{"id":6724,"date":"2021-10-24T10:16:07","date_gmt":"2021-10-24T03:16:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=6724"},"modified":"2021-10-26T09:04:11","modified_gmt":"2021-10-26T02:04:11","slug":"isambard-kingdom-brunel-nguoi-ky-su-anh-vi-dai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/isambard-kingdom-brunel-nguoi-ky-su-anh-vi-dai\/","title":{"rendered":"Isambard Kingdom Brunel: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 Anh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i"},"content":{"rendered":"

ISAMBARD KINGDOM BRUNEL<\/span><\/p>\n

NG\u01af\u1edcI K\u1ef8 S\u01af ANH V\u0128 \u0110\u1ea0I<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng anh h\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean h\u1ecd, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00e0o ch\u00f3i l\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1i sai, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 anh h\u00f9ng n\u00e0o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ca ng\u1ee3i, b\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c CHI\u1ebeN TH\u1eaeNG kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u cho s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb.<\/span><\/p>\n

Isambard Kingdom Brunel<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

N\u0103m 2002 \u0110\u00e0i BBC l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn to\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u1ec1 “100 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t”. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd nh\u01b0 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i, Winston Churchill \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng Diana (5 n\u0103m sau khi b\u00e0 m\u1ea5t). Theo sau l\u00e0 Charles Darwin, William Shakespeare, v\u00e0 Isaac Newton \u1edf h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 3, 4 v\u00e0 5. Nh\u01b0ng ai l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt th\u1ee9 hai? \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Wikipedia vi\u1ebft, \u00f4ng l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 “m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt t\u00e0i tr\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt”, “m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19”, v\u00e0 “m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, [ng\u01b0\u1eddi] \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh quan n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.” Brunel \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c b\u1ebfn t\u00e0u, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Great Western (GWR), m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t t\u00e0u h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 t\u00e0u h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc xuy\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2n v\u1ecbt, c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 xuy\u00ean qua nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i, t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con t\u00e0u t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y.<\/span> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c<\/em> c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 nh\u01b0 Henri Dyer, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Minh Tr\u1ecb m\u1eddi l\u00e0m hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Tokyo, t\u1eebng n\u00f3i. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 “l\u00e0m chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u00edch; v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 bao nhi\u00eau, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf chung cu\u1ed9c s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em>\u201d Dyer n\u00f3i.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1i t\u00ean Isambard Kingdom Brunel c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 t\u1eeb b\u1ed1 \u00f4ng Sir Marc Isambard Brunel <\/span><\/span>v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecf x\u1ee9 t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh c\u00f3 t\u00ean Sophia Kingdom. Marc v\u00e0 Sophia <\/span><\/span>g\u1eb7p nhau l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf Rouen nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1790. <\/span><\/span>L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u1ea3o ho\u00e0ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, Marc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfi Ph\u00e1p sang New York v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m K\u1ef9 s\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York n\u0103m 1796.<\/span> Sophia \u1edf l\u1ea1i Paris \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 gi\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Anh n\u00ean <\/span>b\u1ecb cho v\u00e0o t\u00f9, v\u00e0 b\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tho\u00e1t ch\u1ebft sau khi Robespierre b\u1ecb h\u1ea1 b\u1ec7 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6, 1794.<\/span> H\u1ecd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nhau m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u1edf Lu\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11, n\u0103m 1799. Sophia sau \u0111\u00f3 sinh h\u1ea1 Isambard v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1806 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9a con th\u1ee9 3 sau 2 \u0111\u1ee9a con g\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u.
\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ed1 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ecfi ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n (m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cho r\u1eb1ng con trai \u00f4ng th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng), nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a con trai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ebfn t\u00e1m tu\u1ed5i, c\u1eadu b\u00e9 Brunel \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed3 \u00e1n. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb, Brunel l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi “nghi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c”. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 g\u1eedi sang m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 n\u1ed9i tr\u00fa Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng, nh\u01b0ng chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec l\u00fd do t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, Isambard c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. \u1ede tu\u1ed5i 20, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u1edbi b\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebft v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m v\u01b0\u1ee3t s\u00f4ng Thames ch\u1ea3y qua Lu\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4n, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.
\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"A<\/p>\n

Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-1859)<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea7u treo Clifton t\u1ea1i V\u1ef1c Avon t\u1ea1i Bristol \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00fac \u00f4ng m\u1edbi 24 tu\u1ed5i, tu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Isaac Newton:<\/p>\n

\"A<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

C\u1ea7u Royal Albert (1859) b\u1eafc qua s\u00f4ng Tamar t\u1ea1i Saltash, Anh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1edfi Isambard Kingdom Brunel.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Brunel x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u kh\u1ee7ng, nh\u01b0 SS<\/em> Great Westen<\/em> n\u0103m 1938 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng:<\/p>\n

\"The<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0u SS<\/em> Great Britain<\/em> v\u1edbi th\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng s\u1eaft l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1843, m\u1ed9t prototype cho c\u00e1c t\u00e0u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

\"A<\/p>\n

SS Great Britain<\/em><\/p>\n

Great Britain<\/em> l\u00e0 con t\u00e0u s\u1eaft quy m\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (tr\u1eeb t\u00e0u c\u00f3 m\u00ecnh s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 1590), \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0u bi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Ng\u00e0y nay du kh\u00e1ch v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00e2n trang v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i b\u1ebfn t\u00e0u \u1edf Bristol \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Brunel t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp theo th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, Brunel mu\u1ed1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t “t\u00e0u kh\u1ee7ng”, t\u00e0u ma-m\u00fat, ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Leviathan<\/em>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0u SS Great Eastern<\/em>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 t\u00e0u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nhanh nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1edf 4.000 h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch t\u1eeb Anh sang \u00dac m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u (than), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1858, m\u1ed9t n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Brunel m\u1ea5t:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Great Eastern<\/em><\/p>\n

\"An<\/p>\n

Great Eastern<\/em> trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng 1858<\/p>\n

https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SS_Great_Eastern<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Great Eastern<\/em> c\u1eadp c\u1ea3ng \u1edf New York, 1860<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh minh h\u1ecda kho\u1ea3ng 1877<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n 50 n\u0103m qua \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0u kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi Great Eastern<\/em>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Great Easter<\/em>n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 Brunel mong mu\u1ed1n. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1, Great Eastern<\/em> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. N\u00f3 n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 v\u00e0 ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i, v\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch to l\u1edbn ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111i t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u00dac. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c v\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t con t\u00e0u \u0111\u1eb7t d\u00e2y c\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00e1o xuy\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111ang trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Great Eastern<\/em> ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1889. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i k\u1ebft \u0111\u00e1ng bu\u1ed3n cho m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh huy ho\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a Brunel kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng – v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i – l\u00e0 trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u. Khi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf c\u1ea1nh tranh nhau, nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n bi\u1ec3n tr\u1edf c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t con t\u00e0u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1edf \u0111\u1ee7 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u cho chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ed7 cho h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kinh t\u1ebf. Brunel th\u00ec ngh\u0129 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

L\u00e0m sao \u00f4ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt? Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u00e0u bi\u1ec3n l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e3y c\u00f2n ph\u00f4i thai.<\/p>\n

Brunel d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 (scaling argument) \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. \u00d4ng nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con t\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1edf t\u0103ng l\u00ean theo l\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em> k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (nh\u01b0 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng), trong khi \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu khi n\u00f3 di chuy\u1ec3n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u0103ng l\u00ean nh\u01b0 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ngang c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n t\u00e0u v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Galileo v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a x\u00e0 ngang v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n tay thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. Trong c\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u0103ng ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng theo lu\u1eadt t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 %. Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc l\u00ean m\u1ed9t con t\u00e0u so v\u1edbi tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1edf gi\u1ea3m t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a con t\u00e0u. Hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c: tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 so v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng khi con t\u00e0u c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t con t\u00e0u l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ea7n \u00edt nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed7i t\u1ea5n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t con t\u00e0u nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e0u l\u1edbn h\u01a1n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m chi ph\u00ed h\u01a1n t\u00e0u nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n<\/em> \u2014 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf quy m\u00f4. (Xem G. West trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Scale)<\/em><\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Navier-Stokes<\/em> v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, sau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u v\u00e0 m\u00e1y bay. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, v\u1eabn x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u00e0u b\u1eb1ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m. N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 Kant, “c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 Khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em>” (eine Wissenschaft aber nicht Wissenschaft). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Isambard Kingdom Brunel m\u1ea5t qu\u00e1 s\u1edbm, \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 53, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9t qu\u1ef5 ngay tr\u00ean boong t\u00e0u, khi c\u00e1c c\u1ed5 m\u00e1y c\u1ee7a Great Eastern<\/em> ch\u1ea1y th\u1eed, v\u00e0 10 ng\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3, 15 th\u00e1ng 9 qua \u0111\u1eddi. B\u1ed1 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng m\u1ea5t v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9t qu\u1ef5. \u201cTr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i v\u1ecb k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1ef1c thi l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o trong c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00fang\u201d, Daniel Gooch, k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Brunel vi\u1ebft.<\/span> ‘Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng anh ta ng\u00f4ng cu\u1ed3ng;<\/span> nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 anh \u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ed3i xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n chi ph\u00ed cho m\u1ed7i suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng.’ N\u0103m n\u0103m sau khi \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi, Brunel \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n vinh x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng. C\u1ea7u treo Clifton Bristol \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Xem ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel<\/a><\/p>\n

v\u00e0 https:\/\/designmuseum.org\/designers\/isambard-kingdom-brunel#<\/a><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Brunel-Built-World-Phoenix-Press\/dp\/0753821257\/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel&qid=1635039470&qsid=131-8411875-6903210&sr=8-1&sres=0753821257%2C0140117520%2CB07D2JP5JN%2CB00AQMLVGE%2C1848689632%2CB01ETYSZMM%2C0750963069%2CB07X7GDDX8%2C0002571854%2CB00DN5U7VG%2C0727700308%2CB06XWZ2GH2%2C1359877983%2C185285331X%2CB06XFFLRGZ%2CB0007JLBZ2&srpt=ABIS_BOOK<\/a><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean k\u1ef9 s\u01b0.<\/p>\n

Xin xem th\u00eam:<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u1eafng: Ph\u00e1t minh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb ung th\u01b0<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Hideki Yukawa \u2013 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eef h\u00e0nh c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eadt 24. 10. 2021<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

ISAMBARD KINGDOM BRUNEL NG\u01af\u1edcI K\u1ef8 S\u01af ANH V\u0128 \u0110\u1ea0I   N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng anh h\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean h\u1ecd, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00e0o ch\u00f3i l\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1i sai, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 anh h\u00f9ng n\u00e0o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ca ng\u1ee3i, b\u1eb1ng<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6724"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6724"}],"version-history":[{"count":49,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6724\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6730,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6724\/revisions\/6730"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6724"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6724"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6724"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}