{"id":6612,"date":"2021-10-16T16:08:59","date_gmt":"2021-10-16T09:08:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=6612"},"modified":"2021-10-21T15:15:35","modified_gmt":"2021-10-21T08:15:35","slug":"khoa-hoc-va-ton-giao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/khoa-hoc-va-ton-giao\/","title":{"rendered":"Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o"},"content":{"rendered":"

KHOA H\u1eccC V\u00c0 T\u00d4N GI\u00c1O<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/p>\n

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Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 \u1edf cho c\u00e1c Qu\u00e1i th\u00fa, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 suy t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00f3n N\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a L\u00fd t\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p cho Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb l\u00e0m th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e1i th\u00fa\u2026 Minh tri\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vinh d\u1ef1 nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00ecn quanh ch\u0103m ch\u0103m th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qu\u00ea m\u00f9a: (c\u00f2n) nh\u1eefng ai ca ng\u1ee3i Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 suy x\u00e9t s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u00e1c sinh linh c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1n \u01a1n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh v\u00e0 uy\u00ean b\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Thomas Browne, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, trong Religio Medici<\/em> ([7], 28) hay [17], 33)<\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1ed9t ch\u00fat tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc (t\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc) l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m tr\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/span><\/p>\n

Francis Bacon (trong [19], 237; xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch 1<\/em>)
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

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Sir, m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i tr\u1eeb khi n\u00f3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n

Srinivasa Ramanujan<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20<\/span><\/p>\n

***<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em>.<\/strong> \u201cKhoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o\u201d l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i t\u1eebng ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o \u201cd\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Ch\u00fang ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Isaac Newton, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i giao \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 John Maynard Keynes g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy l\u00fd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta t\u01b0 duy b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh l\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4 m\u00e0u\u201d. L\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cl\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng\u201d, nh\u01b0ng Newton th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng ch\u00fat n\u00e0o. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, Newton l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em>, v\u00e0, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, ra s\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o. \u0110\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 hai ni\u1ec1m tin s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng trong l\u1ed3ng ng\u1ef1c h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, khi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00f3ng ra, v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea7m tay Newton v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u00e0i \u00fd mu\u1ed1n l\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. B\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1edbt qua ph\u1ea7n (2) l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 v\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5y bu\u1ed3n t\u1ebb. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t c\u1ea3m \u01a1n L\u1eddi b\u00ecnh<\/em> c\u1ee7a TS Nguy\u1ec5n T\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1ch khi \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i n\u00e0y. NXX<\/p>\n

L\u1eddi b\u00ecnh <\/em>c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Nguy\u1ec5n T\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1ch:<\/span><\/p>\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/em> l\u00e0 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft bao qu\u00e1t nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m h\u00e0o h\u1ee9ng s\u1ea3ng kho\u00e1i v\u1ec1 Khoa h\u1ecdc: “C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ec5 Ch\u00faa<\/em> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c”. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc linh m\u1eabn<\/em> nh\u1ea5t m\u1edbi ch\u1ecbu ngh\u0129 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i h\u1eb3n ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u h\u1ebft b\u00e0i n\u00e0y v\u00ec tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eafc \u00fd: th\u1eddi gian \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i qua c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u1ef1c ti\u1ec3u. Ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u00f4i ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi, th\u1ebf th\u00ec \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c. V\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u00e0i n\u00e0y tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n tri\u1ec7t h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c ti\u1ec3u trong m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 \u1ea9n d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 sau l\u01b0ng ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ef1c ti\u1ec3u…ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u1eb7p m\u1eaft c\u01a1 kh\u00ed th\u1edd \u01a1.<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i c\u0169ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 “th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t” (t\u1ea1m g\u1ecdi th\u1ebf) gi\u1eefa Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. V\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m c\u0103n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai, “nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o” v\u00e0 “t\u1ea1i sao”, b\u00e0i l\u00e0m r\u00f5 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 “\u0111\u1ed3ng qui” gi\u1eefa Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. C\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 V\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c bi\u1ebft bao. V\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc linh m\u1eabn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. T\u00f4i c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn l\u00f2ng c\u1ea3m kh\u00e1i to l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebft bao. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 “nh\u1ed5 \u0111inh th\u00e1o ch\u1ed1t” (thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Thi\u1ec1n) cho t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

Th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt c\u00e1m \u01a1n t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0a “c\u0103n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee9 hai” v\u1ec1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi “c\u0103n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t”. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ca t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 B\u00e0i ca d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn (Gitanjali) c\u1ee7a R. Tagore, \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1i Nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i M\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1i b\u00e0i n\u00e0y sau 5 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

TS Nguy\u1ec5n T\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1ch l\u00e0 d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 “\u0110\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a V\u1eadt l\u00fd”, “M\u00f9i H\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u1ea7m”.<\/p>\n

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(1)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Sau Galilei v\u00e0 Darwin, ch\u00fang ta hay ngh\u0129 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 xung \u0111\u1ed9t nhau. Nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n. Tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt, \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf Anh, nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a gi\u1eefa khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o [12]. Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em>. H\u1ecd m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 t\u00f2 m\u00f2, y\u00eau th\u00edch kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. H\u1ecd xem kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 vinh danh Ch\u00faa. Th\u00e1nh Thomas Aquinas th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13 vi\u1ebft trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Summa theologiae<\/em>: \u201cCh\u00faa, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, c\u00f3 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.\u201d Theo \u00f4ng, \u201ch\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft thi\u00eang li\u00eang (t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d \u2026 <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 (Summa<\/em>, Part I, Question I, article 2, xem [17], 208) Do \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0m khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 Ch\u00faa<\/em>. Robert Boyle, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 n\u00eau l\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong m\u1ed7i quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u00f4ng. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c virtuosi, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 x\u1ea3o. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi, quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch The Christian Virtuoso<\/em> c\u1ee7a Boyle c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o<\/em>, l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin. John Ray, nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 nhi\u00ean h\u1ecdc, v\u1edbi quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch The Wisdom of God manifested in the Works of the Creation <\/em>(Minh tri\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 S\u00e1ng th\u1ebf), ch\u1ee9ng minh cho lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf (design) c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng (Xem th\u00eam [14], ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6). V\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00ec n\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea5ng to\u00e0n n\u0103ng, to\u00e0n tr\u00ed thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u00f4ng minh nh\u1ea5t. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12, 13 tr\u1edf \u0111i, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb cha nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00fd t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 l\u00f4gic, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, thi\u00ean v\u0103n, ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u Ch\u00faa[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t nhau trong l\u1ed3ng ng\u1ef1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, 17 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u00fd t\u00ednh d\u00e2ng l\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, l\u00e0m cho nh\u00e0 th\u1edd quan ng\u1ea1i. Khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m th\u00f4ng qua th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m khoa h\u1ecdc d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 tin v\u00e0o m\u1eaft m\u00ecnh, seeing is believing, v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. Boyle v\u00e0 Newton c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u201cm\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111ang d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n\u201d \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Descartes, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Newton, t\u1eebng b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n l\u00e0 \u201cd\u1ecb gi\u00e1o\u201d, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh sang H\u00e0 Lan. N\u0103m 1643, Martin Schoock, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Gronningen, H\u00e0 Lan, k\u1ebft \u00e1n Descartes n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i v\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m, b\u1edfi \u00f4ng, Descartes, \u201cphun n\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 b\u00ed m\u1eadt v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tinh th\u1ea7n y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng con r\u1eafn \u0111ang d\u1ea5u m\u00ecnh trong c\u1ecf\u201d ([8], 82). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Schoock, t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a Descartes n\u1eb1m trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Descartes \u00edt h\u01a1n l\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Descartes sau \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ebft \u00e1n Schoock \u0111\u00e3 \u201cph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng\u201d m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 Schoock b\u1ecb ng\u1ed3i t\u00f9 hai ng\u00e0y! Tuy th\u1ebf \u201cm\u00f9i h\u00f4i\u201d c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1m v\u00e0o khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 khi Newton ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Descartes, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ([8], 82).<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng Newton l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ra s\u1ee9c mu\u1ed1n t\u00e1i l\u1eadp Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian, c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Trong b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 g\u1eedi cho Henry Oldenburg, th\u01b0 k\u00fd c\u1ee7a Royal Society, \u00f4ng g\u1ee3i \u00fd \u201cc\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o Tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y (Spirit) \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 gi\u1eef cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u1ecfi r\u00fat lui kh\u1ecfi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi\u201d. V\u1edbi Principia<\/em>, Newton \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft cho Richard Bentley trong b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 12, 1692 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

Khi vi\u1ebft lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00fang ta [Principia<\/em>] t\u00f4i ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng tin v\u00e0o Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf; v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u00f4i vui h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 h\u1eefu \u00edch cho m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f3. ([1], 59, hay [11], 330)<\/p>\n

Newton ti\u1ebfp:<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1o ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng (th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng) n\u00e0y v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t c\u0103n nguy\u00ean (cause) hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi nhau c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t trong nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ra; (bi\u1ebft) nhi\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 ph\u1ee5 (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng) c\u1ee7a Saturn, Jupiter v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t; v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quay xung quanh c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 trung t\u00e2m; v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y v\u1edbi nhau trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3; nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng c\u0103n nguy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111ui m\u00f9 hay ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, m\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 x\u1ea3o trong c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc. ([11], 330))<\/p>\n

Richard Bentley l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc tr\u1ebb \u0111ang chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh Robert Boyle d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf tri\u1ebft l\u00fd \u0111i t\u00ecm c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y v\u1eadt l\u00fd nh\u1eb1m tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n sang tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u1ebf n\u00e0o<\/em>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong trong th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Galilei. Khoa h\u1ecdc, theo \u00f4ng, ph\u1ea3i \u0111i t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc<\/em> h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/em> (nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ti\u00ean kh\u1edfi, prime cause). V\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m (experiment) v\u00e0 ph\u00e9p quy n\u1ea1p (induction) \u0111\u1ec3 suy ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc n\u1eb1m trong hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Newton \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y. Trong Principia<\/em>, Newton gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u201cB\u1edfi v\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e9t c\u00e1c c\u0103n nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.\u201d C\u0103n nguy\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u00fd n\u00f3i c\u0103n nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, first cause<\/em>, c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao? Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u0103n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee9 hai, second causes<\/em>, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. C\u0103n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee9 hai gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt, trong khi c\u0103n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean kh\u1ea3i (revelation).<\/p>\n

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\"What<\/p>\n

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Ch\u00e2n dung Isaac Newton, 1689, c\u1ee7a Godfrey Kneller, tranh s\u01a1n d\u1ea7u tr\u00ean khung v\u1ea3i, hai n\u0103m sau khi Principia<\/em> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, khi \u0111\u00f3 Newton 47 tu\u1ed5i. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh sau n\u00e0y, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u00f4ng mang t\u00f3c th\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u00e1o qu\u1ea7n th\u1eadt xem \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169. B\u1ee9c tranh r\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

N\u0103m 1713, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 14 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Newton m\u1ea5t \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 84, trong t\u1eadp 3 c\u1ee7a Principia<\/em> l\u1ea7n in th\u1ee9 hai, ph\u1ea7n \u201cCh\u00fa gi\u1ea3i chung\u201d (General Scholium) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o, l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Newton c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 tin \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t:<\/p>\n

\u201cH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh, v\u00e0 sao ch\u1ed5i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea5ng th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd\u2026 \u0110\u1ea5ng n\u00e0y chi ph\u1ed1i m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9\u2026. ([1], 59; hay [3], 940)<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 \u201cCh\u00faa \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng s\u1ed1ng (living), th\u00f4ng minh, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng \u2026 Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 v\u0129nh c\u1eedu v\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn, quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c.\u201d V\u00e0 \u201cNg\u00e0i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u1ea3o, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u (substantially)\u201d, \u201ct\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean ch\u00fang hay ch\u00fang l\u00ean ng\u00e0i\u2026. Ng\u00e0i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n (hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n) v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i\u2026 Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tai, m\u1eaft, n\u00e3o, tay v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m quan, c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng.\u201d ([3], 942)<\/p>\n

Trong lao \u0111\u1ed9ng khoa h\u1ecdc, Newton kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft xa l\u1ea1 n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9:<\/p>\n

Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta t\u1eeb l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng quy m\u1ed9t c\u0103n nguy\u00ean n\u00e0o cho l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u201cb\u1ecba ra\u201d c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft (I do not \u2018feign\u2019 hypotheses). [\u2026] B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ra t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft, d\u00f9 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecd, hay v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, hay d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed (occult qualities) hay c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m. ([3], 943)<\/p>\n

Trong Opticks<\/em>, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee9 hai sau Principia<\/em>, Newton l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n:<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (khoa h\u1ecdc) l\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u201cb\u1ecba\u201d ra c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 suy ra c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng (effects), cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t h\u1ebft, c\u00e1i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi (mechanical) \u2026 C\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec kia \u1edf nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 v\u00ec sao m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh quay quanh nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang? V\u00ec sao t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u00f4 \u00edch c\u1ea3; v\u00e0 v\u00ec sao h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y? V\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0o c\u00e1c sao ch\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, v\u00e0 v\u00ec sao c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m? V\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1ecfi r\u01a1i v\u00e0o nhau? [\u2026] N\u00f3i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 (\u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y) ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh<\/em> (th\u00eam), \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, th\u00f4ng minh, quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn ch\u00fang xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t; v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u ch\u00fang to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0i hay sao? ([1], 58, 59)<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft ng\u00e0i:<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa to\u00e0n tr\u00ed quan ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, nghe, hay ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o; c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh\u2026 Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft ng\u00e0i qua nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4n ngoan v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t h\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 qua c\u00e1c c\u0103n nguy\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng; ch\u00fang ta ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 ng\u00e0i v\u00ec c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i; nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u00f4n th\u1edd ng\u00e0i qua s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb (dominion) c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i: b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta t\u00f4n th\u1edd ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb; v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, thi\u00ean \u00fd, v\u00e0 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean sau c\u00f9ng, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh (Fate) v\u00e0 T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (Nature). ([7], 131; hay [3], 942)<\/p>\n

Newton mu\u1ed1n truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, d\u00f9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. (Xem Einstein d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y)<\/p>\n

Trong l\u1ea7n in th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a Principia<\/em>, Roger Cotes, nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc s\u1eeda b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o, vi\u1ebft trong l\u1eddi t\u1ef1a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 tin, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 Newton v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng:<\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Newton (Principia<\/em>) s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n; kh\u00f4ng n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u kh\u00e1c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u h\u01a1n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1o. ([3], 398)<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Newton, Leibniz nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/em> c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Trong m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1699 hay 1700, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft \u201c\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 ban t\u1eb7ng anh ta \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u\u201d ([1], 60), Cum Deus calculat, fit mundus<\/em>, \u201cKhi Ch\u00faa t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi\u201d. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/em> (pre-established harmony) gi\u1eefa to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi Newton tr\u00e1nh ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1eadn \u00f4ng l\u00e0m. Nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Bentley l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t. V\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khoa h\u1ecdc Newton \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa. Newton l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Principia<\/em> ra \u0111\u1eddi, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c sau \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng gi\u1ea5u k\u00edn, m\u00e3i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i sau khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb kho t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, Theologia getilis origines philosophicae<\/em> (C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc ngo\u00e0i Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o), \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1edd k\u00ednh nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. Newton tin m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i trong s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c m\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ee9c tin \u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o ba ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 (Trinity) nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Athanasius (Locke c\u0169ng th\u1ebf), m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tin v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 ng\u00f4i duy nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Arius. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c tin, believing Christian, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n lu\u1eadn (deist). \u00d4ng tin v\u00e0o “t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y”, ur-religion.<\/p>\n

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\"https:\/\/www.akg-images.com\/Docs\/AKG\/Media\/TR3_WATERMARKED\/0\/4\/7\/3\/AKG22536.jpg\"<\/p>\n

Tranh c\u1ee7a Camille Flammarion (1841-1925) cho th\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan<\/p>\n

Trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

***<\/span><\/p>\n

Newton l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1ea5t t\u1eed l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quang h\u1ecdc \u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 hai, Opticks<\/em>, l\u00e0m cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. Ngo\u00e0i ra ba \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/em> (rational mechanics), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00eam n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a Newton.<\/p>\n

James Gleick, nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng Newton trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Isaac Newton<\/em>:<\/p>\n

Isaac Newton sinh ra trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i, kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 ma thu\u1eadt; s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u00e1m \u1ea3nh; thi\u1ebfu cha m\u1eb9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n h\u1eefu; tranh c\u00e3i \u00e1c li\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i ngang qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4ng; \u00edt ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n quay chi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 b\u1edd v\u1ef1c th\u1eb3m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u00ean lo\u1ea1n; che gi\u1ea5u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong b\u00ed m\u1eadt; nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c. \u00d4ng ch\u1ec9 ra cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0m sao ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u00fang ta trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5\u2026. \u00d4ng l\u00e0m tri th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u: v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. \u00d4ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. C\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean t\u00e0i \u00f4ng. [14]<\/p>\n

\u201c[Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd] l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9a con c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng\u201d nh\u01b0 Newton n\u00f3i. Khi Principia<\/em> ra \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1687, s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n h\u01a1n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m t\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a Newton c\u0169ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y b\u00e3o ngay \u1edf Anh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn t\u1ed1t \u1edf H\u00e0 Lan, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Einstein 250 n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3. V\u1edbi Principia<\/em>, m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Kinh s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf ra \u0111\u1eddi. Nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Alexander Pope tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1:<\/p>\n

T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u1eb1m trong b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i<\/em><\/p>\n

Ch\u00faa ph\u00e1n \u201cH\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 Newton xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n\u201d, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u s\u00e1ng l\u00ean.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201c\u00d4i Ch\u00faa, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u con ngh\u0129 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i!\u201d, Newton k\u00eau l\u00ean vui m\u1eebng. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau khi b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e0ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y Ch\u00faa, hi\u1ec3u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb bao tr\u00f9m tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p cartesian ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u1edbi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 qua t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u00c9l\u00e9ments de la philosophie de Newton<\/em> n\u0103m 1738 c\u1ee7a Voltaire. Laplace v\u00e0 Lagrange, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi con \u01b0u t\u00fa c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7 cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Newton. Laplace vi\u1ebft, Principia<\/em> x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Lagrange ca ng\u1ee3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, v\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00eam, Newton \u201ckh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi may m\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5\u201d v\u00e0 Newton \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i ([4a], 29). Newton l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh, Copernicus, Galilei, Kepler, Descartes, Hook, v\u00e0 Huygens l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh cao m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec \u201c\u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean vai nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3\u201d. Einstein, trong l\u1eddi t\u1ef1a cho t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Opticks<\/em>, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda \u00f4ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00e2y: \u201cNewton may m\u1eafn, th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc! [\u2026] T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, Nature, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch m\u1edf m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u00fd t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. [\u2026] Trong m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, nh\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng \u00edt h\u01a1n, nh\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, tin ch\u1eafc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c: ni\u1ec1m vui c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c chi li l\u00e0 hi\u1ec5n nhi\u00ean trong m\u1ecdi l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh\u201d. ([11], 413)<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Newton r\u1ea5t khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, c\u00e1i khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Ch\u00faa to\u00e0n n\u0103ng. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u, r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 ch\u01a1i tr\u00ean b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u201cti\u00eau khi\u1ec3n\u201d, r\u1ed3i \u201ct\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean s\u1ecfi nh\u1eb5n h\u01a1n, hay m\u1ed9t v\u1ecf s\u00f2 \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, trong khi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t t\u00f4i.\u201d (Xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch 2<\/em>) Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, Newton \u0111i t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt l\u1edbn h\u01a1n bao tr\u00f9m h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 th\u00f4ng qua nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim h\u01a1n 20 n\u0103m. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. \u00d4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u linh c\u1ea3m v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1eafp t\u1edbi trong quy\u1ec3n Opticks<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0(2)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

TO\u00c1N H\u1eccC. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Trong l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf d\u1ea1ng th\u01a1 ca ng\u1ee3i (Ode) c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n Principia<\/em> c\u1ee7a Newton, Edmond Halley (b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Newton, t\u1eeb \u00f4ng m\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ean sao ch\u1ed5i Halley) vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm c\u1ea3 ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m:<\/p>\n

Tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb chinh ph\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00ed m\u1eadt s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y;<\/em><\/p>\n

L\u1ef1c, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 xoay c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o ngo\u00e0i kia nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u1ea9n n\u00e1u n\u1eefa. <\/em>[\u2026]<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 b\u1ed5 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn huy\u00ean n\u00e1o<\/em><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, t\u1eeb l\u00fac to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc xua tan \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y. <\/em>[\u2026]<\/p>\n

Gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u00e0n ti\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh th\u1ea7n;<\/em><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a tr\u1eddi cao; v\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a b\u00ed m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf kh\u00f3a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i t\u0103m; v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt <\/em><\/p>\n

b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng b\u1ecb gi\u1ea5u k\u00edn bao th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 qua.<\/em> ([3], 379-80)<\/p>\n

Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, cho n\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u tinh t\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1ee1 ng\u00e0ng. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 trong to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 quang h\u1ecdc, \u00e2m thanh, d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 to\u00e1n h\u00f3a<\/em> (mathematization) c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc. Ch\u00ednh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m l\u1ed9 ra c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt chi ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. V\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong \u0111\u00f3. Cho n\u00ean Immanuel Kant m\u1edbi n\u00f3i \u201cTrong m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc th\u00ec c\u00f3 b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1eadt s\u1ef1\u201d, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb n\u0103m ng\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17: h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3i t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Fermat v\u00e0 Descartes; to\u00e1n vi t\u00edch ph\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Newton v\u00e0 Leibniz; gi\u1ea3i t\u00edch t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t thuy\u1ebft x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Fermat v\u00e0 Pascal; \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Galilei v\u00e0 Newton; l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Newton. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u00eam h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3i t\u00edch t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Desargues v\u00e0 Pascal; v\u00e0 l\u00f4gic h\u1ecdc k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Leibniz. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i Anh (1662), Ph\u00e1p (1666) v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c (1700), nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p khoa h\u1ecdc v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ee9c ra \u0111\u1eddi. T\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, v\u00e0 19 nh\u01b0 Euler, Lagrange, Laplace, Liouville, Poisson, Jacobi, Ostrogradski, Hamilton \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u1ed1i \u01b0u<\/em> d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y (Xem [1], 65-67).\u00a0 Pierre Fermat l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean nguy\u00ean l\u00fd kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean: Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t<\/em>, Principle of Least Time, cho r\u1eb1ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng khi \u0111i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ch\u1ecdn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n \u00edt th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea5t. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 thu x\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tu\u00e2n theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n di chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t. \u00d4ng tin v\u00e0o nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3, khi \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng suy ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y b\u1edfi Willebrord Snell v\u00e0 Descartes. (Xem [1], 65-67)<\/p>\n

\"Pierre<\/p>\n

Pierre Fermat (1607-1665)<\/p>\n

N\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t qua \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00fd cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Fermat<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 tin r\u1eb1ng, v\u00ec v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 phung ph\u00ed, l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed, n\u00ean t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00edt nh\u1ea5t, kinh t\u1ebf nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. H\u1ecd \u0111i t\u00ecm nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (1698-1759). \u00d4ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Friedrich \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf, vua Ph\u1ed5 khai s\u00e1ng, m\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc Ph\u1ed5, Berlin.<\/p>\n

\"Robert<\/p>\n

Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (1698-1759)<\/p>\n

Maupertuis r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4n kh\u00e9o, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Fermat nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi gian, v\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, v\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 action<\/em>, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, hay c\u00f4ng. N\u0103m 1744 \u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 t\u00edch ph\u00e2n (integral, theo ngh\u0129a calculus) c\u1ee7a t\u00edch s\u1ed1 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c v\u00e0 qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0: Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n x\u1ea3y ra trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u theo quy lu\u1eadt l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng <\/em>(c\u00f4ng) nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t<\/em>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kinh t\u1ebf nh\u1ea5t. Maupertuis c\u00f3 v\u00e0i th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111i xa h\u01a1n: Mu\u1ed1n di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i n\u00f3 cho th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i mang t\u00ednh ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa trong s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u00edt nh\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf. Maupertuis tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt \u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n<\/em> v\u00e0 minh tri\u1ebft<\/em> c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n

Leonhard Euler, nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi Maupertuis t\u1eeb 1740-1744 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi Maupertuis r\u1eb1ng Ch\u00faa ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 theo m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean l\u00fd l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb c\u1ee7a b\u00e0n tay<\/em> c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa. \u00d4ng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cB\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ea5m th\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a V\u1ecb s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf minh tri\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o di\u1ec5n ra trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i hay c\u1ef1c ti\u1ec3u x\u1ea3y ra.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Leonhard<\/p>\n

Leonhard Euler (1707-1783)<\/p>\n

Euler ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean n\u00e0y. Ai t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan \u1ea5y n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf? \u00d4ng \u0111i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc khi cho r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt t\u1ed1i \u0111a hay t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, cho n\u00ean c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1eadt l\u00fd s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m s\u1ed1, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u0111a hay t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u. Ch\u00faa ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc minh tri\u1ebft h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u1edf ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t ch\u00fang ta, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u ngay, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. B\u1edfi v\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 d\u0129, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb9p.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Maupertuis \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Lagrange ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf h\u01a1n. \u00d4ng thay th\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/em>, energy. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 calculus of variations, t\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh to\u00e1n m\u1edbi m\u00e0 Lagrange d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Euler x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi William R. Hamilton (1805-1865), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 \u201cNewton th\u1ee9 hai\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t paradigm cho nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean, Variational principles<\/em> trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 tin ch\u1eafc, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd bao tr\u00f9m ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1edfi Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\"William<\/p>\n

William R. Hamilton (1805-1865)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Albert Eiinstein (1879-1955)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Einstein c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd bi\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Hamilton \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t theo c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t<\/em>. Tinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0m sao! [9] (Qua quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch de Villamil, Newton, The Man<\/em>, [9], Einstein cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 Newton l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t minh ph\u00e9p to\u00e1n bi\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc Lagrange.)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"File:God<\/p>\n

Ch\u00faa nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng. H\u1ecd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u00e0n tay c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa qua s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. Laplace n\u00f3i r\u00f5 h\u01a1n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 qua \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng sau:<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean do c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, n\u1ebfu bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m cho tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt (beings) l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh n\u00f3, n\u1ebfu tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee7 r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch (analysis), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e9n v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c duy nh\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a (c\u00e1c) nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t: \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh; v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft anh ta. ([1], 67)<\/p>\n

(3)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng Laplace c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1eadt l\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u201cd\u1ecb gi\u00e1o\u201d qua c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho Napoleon “Th\u01b0a Ng\u00e0i, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft n\u00e0y” (v\u1ec1 Ch\u00faa) cho b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng vinh \u0111\u1ebfn Ch\u00faa n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 khai minh, uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c suy gi\u1ea3m. C\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Laplace ch\u00ednh di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi khai s\u00e1ng<\/em> (Enlightenment science). M\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n. Newton \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u201cc\u1ee9u tinh\u201d Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Galilei t\u1eebng l\u00e0m, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u201cthanh l\u1ecdc\u201d n\u00f3 kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc duy l\u00fd, rational theology. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u0103n minh Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh v\u0103n minh khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em>, xa h\u01a1n mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Newton.<\/p>\n

\"Laplace,<\/p>\n

Pierre-Simon Laplace (1747-1827)<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 \u201cch\u1ebft\u201d, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u201ctr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh\u201d, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n vinh v\u00e0o Ch\u00faa. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. B\u1ed9 m\u00e1y khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ea1y ti\u1ebfp. Voltaire \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf nh\u1ea1o l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u201cCh\u00faa ch\u1ebft\u201d, m\u00e0 \u1edf th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u201cNewton c\u0169ng ch\u1ebft\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng \u201cch\u1ebft m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a ch\u00f4n\u201d. V\u00e0 h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a Newton ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u00e1m \u1ea3nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u00e0i to\u00e1n v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m \u2013 l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t tri th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng (t\u00e2m linh)\u201d, nh\u01b0 John Herman Randall, Jr. vi\u1ebft ([5], 343). Tr\u1edb tr\u00eau thay cho Newton!<\/p>\n

\u201cT\u00f4i r\u1ea5t \u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u m\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n; tuy nhi\u00ean t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0103n m\u1eebng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o\u201d, Richard Westfall n\u00f3i, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 M\u1ef9, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t qua c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 Isaac Newton, \u201cv\u00e0 khi t\u00f4i nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, th\u00ec v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, c\u00f2n l\u00e2u s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i l\u1ee3i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, d\u00f9 t\u00f4i hay ai \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u00edch hay kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u2013 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, hay c\u1ee7a Isaac Newton.\u201d ([12], 370)<\/p>\n

Einstein v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh, cho r\u1eb1ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111i xa, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u201c\u0111\u1ee9c tin\u201d n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi:<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng ai nghi\u00eam t\u00fac theo \u0111u\u1ed5i khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n (spirit, Geist) v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a V\u0169 tr\u1ee5, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi n\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta, v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ph\u1ea3i l\u00f9i b\u01b0\u1edbc khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00ec v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i khoa h\u1ecdc d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/em>, th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 h\u01a1n. (nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

Trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng cho khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ec5 Ch\u00faa<\/em> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c. Newton ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c \u0111i t\u00ecm c\u00e1c bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 \u0111o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn:<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00e0ng th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp s\u00e2u h\u01a1n, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 m\u00f9 m\u1ecbt h\u01a1n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111ang h\u1ed1i h\u1ea3 v\u00e0 run r\u1ea9y theo m\u1ed9t v\u0169 \u0111i\u1ec7u hoang d\u00e3.<\/p>\n

nh\u01b0 Max Born di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch The Restless Universe<\/em> (V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9) ([20], 277). M\u1eb7c cho bao nhi\u00eau ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 soi s\u00e1ng b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f2n l\u00e2u m\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn mi\u1ec1n bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/em> s\u1ebd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n bao l\u00e2u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. C\u00f3 d\u1ecbp s\u1ebd c\u00f2n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam<\/em>:<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc<\/a><\/em><\/h3>\n

Thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u00f3a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/i><\/a><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh<\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ng 12, 2017, xem l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 9, 2021<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch 1<\/em>: Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ernst Bloch th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 Bacon l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c:<\/p>\n

Ai u\u1ed1ng n\u1eeda c\u1ed1c tri th\u1ee9c, s\u1ebd ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf Ch\u00faa; ai u\u1ed1ng c\u1ea1n c\u1ed1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa \u1edf \u0111\u00e1y c\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Werner Heisenberg l\u1ea1i di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1:<\/p>\n

H\u1edbp th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb c\u00e1i c\u1ed1c khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd l\u00e0m b\u1ea1n v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e1y c\u1ed1c Ch\u00faa \u0111ang ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o Heisenberg \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc Francis Bacon ch\u0103ng?<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch 2: <\/em>C\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Newton kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan g\u00ec hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 John Donne (1575-1613), c\u0169ng m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, s\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc Newton m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat:<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 l\u1eb7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i d\u1ea1o tr\u00ean b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0, c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ch\u00f9m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1edd \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 thu nh\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean s\u1ecfi, ho\u1eb7c v\u1ecf s\u00f2 hoa v\u00e2n, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u00f2 m\u00f2 ph\u00f9 phi\u1ebfm. V\u00e0, d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c thu nh\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ecdc trai ho\u1eb7c h\u1ed5 ph\u00e1ch l\u00e0m thu\u1ed1c ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng chung c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed soi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta; nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng ph\u00f9 phi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1c l\u1ecfng, trong khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o; v\u00e0 khi t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang, anh ta y\u00eau th\u00edch ch\u00fang, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, m\u00e0 v\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt …. Nh\u01b0ng … n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n theo \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, y\u00eau m\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 cao \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh y\u00eau Kinh th\u00e1nh, v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 … b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1edd \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ecdc trai v\u00e0 h\u1ed5 ph\u00e1ch, trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c [nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf gian] b\u1eb1ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n ngo\u00e0i v\u1ecf s\u00f2 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 cu\u1ed9i; h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, theo cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y; trong khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 mang \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00ean cao h\u01a1n. ([20], 46-47)<\/p>\n

John Donne r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o Newton \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng ch\u0103ng? Donne c\u0169ng t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i Cambridge m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc Newton.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Xem b\u00e0i T\u00ecnh y\u00eau Khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/nhung-quyen-sach-muon-gui-huong-cho-gio\/<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Xem Albert Einstein \u2013 M\u1eb7t Nh\u00e2n B\u1ea3n<\/em>, Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p TP H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh (tr. 69)<\/p>\n

Tham kh\u1ea3o<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

[1] Morris Kline, Mathematics<\/em>. The Loss of Certainty<\/em>, 65-68. \u200e<\/span>Oxford University Press; Reprint edition, 1982.<\/span><\/p>\n

[2] E. T. <\/span><\/span><\/span>Bell, The Development of Mathematics<\/em>, tr. 15 tr\u1edf \u0111i. Dover Publications; Reprint edition, 2012.<\/span><\/p>\n

[3] Isaac Newton, The Principia. Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy<\/em>. A New Translation by I. Bernard Cohen and Anne Whitman; assisted<\/em> by Julia Budenz. Preceded<\/em> by A Guide to Newton\u2019s Principia by I. Bernard Cohen. University of California Press, 1999.<\/p>\n

[4] Lord Keynes, Newton, The Man<\/em>. Trong Newton Tercentenary Celebrations<\/em>. The Royal Society, University Cambridge Press, 1947.<\/p>\n

[4a] James Jeans, Newton and the Science of to-day<\/em>. Trong Newton Tercentenary Celebrations<\/em>.<\/p>\n

[5] John Herman Randall, Jr., The Religious Consequences of Newton\u2019s Thought<\/em>. Trong The Annus Mirabillis of Sir Isaac Newton <\/em>1666-1966. The M.I.T Press, 1967.<\/p>\n

[6] Christopher Hill, Newton and His Society<\/em>. Trong The Annus Mirabilis of Sir Isaac Newton <\/em>nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

[7] Frank E. Manuel, A Portrait of Isaac Newton<\/em>. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1968.<\/p>\n

[8] Thomas Levenson, Newton and the Counterfeiter<\/em>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009.<\/p>\n

[9] Richard De Villami<\/span><\/span><\/span>, Newton, The Man<\/em>. Foreword by Albert Einstein. Gordon D. Knox, 1931.<\/p>\n

[10] Newton Tercentenary Celebrations<\/em> at the Anniversary Meeting of the Royal Society 30 November 1942.<\/p>\n

[11] Newton<\/em>. Selected and Edited by I. Bernard Cohen and Richard S. Westfall. Norton edition, 1995.<\/p>\n

[12] Richard S. Westfall, Newton and Christianity<\/em>, trong [11], 356-370.<\/p>\n

[13] Richard S. Westfall, Science and Religion in Seventeenth Century England<\/em>. The University of Michigan Press, 1973.<\/p>\n

[14] James Gleick, Isaac Newton.<\/em> Vintage, 2004.<\/p>\n

[15] Isaac Newton, Opticks<\/em>. Edition Vieweg, 1983. (Ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c)<\/p>\n

[16] Frank E. Manuel, The Religion of Isaac Newton<\/em>. The Clarendon Press, 1974.<\/p>\n

[17] Edward Grant, God & Reason in the Middle Ages<\/em>. Cambridge University Press, 2001.<\/p>\n

[18] Rob Iliffe, Priester of Nature. The Religious Worlds of Isaac Newton<\/em>. Oxford University Press, 2017.<\/p>\n

[19] Gale E. Schristianson, In the Presence of the Creator. Isaac Newton & His Times.<\/em> The Free Press, 1984.<\/p>\n

[20] Robert Palter (ed.), The Annus Miorabilis of Sir Isaac Newton<\/em> 1666-1966. The M.I.T Press, 1967.<\/p>\n

[21] Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh, T\u00ecnh y\u00eau khoa h\u1ecdc, hay L\u00fd t\u00ednh th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5<\/em>: https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/nhung-quyen-sach-muon-gui-huong-cho-gio\/<\/p>\n

-V\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a L\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/em>: https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/truong-hoc-cua-ly-tinh\/<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

KHOA H\u1eccC V\u00c0 T\u00d4N GI\u00c1O Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh   Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 \u1edf cho c\u00e1c Qu\u00e1i th\u00fa, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 suy t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00f3n N\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a L\u00fd t\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p cho Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6612"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6612"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6612\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6675,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6612\/revisions\/6675"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6612"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6612"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6612"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}