{"id":6328,"date":"2021-07-06T21:29:04","date_gmt":"2021-07-06T14:29:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=6328"},"modified":"2024-11-26T11:15:05","modified_gmt":"2024-11-26T04:15:05","slug":"mot-luong-gio-moi-cua-chuyen-doi-giao-duc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/mot-luong-gio-moi-cua-chuyen-doi-giao-duc\/","title":{"rendered":"Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng gi\u00f3 m\u1edbi (Ken Robinson)"},"content":{"rendered":"

S\u00e1ch <\/span><\/em>TR\u01af\u1edcNG H\u1eccC S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

CREATIVE SCHOOLS<\/span><\/p>\n

The Grassroots Revolution That’s Transforming Education<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

NH\u01af M\u1ed8T LU\u1ed2NG GI\u00d3 M\u1edaI C\u1ee6A GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/em><\/span><\/strong> SIR KEN ROBINSON<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong> gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng h\u1ecfi. S\u1ef1 t\u00f2 m\u00f2 c\u00f3 l\u00fd do t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang n\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng kinh ng\u1ea1c khi chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1eefng b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i v\u0129nh c\u1eedu, c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat b\u00ed \u1ea9n n\u00e0y m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7. \u0110\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 t\u00f2 m\u00f2 th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n.<\/span><\/p>\n

***<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1, r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft \u00f3c t\u00f2 m\u00f2 thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/span><\/p>\n

Albert Einstein<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc<\/em> l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u1edbi. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ebf c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 t\u00f2 m\u00f2 v\u00e0 ham h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi. T\u1eeb khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra, tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 ham mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb, c\u00e1i khao kh\u00e1t \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u lu m\u1edd d\u1ea7n khi ch\u00fang \u0111i h\u1ecdc \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u00f2 m\u00f2, ham h\u1ecdc trong m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sir Ken Robinson<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em>. T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Essay<\/em> n\u00e0y khi \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c anh Andy Tr\u1ea7n M\u1ea1nh C\u01b0\u1eddng, T\u1ed5ng bi\u00ean t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Cty s\u00e1ch KH\u1ea2I MINH m\u1eddi cho \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/em> c\u1ee7a Sir Ken Robinson m\u00e0 Kh\u1ea3i Minh Book s\u1eafp l\u00ean khu\u00f4n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean th\u00fa v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i. T\u00f4i ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft quy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc quy\u1ec3n The Element – How finding your passion changes everything <\/em>(2009), New York Times Bestseller, c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eafc. R\u1ed3i t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/em> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i quy m\u00f4 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 gieo trong The Element <\/em>nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t “t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eddi” c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c” c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. \u00d4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3. R\u1ed3i Thung l\u0169ng Silicon c\u0169ng t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n, r\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb hoang ph\u00ed \u1edf nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb. \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kia l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c “c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n” c\u1ee7a Albert Einstein m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, T\u00e2y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00f4ng, Ph\u1ed5 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb sau \u0111\u00f3. \u1ede M\u1ef9, ba \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp Bill Clinton, George W. Bush v\u00e0 Barack Obama \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00ean \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u1eadt l\u00ean s\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i xin tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 suy ngh\u0129 xung quanh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

Ken Robinson kh\u00f4ng may \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t n\u0103m r\u1ed3i, 2020, \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 70. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong t\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 n\u0103m 2003.<\/span>\u00a0N\u0103m 2006, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i: “H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 khai th\u00e1c t\u00e2m tr\u00ed (minds) c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta theo c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta khai th\u00e1c tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con c\u00e1i m\u00ecnh\u201d. Theo \u00f4ng ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 <\/span>sinh th\u00e1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em> (human ecology), \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Ken Robinson c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch. Hi\u1ec7n nay, ngo\u00e0i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/em>, c\u00f2n quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Out of our Minds – The power of being creative<\/em> (xem [14]) – c\u0169ng v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n. Quy\u1ec3n The Element<\/em> c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 y\u00eau gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, t\u00f4i tin th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y, quan ni\u1ec7m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ken Robinson \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb h\u00f4m nay, h\u0103ng h\u00e1i, n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111am m\u00ea, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, cho d\u00f9 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u1eadt l\u00ean m\u1ecdi ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 \u00edch cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. NXX<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o doanhnhanhplus \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean r\u1ea5t trang tr\u1ecdng:<\/p>\n

https:\/\/doanhnhanplus.vn\/mot-luong-gio-moi-cua-chuyen-doi-giao-duc-556907.html#_ftnref1<\/a><\/p>\n

[1]<\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u0169ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u tri\u1ebft l\u00fd gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Ken Robinson c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111ang h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n quay l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat Thung l\u0169ng Silicon, v\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc l\u00ean gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. T\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, Hoa K\u1ef3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u trung h\u1ecdc. Th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do. Th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng chuy\u1ec3n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c sang nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n; Leonardo da Vinci v\u00e0 Galilei l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u. Th\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18-19, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edf c\u1eeda cho khoa h\u1ecdc, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00e0y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20.<\/p>\n

Khi Thung l\u0169ng Silicon tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao v\u00e0 t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n kinh doanh m\u1edbi, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0m sao cho tr\u1ebb em, thanh ni\u00ean, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn s\u1edbm h\u01a1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb Thung l\u0169ng Silicon \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc b\u1ed1n n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, ho\u1eb7c cao h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ea1c s\u0129, ti\u1ebfn s\u0129. N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc h\u1ecdc cao n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 b\u1ed5. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao thu\u00ea \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc cao. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Bill Gates, Steve Jobs v\u00e0 Mark Zuckerberg cho th\u1ea5y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1edbm h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Hay l\u1ea5y th\u00ed d\u1ee5 hai nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Hewlett v\u00e0 Packard. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef9 s\u01b0, r\u1ed3i nghe l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y h\u1ecd l\u00e0 Fred Terman, b\u1ecf \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ecdc l\u00ean th\u1ea1c s\u0129 hay ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 ra m\u1edf c\u00f4ng ty trong m\u00f4t ga-ra xe \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p, v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ban \u0111\u1ea7u kho\u1ea3ng 500 \u0111\u00f4 la c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y h\u1ecd. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u kh\u00fac quanh tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb kia c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111i l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng cho nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ty trong danh s\u00e1ch Fortune 500 \u0111ang \u0111\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng San Francisco. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u1eed th\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u00f3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u1eeb tu\u1ed5i teen \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh s\u1edbm. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0a tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb s\u1edbm \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch t\u1eeb h\u01a1n th\u1eadp ni\u00ean qua.<\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ed1n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o b\u1ea9m sinh, h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a homo sapiens<\/em>, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4n ngoan m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh sinh t\u1ed3n. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00e0o gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 b\u1ecb mai m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1u \u201ct\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i, tuy r\u1eb1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho th\u1ea5y, d\u00f9 trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kinh vi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1, nh\u01b0 Galilei, Kepler, Descartes v\u00e0 Newton. Ngay c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng sinh ra nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean t\u00e0i nh\u01b0 Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Heisenberg v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cthi\u00ean h\u00e0\u201d thi\u00ean t\u00e0i kh\u00e1c trong khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Thung l\u0169ng Silicon c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t kh\u00e1c. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 ri\u00eang. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn transistor \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh b\u1edfi ba nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Bell Labs. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i khoa h\u1ecdc cao c\u1ea5p. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t khi ra \u0111\u1eddi, n\u00f3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u1ef1 n\u00f3. Transistor, th\u00f4ng qua t\u00e0i n\u0103ng bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u201cT\u00e1m k\u1ebb ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i\u201d c\u1ee7a Fairchild Semiconductor, nhanh ch\u00f3ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p IC, con chip ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Moore, \u0111i v\u00e0o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111\u1eddi. R\u1ed3i internet. Ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hai c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ICT nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. Chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng minh<\/em> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a cha \u0111\u1ebb tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Doug Engelbart \u0111\u1ec1 ra. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n smart h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u<\/em>, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nhanh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 ra \u0111\u1eddi. Chip v\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh thu nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong kinh t\u1ebf, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u00fap \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00e1c phi thuy\u1ec1n Apollo l\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

\u00d3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb \u1edf Thung l\u0169ng Silicon \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y: C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u201cl\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng\u201d, kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn d\u1eaft h\u1ecdc sinh s\u1edbm \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 theo s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00f2n m\u1ecfi \u00f3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc quy m\u00f4 v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng t\u00f2 m\u00f2 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, do ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng thi c\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1.<\/p>\n

\u1ede v\u00f9ng thung l\u0169ng, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edbi nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng \u201cdoanh nh\u00e2n tu\u1ed5i teen\u201d xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Tony Wagner, m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c 3P: Play, Passion, v\u00e0 Purpose (Vui ch\u01a1i, \u0110am m\u00ea, v\u00e0 M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch). \u201cVui ch\u01a1i l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 theo th\u1eddi gian s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch.\u201d Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t DNA c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Tim Brown, t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u00f4ng ty t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf IDEO t\u1ea1i Palo Alto tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef T\u201d (T-shaped), h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n s\u00e2u trong m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 quan t\u00e2m r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c, b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00f4m nay \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t li\u00ean ng\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u1edf Thung l\u0169ng Silicon kh\u00f3 h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stanford nh\u01b0 l\u00f2 \u1ea5p tr\u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p cho th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p. C\u1ef1u ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Intel, Gordon Moore, t\u1eebng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u: \u201c\u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Stanford cho Thung l\u0169ng Silicon l\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p kho tri th\u1ee9c m\u1ed7i n\u0103m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p.\u201d Stanford c\u00f3 hai trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1eddi kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y: Trung t\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng Tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh (Augmentation Research Center, ARC) \u00a0do Doug Engelbart ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec v\u00e0 Trung t\u00e2m tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o SAIL do nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc John McCarthy ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec. Engelbart ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stanford kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, h\u1ecd gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i Nobel. Herbert Boyer l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 DNA t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc Genentech m\u00e0 30 n\u0103m sau, Roche \u0111\u00e3 mua l\u1ea1i n\u00f3 v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 $46,8 t\u1ef7. Stanford th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u201cph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o\u201d trong v\u00f9ng v\u1ecbnh San Francisco.<\/p>\n

\u00a0[2]<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n, hay v\u00ec m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kinh t\u1ebf thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u1eebng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 theo c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Sir Ken Robinson m\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/em> l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft kinh nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u01a1n 40 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi bu\u1ed5i TED Talk 2006 California, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1: Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111ang gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o?<\/em> Bu\u1ed5i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn. \u0110\u1ebfn nay c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 300 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t xem t\u1eeb 150 qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t t\u00e0i n\u0103ng. V\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c. T\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng trong mu\u00f4n h\u00ecnh v\u1ea1n tr\u1ea1ng, khi th\u00ec \u1edf nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, khi th\u00ec h\u00e0n l\u00e2m, khi th\u00ec ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang “k\u00ecm h\u00e3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kh\u1eaft khe c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21 – n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o”, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i. \u201cH\u1ea7u h\u1ebft h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 tr\u00ed \u00f3c phong ph\u00fa, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n mai m\u1ed9t trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc sinh. C\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

Phong tr\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 \u1edf M\u1ef9, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u201cQu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e2m nguy\u201d hay \u201cC\u01a1n s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ang d\u00e2ng l\u00ean\u201d, c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e2ng cao \u201cchu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt\u201d, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c STEM \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a. Nh\u01b0ng STEM kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu b\u1eaft m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ng\u1ed3i v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc STEM nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201ctai h\u1ecda\u201d, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng th\u1eeba th\u00f4ng minh. Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y nghe t\u00e2m s\u1ef1 \u00f4ng trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 g\u1eedi cha \u00f4ng n\u0103m 1777:<\/p>\n

Con kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thi v\u1ecb, b\u1edfi v\u00ec con kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1. Con kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec con kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ecda s\u1ef9; con c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a con b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 hay d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u, b\u1edfi v\u00ec con kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u0169 c\u00f4ng; nh\u01b0ng con c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7u, v\u00ec con l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea1c s\u0129.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t Charles Darwin. Trong quy\u1ec3n The Element<\/em> (2009), Ken Robinson cho r\u1eb1ng, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm \u0111\u00fang \u201cNguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n<\/em>\u201d (The Element, hay \u201cB\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c\u201d) c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00e1i n\u00f3 y\u00eau th\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111am m\u00ea, l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, th\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t huy h\u1ebft s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ec sao. \u0110i tr\u1eadt ra ngo\u00e0i, t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb s\u1ebd b\u1ecb mai m\u1ed9t. \u00d4ng k\u1ec3 ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng\u201d c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n theo \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, qu\u00ean \u0111i nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, cho n\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ang d\u1ea1y v\u1eabn l\u1edbn ra. Yong Zhao, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Institute for Global and Online Education<\/em> (Vi\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oregon, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng trong kho\u1ea3ng 28 n\u0103m, t\u1eeb 1977 \u0111\u1ebfn 2005, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9. C\u0169ng trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra h\u01a1n 3 tri\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1edbi m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u2013 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u00edt ai d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u1edbi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 g\u00ec.<\/p>\n

S\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c entrepreneur, nh\u00e0 kinh doanh \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t n\u0103m 2008 c\u1ee7a IBM cho th\u1ea5y, nh\u00f3m sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ecfi r\u1ea5t thi\u1ebfu hai t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o doanh nghi\u1ec7p tr\u00ean 80 qu\u1ed1c gia xem \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi<\/em>. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. K\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Race to the Top<\/em> – Cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh cao – c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Barack Obama, c\u0169ng b\u1ecb d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 \u201cCu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua \u0111\u1ebfn S\u1ef1 t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean qua s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh qua c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a. N\u00f3 b\u1ecf qua t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp m\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi.<\/p>\n

PISA 2012 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00fa s\u1ed1c cho Hoa K\u1ef3, Anh, \u0110\u1ee9c, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c. B\u1ea3y n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ea1ng PISA 2012 \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u \u00c1, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Singapore, \u0110\u00e0i Loan. Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 17, trong khi Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 36! N\u00f3 s\u1ebd th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e2ng cao chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u1edf M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 PISA ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i l\u00ean t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201ch\u01a1n thua\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia trong s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng. C\u1ef1u b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Singapore Shanmugaratnam, t\u1eebng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Fareed Zakaria, r\u1eb1ng \u201cC\u1ea3 hai ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 (tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3i) nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i. Qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i t\u00e0i n\u0103ng (talent meritocracy), ph\u00eda ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i thi c\u1eed (exam meritocracy). C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, \u00f3c t\u00f2 m\u00f2, \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u, tham v\u1ecdng. Tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c tri th\u1ee9c quy \u01b0\u1edbc, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi n\u00f3 bao h\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 Singapore ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb M\u1ef9.\u201d ([10])<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

KH\u1ea2I MINH BOOK v\u00e0 Nxb Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, 2021. Ngo\u00e0i 1800 b\u1ea3n b\u00eca m\u1ec1m,<\/p>\n

c\u00f3 200 b\u1ea3n b\u00eca c\u1ee9ng, in tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cao c\u1ea5p, r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p.<\/p>\n

M\u00f4t s\u1ed1 l\u1eddi b\u00ecnh cho quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch<\/em>:<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00e3y qu\u00ean \u0111i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi b\u00e0n t\u00e1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Ken Robinson v\u00e0 Lou Aronica \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013 Howard Gardner, T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Five Minds for the Future<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o cung c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\u2026 \u0110\u1eebng b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y!<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013 Tony Wagner, Ph\u00f2ng Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea9m nang cho nh\u1eefng ai th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Ken Robinson v\u00e0 Lou Aronica \u0111\u00e3 chia s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1eafc s\u1ea3o v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, d\u00f9 b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd hay ph\u1ee5 huynh h\u1ecdc sinh. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 cho t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c m\u1ed7i khi t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013 \u0110\u00e0o\u00a0 Thu\u00a0 Hi\u1ec1n, T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c, T\u1ed5\u00a0 ch\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Golden\u00a0 Path\u00a0 Academics\u00a0 Vi\u1ec7t\u00a0 Nam\u00a0 (GPA)<\/span><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft kinh nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u01a1n 40 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Ken Robinson. Qua \u0111\u00e2y, \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c m\u1ed9t khu v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t cho m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y, v\u00e0 cho mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013 TS. Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh, T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Einstein, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Xem M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c s\u00e1ch \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y<\/p>

<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 M\u1ee4C L\u1ee4C<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi c\u1ea3m \u01a1n 9<\/span>
\nD\u1eabn nh\u1eadp. M\u1ed9t ph\u00fat tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eeda \u0111\u00eam 13<\/span>
\nCh\u01b0\u01a1ng 1. Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n 27<\/span>
\nCh\u01b0\u01a1ng 2. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e9p \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 m\u1edbi 53<\/span>
\nCh\u01b0\u01a1ng 3. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng81<\/span>
\nCh\u01b0\u01a1ng 4. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc b\u1ea9m sinh101<\/span>
\nCh\u01b0\u01a1ng 5. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y 125<\/span>
\nCh\u01b0\u01a1ng 6. \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc? 155<\/span>
\nCh\u01b0\u01a1ng 7. Ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra 185<\/span>
\nCh\u01b0\u01a1ng 8. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc cho hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng209<\/span>
\nCh\u01b0\u01a1ng 9. \u0110\u01b0a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 235<\/span>
\nCh\u01b0\u01a1ng 10. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed 255<\/span>
\nL\u1eddi k\u1ebft 283<\/span>
\nGhi ch\u00fa 289<\/span>
\nCh\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c 307<\/span><\/p>\n

click \u0111\u1ec3 thu g\u1ecdn ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed \u1edf tr\u00ean<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ken Robinson t\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Vail Symposium\u2019s EDUCATE!<\/em> n\u0103m 2016, \u00f4ng n\u00eau ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 sai, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ngh\u0129 ra b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n<\/em> (\u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh b\u1ea1n).<\/li>\n
  2. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch – n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i<\/em>. Ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a n\u00f3<\/em>, \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n
  3. S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc vi\u1ebft (literacy).<\/li>\n
  4. Ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean; ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb ch\u00f4n s\u00e2u. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u00fang, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u1eb1m l\u1ed9 thi\u00ean. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n
  5. Tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang g\u00e2y nguy hi\u1ec3m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con c\u00e1i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta.<\/li>\n
  6. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111i t\u1eeb m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u00e2n theo l\u1ec1 th\u00f3i.Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1ef1a nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e1y m\u00f3c \u2013 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1eefu c\u01a1.V\u00e0 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u sinh s\u00f4i.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u0110i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cgi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u1eefu c\u01a1\u201d (organic education). Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u00e2y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t cho m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y, v\u00e0 cho mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

    Ken Robinson ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t khai ph\u00f3ng sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

    V\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u1eabn s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u0103n ho\u00e1 kh\u00e1c<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    V\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    V\u1ec1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n: Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xung quanh ch\u00fang<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    T\u00e1m n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o ra cho h\u1ecdc sinh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef C \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Robinson \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u01b0 sau: Curiosity (T\u00ednh t\u00f2 m\u00f2), Creativity (T\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o), Criticism (Ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n), Communication (Giao ti\u1ebfp), Collaboration (H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c), Compassion (Th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m), Composure (\u0110i\u1ec1m t\u0129nh) v\u00e0 Citizenship (Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n).<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    Sir Ken Robinson (1950-2020) n\u0103m 2009 (Wikipedia)<\/p>\n

    Ng\u00e0y nay, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i, c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n, t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u1ed9ng, d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o \u00f3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng th\u00edch nghi v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. L\u1ed1i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 l\u1edbn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 nh\u01b0 Wilhelm von Humboldt v\u00e0 John Henry Newman ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c STEM t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Walter Isaacson, nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa smart, kh\u00f4n ngoan v\u00e0 ingenious, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, khi cho r\u1eb1ng Bill Gates l\u00e0 \u201csi\u00eau-kh\u00f4n ngoan\u201d, nh\u01b0ng Steve Jobs \u201csi\u00eau-s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o\u201d. Jobs bi\u1ebft k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n v\u0103n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh th\u1ebf. \u201cT\u00f4i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ngh\u0129 t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i th\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed\u201d, Jobs n\u00f3i. \u201cS\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u1edbi nhau\u201d. Vivek Wadhwa, m\u1ed9t doanh nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a Thung l\u0169ng Silicon, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u00e0n l\u00e2m, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc khai ph\u00f3ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \n
    \"\"\n

    CU\u1ed8C S\u1ed0NG KH\u00d4NG PH\u1ea2I TUY\u1ebeN T\u00cdNH<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    Theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngh\u0129a, v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef h\u1eefu c\u01a1 g\u1ee3i \u00fd c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. N\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng qua t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u00f3. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh; ch\u00fang c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n. Ch\u00fang n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u khi nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc. (Robinson, Out of Minds<\/em>, 208-209)<\/p>\n

    M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy c\u01a1 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c chu\u1ea9n qu\u00e1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t chu\u1ea9n chung cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7y, vi\u00ean m\u00e3n. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00fac cua b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd, b\u1ed7ng d\u01b0ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111am m\u00ea m\u1edbi, ho\u1eb7c n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd. Do \u0111\u00f3, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh b\u00f3 h\u1eb9p t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 ch\u00fang ta t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1eefng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1m tr\u1ebb. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ea7m cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd h\u1eefu \u00edch h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf khi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 ai d\u00e1m ch\u1eafc v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3?\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u00e0 gi\u00fap con tr\u1ebb ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c chung m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0n trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u00fap ch\u00fang t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 ch\u00fang say m\u00ea, y\u00eau th\u00edch.\u00a0 Ch\u00fang s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n v\u1eady. H\u00e3y c\u1ee9 quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng trong m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m thay ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. (Robinson, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/em>, 238)<\/p>\n

    Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Thung l\u0169ng Silicon.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    [3]<\/p>\n

    TR\u00cd TH\u00d4NG MINH<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/em> c\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00ean xem th\u00eam m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Robinson c\u00f3 t\u00ean Out of Our Minds: The Power of Being Creative<\/em> (T\u1eeb T\u00e2m Tr\u00ed: S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/em>) (ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a [14]), \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t v\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh khi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m tr\u00ed (mind) con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau n\u1eb1m \u1edf nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o, g\u1ed3m tr\u00ed nh\u1edb, tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 suy lu\u1eadn logic. Cho n\u00ean gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m, th\u00f4ng qua b\u1ea3y m\u00f4n khai ph\u00f3ng, v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m, h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n, logic, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, th\u01a1 ca. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Khai s\u00e1ng, t\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc-suy lu\u1eadn logic v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy l\u00fd bao g\u1ed3m, Locke, Hume, Descartes. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, b\u1edfi cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi Galilei, Kepler v\u00e0 Newton \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng soi r\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1i t\u0103m v\u00e0 xua tan nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y m\u00ea t\u00edn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Ti\u1ebfp theo cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00e0ng n\u00e2ng cao gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc-k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Khai s\u00e1ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n, cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, bao g\u1ed3m Beethoven, Schiller, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron v\u00e0 Goethe. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 duy l\u00fd, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n t\u1eadp trung l\u00ean tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

    Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy logic-khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 ph\u00eda ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i.<\/p>\n

    Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o? Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u? Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc cho th\u1ea5y, n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 hai b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u, trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u tr\u00e1i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho c\u00e1c suy ngh\u0129 logic-khoa h\u1ecdc, l\u00fd t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i cho tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c, tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac. C\u1ea3 hai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp nhau n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch ra. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u201cb\u00f3 d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh\u201d k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ch\u00fang, trong y h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 corpus callosum (\u201cTh\u1ec3 chai\u201d). Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh n\u00e0y \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i nhau \u0111\u1ec3 cho ra nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd t\u00ednh. Ken Robinson tr\u00edch d\u1eabn c\u00e2u n\u00f3i xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 Carl Sagan (1934\u20131996) m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u00fang \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

    Sagan n\u00f3i, \u201ckh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh (patterns) tho\u00e1t thai t\u1eeb b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u n\u00e3o ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1eadt hay l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u n\u00e3o tr\u00e1i.” M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u201ct\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft tr\u1ef1c quan v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e3o. H\u00ecnh m\u1eabu cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i b\u1edfi th\u1ec3 chai (corpus callosum).” (Trang 120, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V, b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Anh)<\/p>\n

    Max Planck c\u0169ng minh h\u1ecda th\u00eam \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u201cph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00f3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ef1c quan sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e9p di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u00f3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt.\u201d ([15], 29)<\/p>\n

    Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u00f3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 b\u1ea9m sinh cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u00f9y theo con ng\u01b0\u1eddi do ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh s\u1ed1ng hay gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u n\u00e3o ph\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, trong khi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u n\u00e3o tr\u00e1i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho ra s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Cho n\u00ean, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103m s\u00f3c ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

    T\u00e0i n\u0103ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, cho n\u00ean c\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e9o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u00f3p ngh\u1eb9t s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecdc sinh, sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat r\u00fat lui v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1-h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 Einstein v\u00e0 Darwin. T\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 n\u00e9t chung c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u00eam chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u00e2u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m h\u1eb9p l\u1ea1i trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng. S\u00e1ch v\u1edf l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n quan tr\u1ecdng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Th\u1ee9 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y c\u0169ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng, n\u1ebfu truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho h\u1ecdc sinh.<\/p>\n

    S\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cgi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f3\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00f3ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc Gi\u1ea3i Nobel Wilhelm Oswald trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/em>. ([16]) M\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

    [4]<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i xin \u201cb\u1eaft c\u1ea7u\u201d qua Albert Einstein m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u: Nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c x\u00e9t ra \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edbi. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00f3c t\u00f2 m\u00f2 th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i: T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng minh m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u00f2 m\u00f2 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111am m\u00ea<\/em>; \u0111\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t \u00f3c t\u00f2 m\u00f2 th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n<\/em>; v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0<\/em> kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi<\/em>. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng th\u00edch: tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/em>. Nh\u01b0ng xin \u0111\u1eebng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m, tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e3o huy\u1ec1n. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u0103ng theo tri th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft hay k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u00f9y theo lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp thu. Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kinh t\u1ebf th\u00f4ng minh, tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u1edf Thung l\u0169ng Silicon \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u0169ng n\u00f3i. L\u1eb1n ranh gi\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ebd l\u00e0 tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt. (Thomas Friedman v\u00e0 Michael Mandelbaum) ([10])<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    Albert Einstein (1879-1955)<\/p>\n

    D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 quan ni\u1ec7m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Einstein:<\/p>\n

    Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft, trong khi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc n\u00ean l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, n\u1ea3y n\u1edf trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00ean b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t \u0111i, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0 con ong, con ki\u1ebfn. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 cao c\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi trong s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. (V\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/em>)<\/p>\n

    R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u201cti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a\u201d m\u00e0 Ken Robinson v\u1eeba ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao \u00f4ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i (h\u1eb9p), Einstein gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch:<\/p>\n

    N\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, th\u00ec c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u sau \u0111\u00e2y: ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian. Anh ta ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf r\u1ed3i. T\u00f4i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1eadm v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian khi t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn r\u1ed3i. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e2u h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c.\u201d<\/p>\n

    R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t \u00f3c t\u00f2 m\u00f2 th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1edbn l\u00ean v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft \u00f3c t\u00f2 m\u00f2, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng l\u1ed1i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u1ed3i nh\u00e9t, t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ea1o \u00e1p l\u1ef1c, c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch, hay qu\u00e1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea1nh tranh.<\/p>\n

    \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Einstein l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00e0i h\u00f2a, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia, c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea1y qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t:<\/p>\n

    Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc lu\u00f4n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i r\u1eddi nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00e0i h\u00f2a, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y theo t\u00f4i, v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd \u0111i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t cho t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp thu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm v\u1eefng nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a anh ta v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, anh ta ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp thu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c chi ti\u1ebft.\u00a0 (Einstein, V\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/em>. Trong Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i<\/em>)<\/p>\n

    Einstein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u201d t\u1eeb thu\u1edf b\u00e9 khi\u1ebfn cho b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 \u0111\u00e2m ra lo l\u1eafng. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 sau \u00f4ng n\u00f3i, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng suy ngh\u0129 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a, m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, cho n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n. T\u01b0 duy b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, b\u1eb1ng visualization<\/em> m\u00e0 Ken Robinson c\u0169ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng. L\u1ed1i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00e0y Einstein \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc \u1edf Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u01b0 duy b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh (Anschauung<\/em>) l\u00e0 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Mozart th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c c\u0169ng b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n giao h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1n chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ea3o. Einstein \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 16 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/em> ch\u1ea1y \u0111u\u1ed5i theo \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p s\u1ebd ra \u0111\u1eddi ch\u00edn n\u0103m sau. Einstein kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t t\u01b0 duy b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, Michael Faraday, Charles Darwin, hay Richard Feynman c\u0169ng t\u01b0 duy nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf (xem [17]), nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0 duy b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/em> \u2013 gedankenexperiment tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

    C\u00f2n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y? Einstein n\u00f3i Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c ni\u1ec1m vui \u1edf s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/em>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cngh\u1ec7 s\u0129\u201d s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u1eefng gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho h\u1ecdc sinh. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u00ecnh y\u00eau<\/em> v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m vui<\/em>. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c cho nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng khuy\u00ean thanh ni\u00ean: \u201c\u0110\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd xem vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e1ng ganh t\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p khai ph\u00f3ng trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 – v\u00ec ni\u1ec1m vui c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c sau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1.\u201d (Xem th\u00eam [7])<\/p>\n

    [5]<\/p>\n

    T\u00f4i xin kh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, hy v\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t h\u1ecda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c s\u1eafp t\u1edbi. C\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh Ken Robinson b\u00e0y r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch, nghe qua nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u201c\u0111\u1ee9c tin d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o\u201d, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh. Nh\u01b0ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh, nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y ch\u00ednh. Hi\u1ec7n nay, nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111ang trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u1ecdc l\u00ean, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c. Hi\u1ec7n nay Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Anh, Scotland, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Canada, Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, Argentina. \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ea3i qua ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n: Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ebf gi\u1ec5u. Th\u1ee9 hai, n\u00f3 b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1eef d\u1ed9i. Th\u1ee9 ba, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean \u201d, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c Arthur Schopenhauer vi\u1ebft. S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi, c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21. M\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Cho n\u00ean gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng gian th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e0i n\u0103ng b\u1ea9m sinh.<\/p>\n

    Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/em> c\u1ee7a Ken Robinson ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc, nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, c\u00e1c b\u1eadc ph\u1ee5 huynh, nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00e0 g\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edbi n\u00e0y ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00edch s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng gia \u0111\u00ecnh. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o s\u1eafp t\u1edbi c\u00f3 l\u1ebd gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a Humboldt 200 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 n\u01a1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1i m\u1edbi ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 c\u00e1i c\u0169. Nh\u01b0ng trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc\u201d (gymnasium), th\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 t\u1eeb tu\u1ed5i teen tr\u1edf l\u00ean.<\/p>\n

    Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n m\u1edf c\u1eeda \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng l\u00e0n gi\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o h\u01a1n, nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, h\u1eefu \u00edch h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb, v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

    Xin n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u.<\/em><\/p>\n

    Th\u00e1ng 5-6, 2021
    \n<\/em><\/p>\n

    Tham kh\u1ea3o<\/em><\/p>\n

    [1] Deborah Perry Piscione, B\u00ed m\u1eadt Tung l\u0169ng Silicon<\/em>. Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec. S\u1eafp ra m\u1eaft t\u1ea1i Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p TP HCM, 2021.<\/p>\n

    [2] Ken Robinson (v\u1edbi Lou Aronica), The Element<\/em>: How Finding Your Passion Changes Everything<\/em>. New York Times<\/i> bestseller. Nxb Penguin Books, 2009. (B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Minh Tu\u1ea5n: Nguy\u00ean B\u1ea3n. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111am m\u00ea. <\/em>Ch\u01b0a xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n.)<\/p>\n

    [3] Ken Robinson (v\u1edbi Lou Aronica),Creative Schools. The grassroots revolution that’s transforming education.\u00a0<\/i>B\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t: Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng minh<\/em>. Cty c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng s\u00e1ch Kh\u1ea3i Minh & Nxb Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, 2021.<\/p>\n

    [4] Tony Wagner, Creating Innovators<\/em>. The Making of Young People Who Will Change the World<\/em>. Scribner, 2012.<\/p>\n

    [5] Jeff Dyer, Hal Gregersen, Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator\u2019s DNA<\/em>. Harvard Business Review Press, 2011.<\/p>\n

    [6] L\u00e1 th\u01b0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a W. A. Mozart g\u1eedi cha<\/em>: https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/la-thu-cuoi-cung-cua-w-a-mozart-gui-cha\/<\/a><\/p>\n

    [7] A. Einstein: T\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/em>: https:\/\/doanhnhanplus.vn\/albert-einstein-tam-guong-lon-cua-tu-duy-doc-lap-555071.html<\/a> hay A. Einstein: T\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/i><\/a><\/p>\n

    [8] Albert Einstein, V\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/em>. Trong Albert Einstein<\/em>, T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i<\/em>. Nxb T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p TP HCM. S\u1eafp ra m\u1eaft 2021.<\/p>\n

    [9] S\u00e1ch EINSTEIN <\/em>c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1i nxb T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. Hai ch\u01b0\u01a1ng cu\u1ed1i 9 v\u00e0 10 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Einstein.<\/p>\n

    [10] T\u1ea1i sao c\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng<\/em>: https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/tai-sao-can-giao-duc-khai-phong\/<\/a><\/p>\n

    [11] Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00e0o cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/em>: https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/giao-duc-nao-cho-tuong-lai\/<\/a><\/p>\n

    [12] T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a J. H. Pestalozzi<\/em>: https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/tu-tuong-giao-duc-cua-j-h-pestalozzi\/<\/a> (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt)<\/p>\n

    [13] Thomas Armstrong, If Einstein Ran the Schools. Revitalizing U.S. Education<\/em>. Praeger, 2019.<\/p>\n

    [14] Ken Robinson, Out of Our Minds: The Power of Being Creative<\/em>. CAPSTONE, 2017. (T\u1eeb T\u00e2m Tr\u00ed: S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/em>, ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, Nxb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc S\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m, 2021)<\/p>\n

    [15] Dean Keith Simonton, Origins of Genius<\/em>. Oxford University Press, 1999.<\/p>\n

    [16] Wilhelm Ostwald, Grosse M\u00e4nner<\/em>. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, 1919.<\/p>\n

    [17] Xem th\u00eam m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa t\u01b0 duy h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh t\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 (autism) trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Temple Grandin, Thinking in Pictures<\/em>. My Life with Autism<\/em>. Vintage Books, 2006.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    S\u00e1ch TR\u01af\u1edcNG H\u1eccC S\u00c1NG T\u1ea0O CREATIVE SCHOOLS The Grassroots Revolution That’s Transforming Education NH\u01af M\u1ed8T LU\u1ed2NG GI\u00d3 M\u1edaI C\u1ee6A GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 SIR KEN ROBINSON Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u   \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng h\u1ecfi. S\u1ef1 t\u00f2 m\u00f2 c\u00f3 l\u00fd do t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang n\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6328"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6328"}],"version-history":[{"count":24,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6328\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12253,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6328\/revisions\/12253"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6328"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6328"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6328"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}