,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6181\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6212,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6181\/revisions\/6212"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6181"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6181"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6181"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
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