{"id":7033,"date":"2022-01-04T10:01:36","date_gmt":"2022-01-04T03:01:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=7033"},"modified":"2022-01-04T20:53:40","modified_gmt":"2022-01-04T13:53:40","slug":"ky-yeu-thuyet-tien-hoa-150-nam-charles-darwin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/ky-yeu-thuyet-tien-hoa-150-nam-charles-darwin\/","title":{"rendered":"K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu 150 N\u0103m Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a & Charles Darwin"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

150 N\u0102M THUY\u1ebeT TI\u1ebeN H\u00d3A
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

&<\/em><\/span> Charles Darwin<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span>2009<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a <\/span><\/em>Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span>
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 tuy \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. N\u00f3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u1ea5t t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 khai sinh nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Immanuel Kant<\/span><\/p>\n

\"NPG<\/p>\n

Charles Darwin (1809\u20131882) c\u1ee7a John Collier<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em>. N\u0103m 2009 UNESCO k\u00eau g\u1ecdi k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m hai s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng, 400 N\u0103m Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u00e0m hai quy\u1ec3n k\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1p l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi, m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. S\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 ra m\u1eaft t\u1ea1i Nxb Tri Th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2010, l\u00e0 n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt 200 N\u0103m. Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 2005-2012 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi: N\u0103m Einstein v\u00e0 V\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (2005), Sinh nh\u1eadt Max Planck, cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (2008), k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m hai s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc 400 n\u0103m v\u00e0 Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a 150 n\u0103m (2009), \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt 200 n\u0103m (2010), H\u1ea1t Higgs \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y (2012). Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 quy t\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c r\u1ea5t th\u1eddi s\u1ef1, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n k\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t “th\u00f4ng tin, truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c”. Nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n k\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ra theo l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a UNESCO, hay theo nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed quan tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. N\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i, d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp cho s\u1ed1 K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a & Charles Darwin<\/em>, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c th\u00fa v\u1ecb, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn? V\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2u? T\u1ea1i X\u1ee9 s\u1edf bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o m\u00e0 n\u1ea3y sinh nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, soi s\u00e1ng c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 chi ph\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong tinh th\u1ea7n khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Darwin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fat ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc hay h\u00f3a sinh.<\/span> Cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n. NXX<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2b50<\/span>\u2b50<\/span><\/h2>\n

B\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc qu\u00fd m\u1ebfn<\/em>,<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m qua li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng khoa h\u1ecdc: 100 n\u0103m ra \u0111\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (2000), 100 n\u0103m th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3<\/em> c\u1ee7a Einstein v\u00e0 50 n\u0103m ng\u00e0y m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng (2005), sinh nh\u1eadt th\u1ee9 150 c\u1ee7a Max Planck, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai s\u00e1ng thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (2008).<\/p>\n

C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t nam r\u1ea5t vui m\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n vinh c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n soi s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m nay, 2009,<\/em> c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Li\u00ean Hi\u00ea\u0323p Qu\u00f4\u0301c c\u00f4ng b\u00f4\u0301\u00a0 la\u0300 \u201cN\u0103m Thi\u00ean v\u0103n Qu\u00f4\u0301c t\u00ea\u0301\u201d \u0111\u00ea\u0309 ky\u0309 ni\u00ea\u0323m 400 n\u0103m Galileo du\u0300ng ki\u0301nh thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111\u00ea\u0309 tha\u0301m hi\u00ea\u0309m vu\u0303 tru\u0323, 2009 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u0103m sinh nh\u1eadt th\u1ee9 200 c\u1ee7a Darwin c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 150 n\u0103m thuy\u1ebft Ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e2n di\u0323p na\u0300y, UNESCO ph\u00f4\u0301i h\u01a1\u0323p v\u01a1\u0301i H\u00f4\u0323i Thi\u00ean v\u0103n Qu\u00f4\u0301c t\u00ea\u0301 IAU (International Astronomical Union) \u0111\u00ea\u0309 t\u00f4\u0309 ch\u01b0\u0301c nh\u01b0\u0303ng hoa\u0323t \u0111\u00f4\u0323ng ph\u00f4\u0309 bi\u00ea\u0301n thi\u00ean v\u0103n ho\u0323c tr\u00ean toa\u0300n c\u00e2\u0300u. \u0110\u00f4\u0301i v\u01a1\u0301i UNESCO, c\u00f4ng vi\u00ea\u0323c gia\u0301o du\u0323c trong li\u0303nh v\u01b0\u0323c khoa ho\u0323c la\u0300 m\u00f4\u0323t \u0111\u00f4\u0323ng c\u01a1 thu\u0301c \u0111\u00e2\u0309y s\u01b0\u0323 pha\u0301t tri\u00ea\u0309n b\u00ea\u0300n v\u01b0\u0303ng va\u0300 s\u01b0\u0323 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0309ng kinh t\u00ea\u0301\u0301. UNESCO nh\u00e2\u0301n ma\u0323nh t\u00e2\u0300m quan tro\u0323ng cua\u0309 thi\u00ean v\u0103n ho\u0323c, kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0\u0303ng trong li\u0303nh v\u01b0\u0323c khoa ho\u0323c c\u01a1 ba\u0309n ma\u0300 co\u0300n ca\u0309 trong c\u00f4ng vi\u00ea\u0323c thi\u00ea\u0301t l\u00e2\u0323p quan h\u00ea\u0323 gi\u01b0\u0303a nh\u01b0\u0303ng qu\u00f4\u0301c gia, nh\u0103\u0300m ba\u0309o t\u00f4\u0300n nh\u01b0\u0303ng n\u00ea\u0300n v\u0103n ho\u0301a r\u00e2\u0301t \u0111a da\u0323ng va\u0300 duy tri\u0300 ho\u0300a bi\u0300nh tr\u00ean th\u00ea\u0301 gi\u01a1\u0301i. Nh\u01b0\u0303ng n\u00ea\u0300n v\u0103n minh tr\u00ean tra\u0301i \u0111\u00e2\u0301t th\u01b0\u01a1\u0300ng mang d\u00e2\u0301u \u00e2\u0301n cua\u0309 thi\u00ean v\u0103n ho\u0323c. Di ti\u0301ch cua\u0309 nh\u01b0\u0303ng c\u00f4ng tri\u0300nh ki\u00ea\u0301n tru\u0301c c\u00f4\u0309 x\u01b0a \u0111a\u0303 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c x\u00e2y tr\u00ean quy lu\u00e2\u0323t thi\u00ean v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng n\u0103m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf thi\u00ean v\u0103n v\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc, xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ed9 k\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu 2009 g\u1ed3m hai t\u1eadp cho hai \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, k\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu sinh h\u1ecdc, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a hai ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m hai nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc khai s\u00e1ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Galilei v\u00e0 Darwin.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1809 Charles Darwin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra ng\u00e0y 12.2 t\u1ea1i Shrewsbury, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9a con th\u1ee9 n\u0103m trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 s\u00e1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi con. \u00d4ng t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m l\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecdc b\u00e1c s\u0129 t\u1ea1i Edinburgh r\u1ed3i th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Cambridge \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y g\u00ec l\u00e0m th\u00fa v\u1ecb, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u0103n b\u1eafn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sinh ho\u1ea1t th\u00fa v\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. N\u0103m 1831 \u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m phi\u00eau l\u01b0u ng\u00f3t 5 n\u0103m li\u1ec1n tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c mang t\u00ean Beagle c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng gia Anh. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Nam M\u1ef9 \u00f4ng \u0111i qua \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi cho \u00f4ng: S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 g\u00ec, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 g\u00ec.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00fac quanh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e1nh c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u201cI think<\/em>\u201d (t\u00f4i ngh\u0129) m\u00e0 \u00f4ng, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 28 tu\u1ed5i, v\u1ebd l\u00ean trong quy\u1ec3n s\u1ed5 tay B<\/em> m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1837. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i. N\u0103m 1859, sau h\u01a1n 20 n\u0103m, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cNgu\u1ed1n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i\u201d (On the origin) ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ra m\u1eaft c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang, \u0111\u00fang 150 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

\u201cL\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta h\u01a1n thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc thi\u00ean th\u1ec3. N\u00f3 cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta\u201d nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Stephen J. Gould nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t.<\/p>\n

\"Zone<\/p>\n

\u201cC\u00e2y \u0111\u1eddi\u201d c\u1ee7a Darwin \u1edf trang 36 c\u1ee7a S\u1ed5 tay \u201cB\u201d<\/p>\n

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Theo Darwin, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0n tay Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf n\u00e0o, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i hay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhau, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng qua l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u1eb1ng tri\u1ec7u, t\u1ec9 n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1u \u201ch\u1ecd h\u00e0ng\u201d nhau t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t hay \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t, t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cv\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n\u201d c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u1ea5y. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o\u201d c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201ch\u00e0ng k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a mang nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00edch nghi. Thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1edbi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u00e1nh xe, l\u00f2 xo, thanh s\u1eaft\u2026gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Picasso l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ebf th\u1ea3i \u00f4ng thu nh\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Darwin tuy l\u00e0m th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin \u1edf Tr\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt g\u1ea7n g\u0169i nhau h\u01a1n, l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi sinh v\u1eadt h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

\"Zone<\/p>\n

C\u00e2y \u0111\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00e1nh Homo sapiens sapiens<\/em> tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng<\/p>\n

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Darwin tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c Hermann Helmholtz khi \u00f4ng n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u201ch\u00e0ng r\u1ea5t k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m k\u00ednh \u0111em b\u00e1n m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf cho \u00f4ng, th\u00ec \u00f4ng s\u1ebd t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i. Darwin n\u00f3i: \u201cCh\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn n\u1eefa r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0 con s\u00f2 hai m\u1ea3nh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt th\u00f4ng minh nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n l\u1ec1 c\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0o n\u1eefa trong t\u00ednh thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00e0 trong di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn gi\u00f3 th\u1ed5i \u0111i\u201d. Thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, di\u1ec5n ra trong m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a sinh v\u00e0 t\u1eed. C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn cao\u201d, nh\u01b0 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u1ecdc cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n do qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u00edch nghi.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu Copernicus \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh ng\u00e3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 cao c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi cho r\u1eb1ng tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ec7 tinh quay xung quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, th\u00ec Darwin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh ng\u00e3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 cao, t\u00ednh \u201cb\u00e1 ch\u1ee7\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t v\u00f4 nh\u1ecb\u201d c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt, c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng chung m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i m\u1ea7m nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y r\u1ed3i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh ra nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u00e2y. C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng b\u1eb1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Galilei v\u00e0 Darwin, \u201c\u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 Tr\u1eddi\u201d nh\u01b0 t\u00e1ch ra. N\u1ebfu Galilei l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ed3ng y Cesare Baronius \u201cD\u1ee5ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh linh l\u00e0 d\u1ea1y cho ch\u00fang ta c\u00e1ch l\u00ean Tr\u1eddi, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea1y Tr\u1eddi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh ra sao\u201d, th\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd hay t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00ean Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf\u00a0 n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y, m\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, mang nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ed1n v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u h\u1ebft. N\u00f3 c\u00e0ng n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Darwin ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Theodore Dobzhansky nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: \u201cKh\u00f4ng g\u00ec trong sinh h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn cao \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a quan ni\u1ec7m \u201cth\u1eddi gian h\u00f3a\u201d, \u201cl\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00f3a\u201d thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 (Alfred Dove). Quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay b\u1eb1ng quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/em>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d: tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/em> m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng h\u00f4m nay v\u1edbi n\u00fai non, s\u00f4ng h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra ngay nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng sang th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00e2y c\u1ecf v\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, trong th\u1eddi gian tr\u00ean t\u00e0u Beagle, Darwin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc say s\u01b0a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc Charles Lyell trong \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ecb n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1eadm ch\u1eadm \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 x\u00f3i m\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh m\u1edbi cho c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Darwin \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u01b0 duy n\u00e0y sang gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u1eefu c\u01a1. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft sau n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e1m \u01a1n Lyell v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: \u201cT\u00f4i th\u1ea5y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda c\u00e1c quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Lyell\u201d.<\/p>\n

Sau cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Darwin ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i ng\u00f3t 100 n\u0103m m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 hai trong sinh h\u1ecdc. Th\u00e1ng t\u01b0 1953, t\u1eeb Cambridge c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u1eef Rosaline Franklin, hai nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u1ebb ch\u01b0a t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i M\u1ef9 Francis Crick v\u00e0 Anh James Watson n\u1ed9p m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o m\u1ed9t trang \u0111\u00e1nh m\u00e1y v\u1ecfn v\u1eb9n 900 ch\u1eef cho t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nature<\/em> m\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng: h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xo\u1eafn k\u00e9p (double helix) c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed di truy\u1ec1n DNA, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00f4ng tin di truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ef1 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y sang th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 di truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u \u201cc\u1eb7p base\u201d trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed DNA m\u00e0 c\u00e1c gen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y. C\u00e1c gen n\u1eb1m nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean chu\u1ed7i ng\u1ecdc tr\u00ean c\u00e1c d\u00e2y xo\u1eafn c\u1ee7a DNA. C\u00e1i l\u00e0m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con vi khu\u1ea9n, c\u00e1, c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng hay chu\u1ed9t l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a trong chu\u1ed7i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\u201cCh\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u0129 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao. Nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1c gen c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/em>\u201d James Watson tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1, hay \u201cCh\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng<\/em>\u201d nh\u01b0 Crick n\u00f3i. Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 DNA n\u00e0y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00f3ng b\u1ecfng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920. Ch\u00edn n\u0103m sau, 1962, Watson v\u00e0 Crick \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 y khoa cho kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xo\u1eafn k\u00e9p DNA.<\/p>\n

V\u00e2ng, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 Darwin vi\u1ebft trong nh\u1eefng trang cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n Origin<\/em>, \u201cR\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng s\u1ebd r\u1ecdi v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3\u201d, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c r\u1ecdi v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang ta th\u1eed l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng so s\u00e1nh gen c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

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SINH V\u1eacT\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 % TR\u00d9NG H\u1ee2P V\u1ec0 GEN V\u1edaI CON NG\u01af\u1edcI<\/p>\n

Coly (vi khu\u1ea9n)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 15<\/p>\n

Men\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 30<\/p>\n

S\u00e2u (Nematode)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 40<\/p>\n

Chu\u1ed9t\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 75<\/p>\n

B\u00f2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 90<\/p>\n

Chimpanzee\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 98.4<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 99.9<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 99.95<\/p>\n

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B\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eadt m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng \u201cv\u1ebft x\u01b0a\u201d c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 trong ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00fang ta. S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 b\u1ed9 di truy\u1ec1n<\/em> (genom) c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c v\u1ebd \u201cb\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3\u201d c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 di truy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em> (human genome), t\u1ee9c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c DNA ch\u1ee9a trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gen kho\u1ea3ng 22.000 gen (l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 100.000) n\u1eb1m gi\u1ea5u trong 23 c\u1eb7p chromosom trong c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n

\"Zone<\/p>\n

James Watson (tr) v\u00e0 Francis Crick (ph) n\u0103m 1959 (\u1ea3nh TIME)<\/p>\n

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Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 DNA c\u1ee7a Watson v\u00e0 Crick c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c s\u00e2u xa \u1edf quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch What is life<\/em>? (S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec<\/em>?), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger vi\u1ebft n\u0103m 1944. Schr\u00f6dinger kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u b\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u201cm\u00e3 di truy\u1ec1n\u201d, m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb do Schr\u00f6dinger \u0111\u1eb7t ra. C\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u1ee7a \u201cm\u00e3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng\u201d. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 v\u1eadt l\u00fd gia tr\u1ebb (Gamov, Crick, Pauling, Gilbert, Delbr\u00fcck). Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean tr\u1ebb m\u1ea3nh kh\u1ea3nh James Watson. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i \u201cT\u1eeb gi\u1edd ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ecdc What is life?<\/em> c\u1ee7a Schr\u00f6dinger, t\u00f4i nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb th\u00f4i mi\u00ean trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111i t\u00ecm b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a gen\u201d. T\u1ea1i Cambridge, Watson chung s\u1ee9c v\u1edbi Crick \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u00ecm c\u00e1i \u201cm\u00e3 di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Schr\u00f6dinger\u201d. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 DNA \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f3 nh\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Crick v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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Th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2003, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang sau 50 n\u0103m t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y t\u1eeb l\u00fac Watson v\u00e0 Crick kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 h\u00ecnh xo\u1eafn k\u00e9p DNA, \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n Human Genome<\/em> c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp xong b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 gen c\u1ee7a Homo sapiens<\/em> ch\u00fang ta. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Bill Clinton l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 \u201cb\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d. Chu\u1ed7i di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ec1 \u00e1n t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m 3 t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 10 n\u0103m li\u1ec1n, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2009, nh\u00e0 c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Svante P\u00e4\u00e4bo, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n \u201cNh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n Max Planck t\u1ea1i Leipzig, sau 3 n\u0103m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00e3 di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal t\u1eeb 38.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng chu\u1ed7i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 di truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 chimpanzee (tinh tinh), \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem \u1edf nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o c\u00e1c gen c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gen c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f4m nay.<\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sinh h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n, tuy \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadt. C\u00e1c gen c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a hay kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e1c gen n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb v\u00e2y c\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u01a1i ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tay hay ch\u00e2n, hay c\u00e1nh, hay t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt (n\u1eb7ng 1500gr). C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gen thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng? C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? (\u1ea2nh tr\u00ean t\u1eeb s\u00e1ch Das Grosse Buch der Evolution <\/em>c\u1ee7a Ersnt P. Fischer)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u201cb\u1ed9 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng\u201d c\u00f3 trong b\u1ed9 di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i sinh v\u1eadt. B\u1ed9 n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m v\u00e0i tr\u0103m gen th\u00f4i, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 tu\u1ed5i 600 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trong ph\u00f4i. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c, bao gi\u1edd v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 mi\u1ebfng lego gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u00e1y bay, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, th\u00fa v\u1eadt,\u2026, th\u00ec t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1edf, \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1ed9t \u00edt gen c\u1ee7a \u2018b\u1ed9 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng\u2019 qua nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch g\u1ee1 r\u1ed1i m\u1ea1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb1ng sau \u0111\u00f3? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u201cc\u1ea7u giao\u201d di truy\u1ec1n (Carroll, Harvard). N\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong b\u1ed9 di truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng m\u00e3 h\u00f3a m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb l\u00e2u cho l\u00e0 \u201cr\u00e1c th\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a DNA\u201d. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng c\u1ea7u giao n\u00e0y m\u1edbi quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n gen, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc tin t\u01b0\u1edfng. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng m\u00e3 h\u00f3a \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi miRNA, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. C\u00f3 677 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 491 trong con chu\u1ed9t. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1ee9t r\u1ee9t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u00edt gen (22.000) h\u01a1n con chu\u1ed9t (23.000). Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y gen kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 miRNA. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u1ec7nh \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ecf chim \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ebb kh\u00f3a. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c \u201cc\u1ea7u giao\u201d kia, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u00ed m\u1eadt \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ea1y su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb con s\u00e2u!<\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3, k\u00e8m theo nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3. C\u00e1c c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh hi\u1ec3m ngh\u00e8o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111ang r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 tin hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ung th\u01b0 \u1edf c\u1ea5p ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. C\u0103n b\u1ea3n, ung th\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ec7nh di truy\u1ec1n\u201d (genetic diseases); chu\u1ed7i t\u1eeb 4 \u0111\u1ebfn 6 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ung th\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh cho ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ung th\u01b0. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng gen ch\u00ednh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea5t ch\u1ee3t tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ung th\u01b0. \u201c\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c!<\/em>\u201d. Gen ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cs\u1eeda ch\u1eefa\u201d. C\u00e2y c\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i gen \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Kho\u1ea3ng 2020 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c: b\u1ec7nh di truy\u1ec1n (hereditary diseases) \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, teo c\u01a1 x\u01a1 c\u1ee9ng b\u00ean) c\u1ee7a Stephen Hawking, cystic fibrosis (x\u01a1 h\u00f3a nang) c\u1ee7a Friedrich Chopin, r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a porphyria c\u1ee7a Vincent van Gogh. C\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 5.000 b\u1ec7nh di truy\u1ec1n \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang g\u00e2y \u0111au kh\u1ed5 cho 15% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. Thu\u1ed1c men \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m, nh\u01b0ng y t\u1ebf sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n ch\u00fang ta c\u00e1c li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh b\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a (lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c gen c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn (cung c\u1ea5p ch\u00fang th\u00eam b\u1eb1ng l\u1ed7i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, tia v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v.v.). \u1ede m\u1ed7i th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, c\u00f3 v\u00e0i tr\u0103m \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn x\u1ea3y ra trong DNA c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ta, trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt gen c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i len l\u1ecfi v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd c\u00f3 h\u1eb1ng t\u1ec9 c\u00e1c gen c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i s\u1ebd \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u00e1i b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a gen c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Do \u0111\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd d\u1ee9t.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u1edbn lao trong ng\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u1ecdc. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean xung quanh ta, v\u00e0 trong ta. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh \u0111\u00e0n con kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn 150 tu\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c h\u01a1n? Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed1t c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 sinh h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m Darwin ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f4m nay, Homo sapiens sapiens<\/em>, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i hay ch\u01b0a. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ch\u00fat n\u00e0o. C\u00e1i \u201cc\u1ed1i xay\u201d c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc<\/em> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u1ec1n n\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u trong \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng tr\u1eeb ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta. Hai tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hominid xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u Phi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia khoa h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 Homo erectus<\/em>, v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1eb3ng, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hai tay. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 500.000 n\u0103m h\u1ecd b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 200.000 n\u0103m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1o ra v\u0103n h\u00f3a, th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i h\u1ecd c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u01b0a gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eb7t ra trong n\u0103m Darwin 200 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f4m nay, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Homo sapiens sapiens<\/em>, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ch\u0103ng? \u00cdch k\u1ef7, xa hoa, phung ph\u00ed, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, uy quy\u1ec1n, sex \u0111ang th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t. Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y n\u1eefa. Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u201cung th\u01b0\u201d n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1. N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 Richard Dawkins: \u201cCh\u00fang ta l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y (ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft) lo sinh t\u1ed3n (cho m\u00ecnh) \u2013 c\u00e1c c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u00edch k\u1ef7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gen<\/em>.\u201d Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 \u00edch k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1eabn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 t\u1edbi. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Anthropocene<\/em>, Th\u1ebf nh\u00e2n sinh, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. (Xem https: \/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/paul-j-crutzen-dia-chat-hoc-cua-nhan-loai\/<\/a>)<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Nietzsche: \u201cC\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb con s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m sao! V\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 trong c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 s\u00e2u b\u1ecd, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i<\/em>\u201d. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201ckh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c\u201d, \u201cv\u01b0\u1ee3t qua\u201d (\u00fcberwunden) ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Nietzsche.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00e2y Stephen J. Gould, nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Harvard l\u00e0m c\u00e2u t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ebfn sau ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh nh\u1ecf x\u00edu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i b\u1ee5i r\u1eadm sum su\u00ea kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, m\u00e0, n\u1ebfu m\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai t\u1eeb h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng, th\u00ec g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng b\u1ee5i r\u1eadm \u1ea5y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng cho ra nh\u00e1nh n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, hay n\u00f3i chung, ch\u1eb3ng cho nh\u00e1nh n\u00e0o v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n tr\u00ean qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00ecn gi\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng n\u00f3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng<\/em> cho m\u00e3i m\u00e3i c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 mai sau. B\u1ec1n v\u1eefng l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o <\/em>v\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m<\/em> cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft th\u00edch nghi theo ngh\u0129a ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng<\/em>, m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4n ngoan v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c. Ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf theo b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng theo t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eddi sau m\u00e3i m\u00e3i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta h\u00f4m nay. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng minh ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t v\u1edbi con kh\u1ec9, con s\u00e2u trong ta.<\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tho\u00e1ng n\u00e0y<\/em>: https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/the-gioi-mot-thoang-nay\/<\/a><\/p>\n

B\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc qu\u00fd m\u1ebfn<\/em>,<\/p>\n

Thi\u00ean v\u0103n<\/em> v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/em> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a: \u0111i t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, tuy nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u h\u1ebft. K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu 2009 mu\u1ed1n g\u1ee3i l\u00ean cho thanh ni\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m tuy kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 v\u00f4 gi\u00e1. Ch\u00fang ta mang trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1c \u2018v\u1ebft x\u01b0a\u2019 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n mang nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1eb1ng t\u1ec9 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 s\u1eaft<\/em> trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 supernova? L\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 n\u1ea3y n\u1edf v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng: \u1edf m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb n\u00f3ng ch\u00e1y hay gi\u00e1 bu\u1ed1t; c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng; quay v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i xung quanh tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb n\u00f3ng ch\u00e1y hay b\u0103ng gi\u00e1 b\u1edfi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi? Cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i theo t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay, m\u00e0 theo b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng<\/em> m\u1edbi gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u00e0i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda gh\u00ea g\u1edbm t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam: K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu 400 N\u0103m thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Galileo Galilei:<\/p>\n

K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu 400 n\u0103m thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc & Galileo Galilei<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n