{"id":6972,"date":"2022-01-29T15:47:30","date_gmt":"2022-01-29T08:47:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=6972"},"modified":"2022-01-31T15:49:56","modified_gmt":"2022-01-31T08:49:56","slug":"ban-ve-le-i","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/ban-ve-le-i\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 L\u1ec5 (I)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 24pt;color: #008000\">B\u00c0N V\u1ec0 L\u1ec4 (I)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>Th\u00e2n t\u1eb7ng c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng du h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i CHLB \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Berlin nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960-70 t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng h\u1ebft m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi tr\u00e1i tim, v\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng \u0111ang t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n h\u1ebft m\u00ecnh t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u201cKhoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 B\u00e0n ph\u00edm m\u00e1y t\u00ednh\u201d xung quanh Nh\u00f3m <\/em>T\u1ee7 S\u00e1ch Nh\u1ea5t Ngh\u1ec7 Tinh<em> \u0111\u1ec3 cho ra \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 h\u1eefu \u00edch cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u201cl\u1ec5\u201d.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-6321\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2021\/03\/picture-7.png?resize=74%2C48&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"74\" height=\"48\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080;font-size: 18pt\">Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">Immanuel Kant<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080;font-size: 18pt\">T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, th\u00ec tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t cho nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">Alexis de Tocqueville<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><em>L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em>. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, hay \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00f3i tr\u00ean. L\u1ec5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111ang l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00f3ng b\u1ecfng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00e0 \u0111ang b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n s\u00f3ng ng\u1ea7m x\u00e2m th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1, l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng, n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 Maxim Gorki, hi\u1ec7n nay &#8220;V\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang b\u1ecb l\u00e2m nguy&#8221;? T\u00f4i ch\u01b0a b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. Nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t, c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh khai s\u00e1ng, c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c, c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng l\u1eabn nhau, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin cao c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, th\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u &#8220;ma qu\u1ef7&#8221; t\u00e0n ph\u00e1. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong.V\u0103n minh khai s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eadm qu\u00e1, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1edf mang tri th\u1ee9c di\u1ec5n ra ch\u1eadm qu\u00e1. Tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111ang c\u00f2n b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p, c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi. Tham nh\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u01a1n b\u00e3o \u0111ang t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eefa ch\u00e1y ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3 ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1n &#8220;\u00e1p th\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb&#8221;. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p xem nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 xung l\u1ef1c, trong khi tham nh\u0169ng v\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn d\u1ecb \u0111oan t\u0103ng th\u00eam xung l\u1ef1c, l\u00e0m cho t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng lo ng\u1ea1i. V\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u01b0a t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00f3a r\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh ch\u01b0a th\u1ebf l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao qu\u00fd. M\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi \u0111i v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. S\u1ef1 tinh luy\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec5n ra b\u00ean trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n. &#8220;Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 tinh luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec5n ra trong n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u0169 s\u1ea1ch kh\u1ecfi meo m\u1ed1c v\u00e0 b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi&#8221; nh\u01b0 Gorki nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t mong s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i m\u00f4 ph\u1ea1m h\u01a1n, m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9c v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\u0110\u00f3n xem b\u00e0i t\u1edbi: <em>Khoa h\u1ecdc &amp; C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 Hai m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy kinh t\u1ebf \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn l\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">NXX<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"symbol_content\" style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><span class=\"the_copied_text\">\u2b50<\/span><span class=\"the_copied_text\">\u2b50<\/span><\/span><span class=\"the_copied_text\" style=\"font-size: 14pt\">\u2b50<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ch\u1eef l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a Ti\u00ean sinh Matsushita K\u00f4nosuke trong Ph\u1ea7n (II), xin ph\u00e9p tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i li\u00ean quan g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y: &#8220;C\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u2018Ti\u00ean h\u1ecdc l\u1ec5, h\u1eadu h\u1ecdc v\u0103n\u2019 \u0111\u1ec3 khai m\u1edf t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng s\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o&#8221;, \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 hai t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng nhau. Ai mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf l\u1ec5. L\u1ec5 bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi chung v\u1edbi nhau. \u00d4ng Phan Ch\u00e1nh D\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft: \u201cCh\u1eef L\u1ec5 trong \u2018Ti\u00ean h\u1ecdc l\u1ec5 h\u1eadu h\u1ecdc v\u0103n\u2019 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 ph\u00e9p, l\u1ec5 nghi, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef L\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2u C\u00f4ng (Ch\u00e2u L\u1ec5). N\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy ph\u1ea1m, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, gi\u1eef g\u00ecn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u00e0i h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, gi\u00fap cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u0103n minh, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.\u201d L\u1ec5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu ch\u1ec9nh theo th\u1eddi gian cho th\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i bao l\u00e2u c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng mu\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng chung h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 ph\u1ed3n vinh, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 hai, l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ec5, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd n\u00f3i: \u201cbarbaric\u201d (\u201cman di\u201d). Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 l\u1ec5 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu s\u1ebd b\u1ecb t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n<p>L\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt th\u1eddi Tokugawa trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 \u0111\u1ebfn 1868 l\u00e0m th\u00ed d\u1ee5. H\u1ecd thi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u1eafm hay sao? H\u00e3y xem n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Edo th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 t\u1eebng khi\u1ebfn cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ee1 ng\u00e0ng. Trong th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Th\u1eddi Tokugawa, gi\u1edbi samurai c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. T\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi Tokugawa \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1n Kh\u1ed5ng t\u1eed. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc trong tinh th\u1ea7n tranh lu\u1eadn, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng r\u1eadp khu\u00f4n. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 thi l\u00e0m quan. Kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u khai s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 \u201cKhoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng\u201d. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 h\u1ecd h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o. \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n <em>bushido<\/em>. N\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Kaitokud\u014d t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Osaka l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 <em>gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia, l\u00e0 b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u201c\u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh\u201d (virtue). H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1eeb 1726 v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Tokugawa s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 n\u0103m 1868. Shibusawa Eiichi \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn l\u00ean t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t <em>\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em> l\u00ean tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, b\u1edfi h\u1ecd \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ec1ng m\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 du nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t gh\u1ebf gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 n\u0103m 1893 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tokyo l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc (<em>ringigaku<\/em>), nh\u01b0ng n\u0103m 1883 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch <em>M\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em> (<em>Rinsi shinsetsu<\/em>) lu\u1eadn b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch quy m\u00f4 do h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Inoue Tetsujiro bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng cho ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Minh Tr\u1ecb mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1eeba <em>ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/em> v\u1eeba <em>v\u0103n minh<\/em>. Kh\u00f4ng v\u0103n minh th\u00ec h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 \u201cb\u00e1n khai\u201d, nh\u01b0 Fukuzawa Yukichi th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o d\u00e1m nh\u00ecn th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5. \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c <em>bushido<\/em>, l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd thua k\u00e9m.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, m\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 <em>ringigaku<\/em> nh\u01b0 Inoue k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ph\u1ea3i v\u0103n minh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c \u201ct\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai s\u00e1ng\u201d, t\u1eeb v\u1ec7 sinh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch \u0103n m\u1eb7c v\u00e0 x\u1eed th\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c (<em>shushin<\/em>) t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf. \u201c<em>Ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/em>\u201d n\u0103m 1890 c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><em>H\u1ee1i c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n<\/em>, h\u00e3y hi\u1ebfu th\u1ea3o v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9, y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi anh ch\u1ecb, h\u00e3y ho\u00e0 thu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi b\u00e8 b\u1ea1n; h\u00e3y s\u1ed1ng khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tha \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi; theo \u0111u\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vun x\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c; h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1i t\u1ed1t c\u00f4ng, khu\u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i chung. [\u2026]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"n3VNCb\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/citacoes.in\/media\/authors\/fukuzawa-yukichi_gInMwXE.jpeg?resize=340%2C429&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Frases de Fukuzawa Yukichi (12 cita\u00e7\u00f5es) | Cita\u00e7\u00f5es e frases famosas\" width=\"340\" height=\"429\" data-noaft=\"1\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901)<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng Fukuzawa Yukichi th\u00ec ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng h\u01a1n. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0m m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u1ea5y Ch\u00faa, m\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh hai t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft tinh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u00f4ng quan ni\u1ec7m cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n: <em>T\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>\u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp tinh th\u1ea7n<\/em> nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m anh ta l\u00ean, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00ean m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u cao h\u01a1n. Cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta, r\u1eb1ng h\u00e3y n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c trong m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o tr\u00e1i tim m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 T\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng kim ch\u1ec9 nam c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n<li>Ai g\u00ecn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 Tinh th\u1ea7n l\u1eabn Th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, bi\u1ebft qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, gi\u1eef g\u00ecn nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb hoen \u1ed1, ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi anh ta l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0110i\u1ec1u 1 v\u00e0 2 trong <em>Moral Code<\/em> (\u201cTu th\u00e2n y\u1ebfu l\u0129nh\u201d)<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Cha \u0111\u1ebb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Shibusawa Eiichi, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c hun \u0111\u00fac nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cho gi\u1edbi kinh doanh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111ang l\u00ean, l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n, c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, qu\u1ed1c gia, th\u00f4ng qua tri\u1ebft l\u00fd n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u201c<em>Lu\u1eadn ng\u1eef<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>B\u00e0n t\u00ednh<\/em>\u201d. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u00f4ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i l\u00ean gi\u1edbi doanh nh\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 h\u00f4m nay.<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Tokugawa.<\/p>\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh g\u00ec n\u1ebfu b\u1ecf h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3? H\u1ecd s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n ch\u00ednh danh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u0103n minh \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1eabng m\u1eb7t nh\u00ecn thi\u00ean h\u1ea1, d\u00f9 h\u1ecd gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u0111i n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n<p>\u1ede ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, <em>h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. Nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Th\u1ee5y S\u1ef9 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX t\u1eebng n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 may gi\u1ecfi, th\u1ee3 gi\u00e0y gi\u1ecfi, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n gi\u1ecfi, hay chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 gi\u1ecfi, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ra c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 may, th\u1ee3 gi\u00e0y, doanh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t <em>th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>, theo ngh\u0129a cao qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a danh t\u1eeb. S\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean h\u1eefu \u00edch c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u1ebb em.<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1edbi J. S. Mill: \u201cM\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt gia, b\u00e1c s\u0129 hay k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c (t\u01b0 duy), c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m\u201d, hay Wilhelm von Humboldt: \u201cCh\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u2026 v\u00e0 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kinh doanh t\u1ed1t khi anh ta t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh \u2026 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai s\u00e1ng\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>V\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean <em>B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u0103n<\/em>. \u201cNg\u01b0\u01a1i h\u00e3y h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng, h\u1ebft linh h\u1ed3n, h\u1ebft \u00fd m\u00e0 y\u00eau m\u1ebfn Ch\u00faa. Ng\u01b0\u01a1i h\u00e3y y\u00eau k\u1ebb l\u00e2n c\u1eadn nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh. H\u00e3y tr\u1ecdng k\u00ednh cha m\u1eb9 ng\u01b0\u01a1i. Ng\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ng\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp. Ng\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng gian c\u00e1o t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i. \u00a0[\u2026] N\u00ean ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, nh\u01b0 Cha c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u1edf tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. \u0110\u1eebng khu\u00f4n r\u1eadp theo \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u00ed m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, v\u1eeba l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Tin l\u00e0nh nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Si\u00eang n\u0103ng, c\u1ea7n c\u00f9, ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m, s\u1ed1ng theo \u201cch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh-t\u1ea1i-th\u1ebf\u201d l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng. Kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh trong lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 trong n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a x\u00e1c th\u1ecbt, s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u nh\u01b0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n, s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau pha phung ph\u00ed, ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0o nho\u00e1ng; v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00edch l\u0169y v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ch\u00fac ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i. \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Tin l\u00e0nh trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Anh, H\u00e0 Lan (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, 17). (Max Weber) <span style=\"color: #0000ff\">[3bis]<\/span><\/p>\n<p>N\u1ebfu m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u201cLu\u1eadn ng\u1eef v\u00e0 B\u00e0n t\u00ednh\u201d c\u1ee7a Shibusawa, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u201c\u0110\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 B\u00e0n t\u00ednh\u201d l\u00e0 kim ch\u1ec9 nam c\u1ee7a doanh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o Tin l\u00e0nh, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed1t, m\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00e2u th\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tin l\u00e0nh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Kinh Th\u00e1nh, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n<p>Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1edbn cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1o ra t\u1ef1 do, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Tuy th\u1ebf, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 <em>v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em> r\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vun x\u1edbi li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 11, 12 tr\u1edf \u0111i t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc trung c\u1ed5 qua gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng, v\u00ec Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng, l\u00fd t\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 gi\u00fap \u0111em con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa h\u01a1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u00fd t\u00ednh s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u Ch\u00faa nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. L\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 soi s\u00e1ng th\u00eam t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 b\u1ea3y m\u00f4n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt khai ph\u00f3ng (<em>septem artes liberales<\/em>), \u0111\u1ec3 sinh vi\u00ean r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy cho logic, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vun x\u1edbi l\u00fd t\u00ednh (reason) c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi v\u00f4 minh, l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u00ednh <em>khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong t\u01b0 duy<\/em>, hai t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Fukuzawa Yukichi nh\u1eadn ra l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u00e1i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u201cm\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c tin\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng khoa h\u1ecdc qua \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a r\u1ea5t ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1ef1 c\u1edfi tr\u00f3i m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ef1 n\u00f3, t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai s\u00e1ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 can \u0111\u1ea3m h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. T\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c y\u00eau v\u00e0 \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u00f3. V\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn <em>Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a L\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/em> v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a <em>Khai minh<\/em> \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean d\u00f2ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p><em>V\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em> \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. C\u00e1c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u00e0u lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t Newton hay Einstein \u1edf m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c tr\u1eddi xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ee9 hai, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u00f3a <em>khoan dung<\/em> (tolerance), t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, \u0111i\u1ec1u John Locke th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u201cd\u1ecb gi\u00e1o\u201d. Thung l\u0169ng Silicon l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 g\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ta nh\u1ea5t.<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"n3VNCb\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d3\/Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg\/1536px-Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg\" alt=\"T\u1eadp tin:Albert Einstein Head.jpg \u2013 Wikipedia ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t\" width=\"350\" height=\"466\" data-noaft=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Albert Einstein (1879-1955)<\/p>\n<p>S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt s\u00e2u, v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1y theo l\u1ec1 th\u00f3i, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh, v\u00e0 can \u0111\u1ea3m ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u. Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00ec n\u00f3 b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng. Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tinh th\u1ea7n t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, Albert Einstein \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">B\u1edfi v\u00ec, m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 cao c\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi trong s\u1ef1 <em>ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/em>.<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh th\u1ea7n t\u01b0 duy, c\u00e1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u1eeba cho s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, v\u1eeba cho \u201cl\u1ec5\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 v\u0129nh c\u1eedu, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi \u201cs\u1ef1 tin ch\u1eafc (certainty) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng-khoan dung\u201d, cho n\u00ean <em>khoan dung <\/em>(tolerance) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng khai ph\u00f3ng-t\u1ef1 do. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, truy v\u1ea5n, tranh lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i, tu ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ec9nh cao \u2013 n\u01a1i h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a qu\u1ed1c gia\u201d (Humboldt).<\/p>\n<p>Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u201ctr\u1eadt t\u1ef1\u201d, \u201ct\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d, trong khi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n\u201d, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh \u201cv\u00f9ng c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n g\u1eb7p nhau\u201d m\u1edbi l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n m\u1edbi \u201ctinh x\u1ea3o v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o\u201d, m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch <em>Qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p<\/em>.<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, c\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn <em>Bildung<\/em>, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Humboldt, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201ctr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng m\u1ecfm \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ngu d\u1ea1i\u201d.<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><em>Adam Smith<\/em><em>, Immanuel Kant<\/em> <em>v\u00e0 <\/em><em>\u0110<\/em><em>\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"n3VNCb\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/d1w7fb2mkkr3kw.cloudfront.net\/assets\/images\/book\/lrg\/9780\/8952\/9780895263636.jpg?resize=348%2C541&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"The Theory of Moral Sentiments Or, an Essay\/2 Volumes Bound in 1 Book : Adam Smith : 9780895263636\" width=\"348\" height=\"541\" data-noaft=\"1\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m <em>L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">c\u1ee7a Adam Smith (1723-1790)<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0ng khoa h\u1ecdc, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, kinh doanh th\u00f4i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c <em>khai s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em>: khai s\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u201c\u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d \u2013 nh\u01b0 l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n (compassion), nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb (benevolence), m\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3m (sympathy). T\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u00f4ng, Adam Smith n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00edt ai \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c (moral philosopher). T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m <em>Theory of Moral Sentiments<\/em> (L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, 1759), ra \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m <em>The Wealth of Nations<\/em> (S\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, 1776) \u0111\u1ebfn 17 n\u0103m, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. \u201cL\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t\u201d (pity), \u201cL\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n\u201d, hay \u201cL\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb\u201d, \u201cM\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3m\u201d, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb m\u00e0 Smith \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. \u201cCh\u00ednh s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u00edt h\u01a1n cho ch\u00fang ta, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 \u00edch k\u1ef7, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u201d Theo Smith, khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd (justice) c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu so v\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0, n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u00e2m l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u.<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a> Trong <em>Wealth of Nations<\/em>, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft: \u201cX\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb lu\u00f4n s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 h\u00e3m h\u1ea1i l\u1eabn nhau\u201d. Cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi, Adam Smith \u0111\u00e3 th\u00eam v\u00e0o <em>Nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em> m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1: \u201cV\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u v\u00e0 k\u1ebb l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 khinh mi\u1ec7t hay b\u1ecf qu\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.\u201d C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 linh c\u1ea3m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f2\/Kant_gemaelde_3.jpg\/220px-Kant_gemaelde_3.jpg\" alt=\"Kant gemaelde 3.jpg\" width=\"350\" height=\"456\" data-file-width=\"1009\" data-file-height=\"1317\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)<\/p>\n<p>Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Immanuel Kant nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">Trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 l\u00fd t\u00ednh) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch-t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 b\u1edfi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf) n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n; v\u00ec v\u1eady nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i thi\u00eang li\u00eang v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, b\u1edfi v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang v\u00ec t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n n\u00f3, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u00f3 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang.<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n h\u00e8n m\u1ecdn, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh thi\u00eang li\u00eang. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Kant: &#8220;H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, cho d\u00f9 v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n hay con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n.&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Kant, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cm\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh\u201d, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng (Achtung) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do, nh\u01b0ng quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb sai l\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, l\u00e0 sai. C\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, m\u1edbi \u201cx\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac\u201d. C\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Kant trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m <em>Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00fd t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/em> bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: \u201cHai \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp t\u00e2m t\u01b0 t\u00f4i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 v\u00e0 k\u00ednh s\u1ee3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng m\u1ed7i khi ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: B\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y sao tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00f4i, v\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u1edf trong t\u00f4i.\u201d Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh linh nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 m\u00e0 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n. C\u00f2n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gi\u00fap \u00f4ng \u201ckhai m\u1edf m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00fa t\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao \u0111\u1eb9p, theo \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a <em>Mensch<\/em>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u201cc\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c\u201d, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Cho n\u00ean vun x\u1edbi v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng. Nh\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0 Kant n\u00f3i, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c hay xu h\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 l\u00fd t\u00ednh h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 suy x\u00e9t, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u201c\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c phi l\u00fd t\u00ednh\u201d sai l\u1ec7ch nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch giai c\u1ea5p, v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh hay c\u1ed1 \u00fd, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y sao \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng th\u00e0nh chi\u00eam tinh h\u1ecdc, hay m\u00ea t\u00edn d\u1ecb \u0111oan, b\u1edfi thi\u1ebfu khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn. Cho n\u00ean, khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i m\u00e1y t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, hay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo \u201cb\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e0n\u201d, m\u1ea5t \u0111i t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n, th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c?<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t b\u00ean, Kant, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 b\u00ean kia, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Smith, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, t\u1ea1o ra t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 24pt\">***<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Hi\u1ec7n nay, qua nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ai c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y. T\u00f2a nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng m\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng cu\u1ed1i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, trong khi \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng tr\u00ean thi\u1ebfu \u0111i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 sinh kh\u00ed, \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u1ebfn lu m\u1edd. V\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu \u1edbt. Thi\u1ebfu v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00ec \u201cv\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u00ea t\u00edn\u201d tr\u00e0n lan, v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy sai l\u00fd t\u00ednh, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00fd t\u00ednh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1ng trong b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i \u00e1c s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n ra, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecda s\u0129 Goya minh h\u1ecda.<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a> Cho n\u00ean h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00fd t\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n cho ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o, ph\u1ea3i l\u00fd, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u201c\u0111\u1ea1o\u201d s\u1ed1ng chung gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u00ednh ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt, li\u00eam khi\u1ebft, t\u00f4n trong s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n tham nh\u0169ng kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n nay kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau hao t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e1ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch phung ph\u00ed ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u201cch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c\u201d v\u00e0 t\u00f4n th\u1edd c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu l\u1ec5.<\/p>\n<p>Ng\u00e0y nay ch\u1eef l\u1ec5 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n minh, t\u1ee9c l\u1ec5 tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh x\u1eed cho \u0111\u00fang m\u1ef1c l\u00e0 \u201cthi\u1ebfu l\u1ec5\u201d. Trong giao ti\u1ebfp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng, tinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u1ecf ra hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang m\u1ef1c, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. L\u1ec5 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e9p x\u00e3 giao, \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u0103n minh. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u1edf c\u1eeda cho m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai ch\u1eef \u201cc\u00e1m \u01a1n\u201d l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu l\u1ec5, d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edf c\u1eeda l\u00e0 ai, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c l\u1edbn hay nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n m\u00ecnh, hay m\u00e0u da, quen hay l\u1ea1. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c gi\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu l\u1ec5.<\/p>\n<p>X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng vong th\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh danh cho l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. \u0110\u1ec3 cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu l\u1ec5; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e1 nhem nhu\u1ed1c, m\u1ea5t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, v\u1ec7 sinh, k\u00eanh r\u1ea1ch r\u00e1c r\u01b0\u1edfi l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 di\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu l\u1ec5.<\/p>\n<p>L\u1ec5 c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean. Th\u1eddi Tokugawa phong ki\u1ebfn, l\u1ec5 \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e0nh cho gi\u1edbi samurai c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kho\u1ea3ng 6 % d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, l\u1ec5 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. Khi l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi samurai kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i ri\u00eang cho h\u1ecd, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 M\u1ea1c Ph\u1ee7 suy \u0111\u1ed3i v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi nguy c\u01a1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111ang tr\u00e0n t\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nh\u01b0 nhau, trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh. Ch\u1eef l\u1ec5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh to l\u1edbn c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng. R\u00e0o c\u1ea3n phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n b\u1ecb x\u00f3a b\u1ecf, v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cv\u0103n minh v\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng\u201d (<em>bunmei kaika<\/em>) nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n trong cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Shibuzawa c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tranh \u0111\u1ea5u cho s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa quan ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 doanh nh\u00e2n. Doanh nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 \u201ckhi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3\u201d quan ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea3. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t vai kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n<p>\u1ede ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u0169ng v\u1eady sau c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Napoleon. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf c\u1eeda t\u1ef1 do, t\u1ee9c c\u00e1i l\u1ec5, cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng cho thi\u00ean t\u00e0i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 cho c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. M\u1ecdi uy quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a s\u1ef1 k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi mang trong m\u00ecnh nguy c\u01a1 m\u1ee5c ru\u1ed7ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 \u0111ang l\u00ean nh\u01b0 v\u0169 b\u00e3o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean v\u0169 \u0111\u00e0i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. S\u1ef1 v\u00f4 c\u1ea3m tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi b\u1ee9t thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng thi\u1ebfu l\u1ec5.<\/p>\n<p>Hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u201ctruy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\u201d c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 r\u01b0\u1eddm r\u00e0 ch\u01b0a h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu ch\u1ec9nh cho h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u01a1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa v\u1ee3-ch\u1ed3ng, b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9-con c\u00e1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc-c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. N\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, minh b\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng h\u01a1n. Thi\u1ebfu d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu l\u1ec5. Thi\u1ebfu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu l\u1ec5. G\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tinh th\u1ea7n, cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f2n t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft tr\u1ebb em \u201ckhoanh tay c\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7u\u201d khi ch\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, theo thi\u1ec3n \u00fd, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i l\u1ec5 th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u1eeba l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y tai h\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd cho tr\u1ebb em, nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ti, khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang s\u1ebd xa l\u00e1nh giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a qu\u00e1 t\u00f4n ti tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u1eeb ri\u00eang m\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1i chung, khi\u1ebfn cho giao ti\u1ebfp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. C\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 l\u1ec5, nh\u01b0 Fukuzawa n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean: <em>n\u00e2ng cao nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m anh ta l\u00ean, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00ean m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u cao h\u01a1n<\/em>; <em>bi\u1ebft qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, gi\u1eef g\u00ecn nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb hoen \u1ed1<\/em>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb <em>l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng<\/em> ng\u00fat ng\u00e0n, t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi samurai. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p hy sinh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 do, nh\u01b0ng nay c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f3. K\u1ebb th\u00f9 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i th\u00ec h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh, d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, c\u00f2n \u201ck\u1ebb th\u00f9 phong ki\u1ebfn, l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu\u201d b\u00ean trong th\u00ec v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n, b\u1edfi n\u00f3 n\u1ea5p trong ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 kia v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che ch\u1edf \u00eam \u1ea5m. Bao l\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh, th\u00ec k\u1ebb th\u00f9 b\u00ean trong tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady, che m\u1ea5t \u00fd th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e1u x\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00f2i \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn xa, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u1ed9ng, v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay phe nh\u00f3m nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb t\u1eebng l\u00e0m, m\u1edbi kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebb th\u00f9 b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3 v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c cho t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh (intelligent) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c (educated) n\u00ean t\u1ecf ra c\u00f3 <em>tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd<\/em> (moral obligation) nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c khai s\u00e1ng cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u0169ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u1ec3 soi s\u00e1ng vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng qu\u1ed1c gia, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Minh Tr\u1ecb t\u1eebng l\u00e0m. \u0110\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf ch\u1eadu n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 trong \u0111\u00f3. Tuy ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc l\u1ec5 th\u00f4i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong s\u1ea1ch, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u0129, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt ch\u01a1i v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn, d\u00e0nh qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n cho nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong \u0111\u00f3, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f3 l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf h\u1ecdc l\u1ec5 l\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m cho c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ec5 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m, l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu l\u1ec5. Kh\u00f4ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c thi\u1ebfu l\u1ec5 l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu v\u1ec1 v\u0103n minh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Thi\u1ebfu l\u1ec5, nh\u01b0 theo nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u0103n h\u00f3a hay v\u0103n minh.<\/p>\n<p>Trong b\u00e0i t\u1edbi, xin qu\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 xem quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 <em>l\u1ec5<\/em> c\u1ee7a Matsushita K\u00f4nosuke \u1edf Ph\u1ea7n II, nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp C\u00f4ng ty Panasonic, m\u1ed9t doanh nh\u00e2n l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i \u201c\u0111\u1ea1o\u201d c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau. B\u00e0i r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham kh\u1ea3o. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng cho doanh nh\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong> 28. 11. v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1ng Sinh 2021<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Xem <em>Tu th\u00e2n y\u1ebfu l\u0129nh<\/em>: <a href=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/tu-than-yeu-linh-cua-fukuzawa-yukichi\/\">https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/tu-than-yeu-linh-cua-fukuzawa-yukichi\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> Xem <em>Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kinh doanh h\u00f4m nay v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Shibusawa Eiichi<\/em>:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"TpRi6Welzi\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/the-gioi-kinh-doanh-hom-nay-va-triet-ly-cua-shibusawa-eiichi\/\">Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kinh doanh h\u00f4m nay v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Shibusawa Eiichi<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kinh doanh h\u00f4m nay v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Shibusawa Eiichi&#8221; &#8212; B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh\" src=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/the-gioi-kinh-doanh-hom-nay-va-triet-ly-cua-shibusawa-eiichi\/embed\/#?secret=TpRi6Welzi\" data-secret=\"TpRi6Welzi\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> Xem <em>T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a J. H. Pestalozzi<\/em>: <a href=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/tu-tuong-giao-duc-cua-j-h-pestalozzi\/\">https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/tu-tuong-giao-duc-cua-j-h-pestalozzi\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080\">[3bis]<\/span> T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m <em>N\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Tin l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 Tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n<\/em> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc Max Weber \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef b\u1edfi B\u00f9i V\u0103n Nam S\u01a1n, Nguy\u1ec5n Ngh\u1ecb, Nguy\u1ec5n T\u00f9ng v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n H\u1eefu Quang. Nxb Tri Th\u1ee9c, 2010.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> Xem s\u00e1ch <em>B\u00ed m\u1eadt Thung l\u0169ng Silicon<\/em> s\u1eafp ra m\u1eaft t\u1ea1i Nxb T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> Xin xem quan ni\u1ec7m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Albert Einstein li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o: <a href=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/a-einstein-tam-guong-lon-cua-tu-duy-doc-lap\/\">https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/a-einstein-tam-guong-lon-cua-tu-duy-doc-lap\/<\/a> . Hay trong s\u00e1ch <em>T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi t\u00f4i<\/em>, Albert Einstein, s\u1eafp xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> Xem <em>T\u1ea1i sao c\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng<\/em>: <a href=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/tai-sao-can-giao-duc-khai-phong\/\">https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/tai-sao-can-giao-duc-khai-phong\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> Xem s\u00e1ch <em>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/em> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, Nxb T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p; v\u00e0 b\u00e0i <em>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc X\u01b0a v\u00e0 Nay, T\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI<\/em> trong m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch s\u1eafp t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> Xem <em>Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n<\/em>: <a href=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/trach-nhiem-cong-dan\/\">https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/trach-nhiem-cong-dan\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> Trong <em>Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00fd t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/em>. B\u00f9i V\u0103n Nam S\u01a1n d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> Trong Immanuel Kant, <em>C\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em> (t\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> Xem th\u00eam: <em>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a L\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/em>: <a href=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/truong-hoc-cua-ly-tinh\/\">https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/truong-hoc-cua-ly-tinh\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>B\u00c0N V\u1ec0 L\u1ec4 (I) Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh &nbsp; Th\u00e2n t\u1eb7ng c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng du h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i CHLB \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Berlin nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960-70 t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng h\u1ebft m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi tr\u00e1i tim, v\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng \u0111ang t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n h\u1ebft m\u00ecnh t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u201cKhoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 B\u00e0n ph\u00edm m\u00e1y t\u00ednh\u201d xung quanh Nh\u00f3m<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6972"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6972"}],"version-history":[{"count":42,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6972\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7275,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6972\/revisions\/7275"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6972"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6972"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6972"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}