{"id":6559,"date":"2021-09-26T18:37:12","date_gmt":"2021-09-26T11:37:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=6559"},"modified":"2021-09-26T18:37:12","modified_gmt":"2021-09-26T11:37:12","slug":"nhan-ngay-nuoc-duc-bau-cu-26-9-2021","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/nhan-ngay-nuoc-duc-bau-cu-26-9-2021\/","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u00e2n ng\u00e0y n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed (26. 9. 2021)"},"content":{"rendered":"

NH\u00c2N NG\u00c0Y N\u01af\u1edaC \u0110\u1ee8C B\u1ea6U C\u1eec<\/span>
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

(26. 9. 2021)<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y nay tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c d\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ed3ng minh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u0103m 1945, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u1edbi d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1946 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Berlin, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a chia c\u1eaft \u0110\u00f4ng-T\u00e2y.\u00a0 C\u00f3 4 \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh: SPD (d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i), CDU (d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o), D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do (FDP) v\u00e0 SED (\u0110\u1ea3ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c). K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3:<\/p>\n

– SPD \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 48,7 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m v\u00e0 63 trong s\u1ed1 130 gh\u1ebf. \u1ee8ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Otto Ostrowski \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi Edzard Reuter (con c\u1ee7a Ernst Reuter, nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i) sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1947. Ostrowski \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi SED m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. SED ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1nh th\u1ee9 ba v\u1edbi 19,8%. CDU \u0111\u1ea1t 22,2%, \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 T\u1ef1 do (FDP) v\u1eabn l\u00e0 9,3%. S\u1ed1 c\u1eed tri \u0111i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu l\u00e0 92,3 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “\u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd”. Do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh \u1edf “Berlin m\u00e0 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf Bonn<\/em> (th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a li\u00ean bang \u0110\u1ee9c)”.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 5 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 10, 1941, vi\u1ec7c chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi Berlin v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. \u201cTrong s\u1ed1 186.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u1edf Berlin n\u0103m 1939, 7.350 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay,\u201d b\u00e1o Tagesspiegel vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1946. Tr\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung Sachsenhausen \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 v\u00e0i km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc. M\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0n d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i \u1edf Berlin. 12 n\u0103m c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, Hitler \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t c\u1ea3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, khoa h\u1ecdc, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 thi ca \u0110\u1ee9c. (Tagesspiegel)<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y Anh, Ph\u00e1p, Hoa K\u1ef3. V\u00e0o l\u00fac th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c sau khi b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Berlin s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 n\u0103m 1989, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t M\u1ef9 (Arthur Miller) h\u01a1i “nghi ng\u1edd” t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c, b\u1edfi “C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a li\u00ean bang \u0110\u1ee9c sinh ra m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1n m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt m\u00e1u”, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. \u1ede \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 “n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n”, sau khi b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Berlin s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 sau khi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nazi ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn nh\u01b0 \u1edf Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p<\/em> 1789. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u0103n h\u00f3a tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

Trong s\u1ef1 t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Karl Jaspers c\u00f3 t\u00ean Die Schuldfrage<\/em>, V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, Heinrich Bl\u00fccher, nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hannah Arendt, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft cho b\u00e0, r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Schandefrage<\/em>, V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ee5c nh\u00e3, m\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Arendt, sau khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 th\u0103m n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t B\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c<\/em>, Report from Germany, trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0 c\u0169ng t\u1ecf ra kh\u00f4ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea5y v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c sau th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00f3a b\u1ecf \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nazi – Entnazifizierung – \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Quy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn 3 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c. (Wolf Lepenies)<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c h\u00f4m nay t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 c\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng n\u00f3 h\u01a1n. Ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 5, 2020, nh\u00e2n k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m th\u1ee9 75 ng\u00e0y \u0110\u1ed3ng minh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Frank-Walter Steinmeier t\u1eebng vi\u1ebft trong b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng<\/p>\n

\u201cNg\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 5 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u2013 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, duy tr\u00ec T\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd d\u1ee9t m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta!\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

v\u00e0<\/p>\n

S<\/em>\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1945 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u2013 b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n qu\u00e1 s\u00e2u v\u00e0o th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda v\u00e0 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh g\u00e2y ra. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf ph\u00eda T\u00e2y n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng, t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn xa v\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ebf s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u0169 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn.<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng b\u00ean trong. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1945, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y. M\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0i l\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn: \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 soi s\u00e1ng s\u1ef1 nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft l\u00e0m ng\u01a1, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00f5a, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi d\u00e0y v\u00f2 trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean.<\/em><\/p>\n

(Xem https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/dien-tu-cua-tong-thong-duc-frank-walter-steinmeier-cho-ngay-8-5-2020\/<\/a>)<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 t\u00ean Die deutsche Katastrophe<\/em>, Th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda \u0110\u1ee9c, c\u1ee7a Friedrich Meinecke, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n c\u00f9ng n\u0103m v\u1edbi Die Schuldfrage<\/em> c\u1ee7a Jaspers (1946). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi t\u1ef1 v\u1ea5n thay cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u1ee9c huy ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

26. 9. 2021<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

NH\u00c2N NG\u00c0Y N\u01af\u1edaC \u0110\u1ee8C B\u1ea6U C\u1eec (26. 9. 2021) Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y nay tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c d\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6559"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6559"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6559\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6560,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6559\/revisions\/6560"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6559"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6559"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6559"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}