{"id":7078,"date":"2022-01-04T20:49:39","date_gmt":"2022-01-04T13:49:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=7078"},"modified":"2022-01-04T21:09:59","modified_gmt":"2022-01-04T14:09:59","slug":"ky-yeu-400-nam-thien-van-hoc-galileo-galilei","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/ky-yeu-400-nam-thien-van-hoc-galileo-galilei\/","title":{"rendered":"K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu 400 n\u0103m Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc & Galileo Galilei"},"content":{"rendered":"

400<\/span> N\u0102M THI\u00caN V\u0102N H\u1eccC <\/span><\/p>\n

& GALILEO GALILEI
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu 2009<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Ai d\u00e1m \u0111\u1eb7t ra gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho \u00f3c th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi? Ai mu\u1ed1n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1ed3i?<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Galileo Galilei<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

L\u1edcI N\u00d3I \u0110\u1ea6U<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc qu\u00fd m\u1ebfn<\/em>,<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m qua li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng khoa h\u1ecdc: 100 n\u0103m ra \u0111\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (2000), 100 n\u0103m th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3<\/em> c\u1ee7a Einstein v\u00e0 50 ng\u00e0y m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng (2005), sinh nh\u1eadt th\u1ee9 150 c\u1ee7a Max Planck, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai s\u00e1ng thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (2008).<\/p>\n

C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng\u00a0 khoa h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t nam r\u1ea5t vui m\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n vinh c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n soi s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m nay, 2009,<\/em> c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Li\u00ean Hi\u00ea\u0323p Qu\u00f4\u0301c c\u00f4ng b\u00f4\u0301\u00a0 la\u0300 \u201cN\u0103m Thi\u00ean v\u0103n Qu\u00f4\u0301c t\u00ea\u0301\u201d \u0111\u00ea\u0309 ky\u0309 ni\u00ea\u0323m 400 n\u0103m Galileo du\u0300ng ki\u0301nh thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111\u00ea\u0309 tha\u0301m hi\u00ea\u0309m vu\u0303 tru\u0323, v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cThi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi\u201d c\u1ee7a Kepler, 2009 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u0103m sinh nh\u1eadt th\u1ee9 200 c\u1ee7a Darwin (Darwin 200<\/em>) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 150 n\u0103m thuy\u1ebft Ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e2n di\u0323p na\u0300y, UNESCO ph\u00f4\u0301i h\u01a1\u0323p v\u01a1\u0301i H\u00f4\u0323i Thi\u00ean v\u0103n Qu\u00f4\u0301c t\u00ea\u0301 IAU (International Astronomical Union) \u0111\u00ea\u0309 t\u00f4\u0309 ch\u01b0\u0301c nh\u01b0\u0303ng hoa\u0323t \u0111\u00f4\u0323ng ph\u00f4\u0309 bi\u00ea\u0301n thi\u00ean v\u0103n ho\u0323c tr\u00ean toa\u0300n c\u00e2\u0300u. \u0110\u00f4\u0301i v\u01a1\u0301i UNESCO, c\u00f4ng vi\u00ea\u0323c gia\u0301o du\u0323c trong li\u0303nh v\u01b0\u0323c khoa ho\u0323c la\u0300 m\u00f4\u0323t \u0111\u00f4\u0323ng c\u01a1 thu\u0301c \u0111\u00e2\u0309y s\u01b0\u0323 pha\u0301t tri\u00ea\u0309n b\u00ea\u0300n v\u01b0\u0303ng va\u0300 s\u01b0\u0323 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0309ng kinh t\u00ea\u0301\u0301. UNESCO nh\u00e2\u0301n ma\u0323nh t\u00e2\u0300m quan tro\u0323ng cua\u0309 thi\u00ean v\u0103n ho\u0323c, kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0\u0303ng trong li\u0303nh v\u01b0\u0323c khoa ho\u0323c c\u01a1 ba\u0309n ma\u0300 co\u0300n ca\u0309 trong c\u00f4ng vi\u00ea\u0323c thi\u00ea\u0301t l\u00e2\u0323p quan h\u00ea\u0323 gi\u01b0\u0303a nh\u01b0\u0303ng qu\u00f4\u0301c gia, nh\u0103\u0300m ba\u0309o t\u00f4\u0300n nh\u01b0\u0303ng n\u00ea\u0300n v\u0103n ho\u0301a r\u00e2\u0301t \u0111a da\u0323ng va\u0300 duy tri\u0300 ho\u0300a bi\u0300nh tr\u00ean th\u00ea\u0301 gi\u01a1\u0301i. Nh\u01b0\u0303ng n\u00ea\u0300n v\u0103n minh tr\u00ean tra\u0301i \u0111\u00e2\u0301t th\u01b0\u01a1\u0300ng mang d\u00e2\u0301u \u00e2\u0301n cua\u0309 thi\u00ean v\u0103n ho\u0323c. Di ti\u0301ch cua\u0309 nh\u01b0\u0303ng c\u00f4ng tri\u0300nh ki\u00ea\u0301n tru\u0301c c\u00f4\u0309 x\u01b0a \u0111a\u0303 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c x\u00e2y tr\u00ean quy lu\u00e2\u0323t thi\u00ean v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng n\u0103m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf thi\u00ean v\u0103n v\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc, xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ed9 k\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu 2009 g\u1ed3m hai t\u1eadp cho hai \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, k\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu sinh h\u1ecdc, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a hai ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m hai nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc khai s\u00e1ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Galilei v\u00e0 Darwin.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c th\u00fa v\u1ecb, r\u1eb1ng c\u0169ng trong n\u0103m n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t trong hai nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO ph\u00e1t gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Kalinga v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng \u201c\u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d l\u00e0 Tr\u1ecbnh Xu\u00e2n Thu\u1eadn, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Virginia, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a K\u1ef7 Y\u1ebfu 2009. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vinh d\u1ef1 l\u1edbn cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, v\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u00f3i chung. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m k\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu 2009 do \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u00a0do UNESCO ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

B\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc qu\u00fd m\u1ebfn<\/em>,<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1609 Galileo Galilei h\u01b0\u1edbng vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng k\u00ednh t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00ean m\u00e0n tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00eam v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean. \u00d4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao m\u00e0 m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u1ea5y n\u00fai, mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, pha c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, pha c\u1ee7a sao Kim (Venus) th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y c\u1ee7a d\u1ea3i Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0 h\u00f3a ra ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m sao v\u00f4 s\u1ed1, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c v\u1ec7 tinh c\u1ee7a sao M\u1ed9c (Jupiter) quay xung quanh n\u00f3, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh thu nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Copernicus! V\u00e0 \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh tinh c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5! C\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u201cTh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao m\u1edbi<\/em>\u201d (Sidereus Nuncius) n\u0103m 1610 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y x\u00f4n xao l\u1edbn trong d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Tr\u1eddi v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a linh h\u1ed3n. Linh h\u1ed3n ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Tr\u1eddi (Plato).<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan Copernicus. \u00d4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

1632, khi Galilei c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m quy m\u00f4 Dialog <\/em>(Dialogue<\/em> concerning the two chief world systems <\/em>(Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u00ednh) v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd th\u00ec li\u1ec1n sau \u0111\u00f3, 1633, nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111em Galilei ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f2a \u00e1n d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o x\u1eed t\u1ed9i \u201cb\u1ecb nghi ng\u1edd d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o cao \u0111\u1ed9<\/em>\u201d. \u00d4ng b\u1ecb t\u00f9 chung th\u00e2n d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c giam l\u1ecfng, ph\u1ea3i qu\u1ef3 g\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n \u201cth\u00fa t\u1ed9i\u201d tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f2a \u00e1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi chu\u1ed1c l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft tr\u00ean gi\u00e0n h\u1ecfa thi\u00eau nh\u01b0 Giordano Bruno 33 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y s\u1ed1ng trong t\u00f9 giam l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, Galilei \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh Discorsi<\/em> (Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences<\/em>) nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111anh th\u00e9p tr\u01b0\u1edbc Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i La m\u00e3: \u201cNh\u01b0ng tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1eabn quay!<\/em>\u201d. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt r\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Kepler, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh b\u1edfi Newton v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Principia<\/em> ch\u1ec9 trong n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m sau.<\/p>\n

\"Nicolaus<\/p>\n

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Portrait \u00a0 \"JKepler.jpg\"<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)<\/p>\n

Johannes Kepler, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u quan s\u00e1t r\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Tycho Brahe \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi sao H\u1ecfa, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh: ch\u00fang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quay xung quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh elip, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb th\u1eddi C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1609 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebf qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch mang t\u00ean \u201cThi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi\u201d (Astronomia Nova<\/em>). Cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7y ly k\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

\"Exploring<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i: \u1ea2nh v\u1ebd m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Galilei do \u00f4ng quan s\u00e1t 400 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00e1i: \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

\"ESA\u00a0 \"File:Sidereus<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tr\u00e1i: Vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Galilei. Ph\u1ea3i: “Sidereus Nuncius” (Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p sao)<\/p>\n

Quan ni\u1ec7m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 v\u1eabn xem tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, quay xung quanh tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c nhau. Hai cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Galilei v\u00e0 Kepler x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 Nicolaus Copernicus c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1543 t\u1ea1i N\u00fcrnberg trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m De revolutionibus orbium coelestium<\/em> (V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 quay tr\u00f2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u00ean c\u1ea7u) l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn: tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u00e0 quay xung quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh thi\u00ean v\u0103n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t thi\u00ean v\u0103n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng k\u00ednh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai sinh.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1m tr\u00e1n Galilei v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 th\u1edd La m\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Galilei kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ef9 s\u01b0, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi \u0111ang l\u00ean. \u00d4ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 r\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con l\u1eafc, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c, gia t\u1ed1c, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u0129nh h\u1ecdc\u2026 Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Galilei v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u201ctan b\u0103ng gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n\u201d n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u201cQuy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (v\u0169 tr\u1ee5) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc<\/em>\u201d, nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3, cho d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc. Sang th\u1eddi Newton v\u00e0 Leibniz th\u00ec ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 to\u00e1n vi t\u00edch ph\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Einstein \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi Galilei l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi cha c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d, trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi Kepler l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n thi\u00ean v\u0103n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 m\u00e0 50 n\u0103m sau Newton s\u1ebd \u201c\u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean vai\u201d h\u1ecd (c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean vai c\u1ee7a Descartes v\u00e0 Huygens), v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cth\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng<\/em>\u201d v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u201cnh\u1eefng anh h\u00f9ng<\/em>\u201d trong khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Galilei l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1eebng t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc sau \u0111\u00eam d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m r\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Trung c\u1ed5. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kinh vi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 th\u1ee5t l\u00f9i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc. T\u01b0 duy kinh vi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 b\u00f3 h\u1eb9p, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u2018ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9\u2019 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 trung c\u1ed5, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u xong r\u1ed3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi th\u00e0nh khu\u00f4n v\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdc trong s\u00e1ch v\u1edf, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u2018di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i\u2019 ch\u00fang th\u00f4i. B\u1ed9 m\u00e1y khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1ecb tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00e2y ng\u00f4, bu\u1ed3n c\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi Aristoteles, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ai c\u0169ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o Aristoteles vanh v\u00e1ch. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u1edf Pisa \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n. Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng!\u201d (V\u1ecb n\u00e0y qu\u00ean \u0111i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh con r\u1eafn). Th\u00e0nh t\u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. C\u00e1i \u2018\u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t\u2019 trong c\u00e1i kho thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong epicycloid \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ptolemaios v\u1ebd ra trong t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m xi\u1ebfc, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ng\u1ee1 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, c\u00e1i r\u1ea5t thi\u1ebfu cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu m\u00e1u, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Galilei, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u t\u01b0 duy c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy kinh vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Trung c\u1ed5. Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y truy\u1ec1n \u0111i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean t\u1eeb \u00dd qua ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u00f2a lan, Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c nhanh ch\u00f3ng h\u01a1n c\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c. Trong khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh kinh v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng th\u00ec khoa h\u1ecdc tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy c\u0169: n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 y h\u1ecdc. Ch\u00ednh th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u0169 b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00eam t\u1ed1i trung c\u1ed5. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c: th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, hay l\u00fd t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/em>, \u00a0ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khai t\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kinh vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh minh c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh \u0111au bu\u1ed3n c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Galilei l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t. \u00a0Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1eebng t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 ra: Nicolaus Copernicus, Paracelsus, William Gilbert, Tycho Brahe, Francis Bacon, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, William Harvey, Ren\u00e9 Descartes, Pierre de Fermat, Evangelista Torricelli, Blaise Pascal, Christiaan Huygens, Isaac Newton v\u00e0 Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz.<\/p>\n

Sau nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 8 h\u00e0nh tinh c\u1ee7a th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong \u00edt nh\u1ea5t tr\u0103m t\u1ec9 v\u00ec sao trong d\u1ea3i ng\u00e2n h\u00e0. D\u1ea3i ng\u00e2n h\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u2018\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh\u2019 kho\u1ea3ng 100.000 n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean h\u00e0 (galaxy) ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u trong \u00edt nh\u1ea5t tr\u0103m t\u1ec9 thi\u00ean h\u00e0 trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Kho\u1ea3ng 75% th\u1ec3 t\u00edch v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng gian r\u1ed7ng m\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c \u2018b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng\u2019 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m thi\u00ean h\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5. Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m kho\u1ea3ng 30 thi\u00ean h\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong t\u1ea7m h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng 100 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0; \u0111\u00e1m n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m trong t\u1ea7m h\u1ea5p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n g\u1ed3m 100.000 thi\u00ean h\u00e0. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u00e2n h\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta, thi\u00ean h\u00e0 Andromeda, c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn 2,25 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u00e0i tr\u00ean qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, m\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft \u2018big bang\u2019 v\u1edbi v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 ti\u00ean kh\u1edfi x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 14 t\u1ec9 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Albert Einstein n\u0103m 1917 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 l\u1edbn c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u2018chuy\u1ec3n pha\u2019 hay kh\u00f4ng (phase transition, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y, b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i, ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u2018k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh\u2019 (critical change) t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n-v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 hay kh\u00f4ng, hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng gi\u00e1ng (fluctuation) ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. T\u1eeb v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n pha, nh\u01b0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ti\u00ean kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc hay sau \u0111\u00f3, \u2018l\u1ef1c ti\u00ean kh\u1edfi\u2019 c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, si\u00eau h\u1ea5p l\u1ef1c, t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n ra th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean: h\u1ea5p l\u1ef1c, l\u1ef1c h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb. Sau c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c proton v\u00e0 neutron h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft h\u00f4m nay.<\/p>\n

Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n pha quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 sinh ra c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c vi ph\u1ea1m (ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1) \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u1ede c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng l\u1edbn (si\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng) trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed9i \u0111i c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1. Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Cho n\u00ean, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u00f4m nay ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n pha k\u00e8m theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng. S\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n nay g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

\"How<\/p>\n

A\u0309nh ha\u0300nh tinh Th\u00f4\u0309 (Saturn) chu\u0323p t\u01b0\u0300 m\u00f4\u0323t con ta\u0300u t\u01b0\u0323 \u0111\u00f4\u0323ng vu\u0303 tru\u0323 v\u01a1\u0301i r\u00e2\u0301t nhi\u00ea\u0300u chi ti\u00ea\u0301t trong va\u0300nh \u0111ai, tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f4\u0323t ca\u0301i \u0111i\u0303a CD. Trong vu\u0303 tru\u0323 bao la, tra\u0301i \u0111\u00e2\u0301t cua\u0309 chu\u0301ng ta (\u201cHome\u201d n\u0103\u0300m \u01a1\u0309 b\u00ean tra\u0301i trong a\u0309nh) chi\u0309 la\u0300\u00a0 m\u00f4\u0323t \u0111\u00f4\u0301m sa\u0301ng m\u01a1\u0300 a\u0309o li ti \u00a0(Hi\u0300nh NASA).\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m t\u1ec9 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhanh h\u01a1n. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gia t\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eb1ng sau s\u1ef1 ph\u00ecnh ra \u1ea5y. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111ang quy n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 \u201cn\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i\u201d, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 b\u00ed l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd. C\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? K\u00ea\u0301t h\u01a1\u0323p v\u01a1\u0301i nga\u0300nh v\u00e2\u0323t ly\u0301 ha\u0323t c\u01a1 ba\u0309n, thuy\u00ea\u0301t Big Bang \u0111a\u0303 d\u00e2\u0303n \u0111\u00ea\u0301n nh\u01b0\u0303ng k\u00ea\u0301t qua\u0309 la\u0300m sa\u0301ng to\u0309 ph\u00e2\u0300n na\u0300o nh\u01b0\u0303ng v\u00e2\u0301n \u0111\u00ea\u0300 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u00ea\u0301n ngu\u00f4\u0300n g\u00f4\u0301c va\u0300 s\u01b0\u0323 ti\u00ea\u0301n hoa\u0301 cua\u0309 vu\u0303 tru\u0323. Nh\u01b0\u0303ng thi\u00ea\u0301t bi\u0323 thi\u00ean v\u0103n nga\u0300y ca\u0300ng hi\u00ea\u0323n \u0111a\u0323i se\u0303 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c du\u0300ng \u0111\u00ea\u0309 th\u0103m do\u0300 th\u00e2\u0323t s\u00e2u xa nh\u0103\u0300m quan sa\u0301t vu\u0303 tru\u0323 trong tra\u0323ng tha\u0301i nguy\u00ean thu\u0309y. Nh\u01b0\u0303ng ma\u0301y gia t\u00f4\u0301c l\u01a1\u0301n cu\u0303ng co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 ta\u0301i ta\u0323o trong pho\u0300ng thi\u0301 nghi\u00ea\u0323m m\u00f4\u0323t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0300ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0\u0323 nh\u01b0 vu\u0303 tru\u0323 nguy\u00ean thu\u0309y. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady thi\u00ean v\u0103n va\u0300 v\u00e2\u0323t ly\u0301 b\u1ed5 t\u00fac cho nhau, giu\u0301p chu\u0301ng ta hi\u00ea\u0309u \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c s\u01b0\u0323 v\u00e2\u0323n ha\u0300nh cua\u0309 nh\u01b0\u0303ng thi\u00ean th\u00ea\u0309, s\u01b0\u0323 ti\u00ea\u0301n hoa\u0301 cua\u0309 vu\u0303 tru\u0323 va\u0300 xa\u0301c \u0111i\u0323nh vi\u0323 tri\u0301 cua\u0309 con ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i trong kh\u00f4ng gian. Thi\u00ean v\u0103n v\u1eadt l\u00fd (astrophysics) \u0111ang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh thi\u00ean v\u0103n v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t (astro-particle physics).<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra ca\u0301c nha\u0300 thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111a\u0303 ti\u0300m th\u00e2\u0301y ha\u0300ng tr\u0103m ha\u0300nh tinh n\u0103\u0300m \u01a1\u0309 b\u00ean ngoa\u0300i h\u00ea\u0323 m\u0103\u0323t tr\u01a1\u0300i, ma\u0300 ph\u00e2\u0300n l\u01a1\u0301n la\u0300 nh\u01b0\u0303ng ha\u0300nh tinh kh\u00f4\u0309ng l\u00f4\u0300 va\u0300 n\u0103\u0323ng nh\u01b0 ha\u0300nh tinh M\u00f4\u0323c, ch\u01b0\u0301a toa\u0300n la\u0300 khi\u0301. Ho\u0323 b\u0103\u0301t \u0111\u00e2\u0300u s\u01b0\u0309 du\u0323ng nh\u01b0\u0303ng ky\u0303 thu\u00e2\u0323t quan sa\u0301t hi\u00ea\u0323n \u0111a\u0323i co\u0301 \u0111\u00f4\u0323 nha\u0323y cao, nh\u0103\u0300m pha\u0301t hi\u00ea\u0323n loa\u0323i ha\u0300nh tinh co\u0301 vo\u0309 r\u0103\u0301n ch\u0103\u0301c va\u0300 nho\u0309 nh\u01b0 tra\u0301i \u0111\u00e2\u0301t co\u0301 kha\u0309 n\u0103ng ch\u01b0\u0301a s\u01b0\u0323 s\u00f4\u0301ng. S\u01b0\u0323 pha\u0301t hi\u00ea\u0323n ra nh\u01b0\u0303ng ha\u0300nh tinh xa x\u00f4i \u01a1\u0309 b\u00ean ngoa\u0300i h\u00ea\u0323 m\u0103\u0323t tr\u01a1\u0300i la\u0300 \u0111i\u00ea\u0300u ki\u00ea\u0323n ti\u00ean quy\u00ea\u0301t \u0111\u00ea\u0309 pha\u0301t hi\u00ea\u0323n nh\u01b0\u0303ng n\u00ea\u0300n v\u0103n minh trong da\u0309i Ng\u00e2n ha\u0300, b\u01a1\u0309i vi\u0300 s\u01b0\u0323 s\u00f4\u0301ng tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0300ng t\u00f4\u0300n nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean tra\u0301i \u0111\u00e2\u0301t chi\u0309 co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 t\u00f4\u0300n ta\u0323i tr\u00ean nh\u01b0\u0303ng ha\u0300nh tinh ma\u0300 nhi\u00ea\u0323t \u0111\u00f4\u0323 va\u0300 \u0111i\u00ea\u0300u ki\u00ea\u0323n ly\u0301-hoa\u0301 kh\u00f4ng qua\u0301 kh\u0103\u0301t khe. Ca\u0301c nha\u0300 thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111a\u0303 pha\u0301t hi\u00ea\u0323n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c trong da\u0309i Ng\u00e2n ha\u0300 r\u00e2\u0301t nhi\u00ea\u0300u hoa\u0301 ch\u00e2\u0301t, \u0111\u0103\u0323c bi\u00ea\u0323t la\u0300 nh\u01b0\u0303ng ph\u00e2n t\u01b0\u0309 h\u01b0\u0303u c\u01a1 co\u0301 kha\u0309 n\u0103ng d\u00e2\u0303n \u0111\u00ea\u0301n s\u01b0\u0323 hi\u0300nh tha\u0300nh axit amin. Loa\u0323i ph\u00e2n t\u01b0\u0309 sinh ho\u0323c na\u0300y co\u0301 vai tro\u0300 trung t\u00e2m trong qua\u0301 tri\u0300nh hi\u0300nh tha\u0300nh cua\u0309 s\u01b0\u0323 s\u00f4\u0301ng tr\u00ean tra\u0301i \u0111\u00e2\u0301t va\u0300 co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 ca\u0309 tr\u00ean nh\u01b0\u0303ng ha\u0300nh tinh kha\u0301c. S\u01b0\u0323 s\u0103n ti\u0300m axit amin trong vu\u0303 tru\u0323 la\u0300 m\u00f4\u0323t \u0111\u00ea\u0300 ta\u0300i quan tro\u0323ng v\u00ea\u0300 m\u0103\u0323t khoa ho\u0323c cu\u0303ng nh\u01b0 v\u00ea\u0300 m\u0103\u0323t tri\u00ea\u0301t ho\u0323c. Li\u00ea\u0323u chi\u0309 co\u0301 m\u00f4\u0323t mi\u0300nh chu\u0301ng ta sinh s\u00f4\u0301ng tr\u00ean ha\u0300nh tinh tra\u0301i \u0111\u00e2\u0301t na\u0300y ?\u00a0 T\u01b0\u0300 ba th\u00e2\u0323p ni\u00ean g\u00e2\u0300n \u0111\u00e2y, ca\u0301c nha\u0300 thi\u00ean v\u0103n v\u00f4 tuy\u00ea\u0301n \u0111a\u0303 ra c\u00f4ng ti\u0300m ki\u00ea\u0301m trong da\u0309i Ng\u00e2n ha\u0300 ph\u00e2n t\u01b0\u0309 glycine, loa\u0323i axit amin \u0111\u01a1n gia\u0309n nh\u00e2\u0301t, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e2\u0303n ch\u01b0a co\u0301 hi\u00ea\u0323u qua\u0309. V\u01a1\u0301i nh\u01b0\u0303ng ki\u0301nh thi\u00ean v\u0103n quang ho\u0323c va\u0300 v\u00f4 tuy\u00ea\u0301n co\u0301 ki\u0301ch c\u01a1\u0303 c\u01b0\u0323c l\u01a1\u0301n s\u0103\u0301p \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c \u0111\u01b0a va\u0300o s\u01b0\u0309 du\u0323ng, ca\u0301c nha\u0300 thi\u00ean v\u0103n hy vo\u0323ng se\u0303 tha\u0300nh c\u00f4ng. <\/em>Quan ni\u00ea\u0323m chi\u0309 co\u0301 m\u00f4\u0323t – t\u01b0\u0301c la\u0300 nh\u00e2n loa\u0323i chu\u0301ng ta tr\u00ean tra\u0301i \u0111\u00e2\u0301t –\u00a0 hay nhi\u00ea\u0300u n\u00ea\u0300n v\u0103n minh kha\u0301c trong da\u0309i Ng\u00e2n ha\u0300 cu\u0303ng la\u0300 m\u00f4\u0323t \u0111\u00ea\u0300 ta\u0300i nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c thi\u0323nh ha\u0300nh.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

B\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc qu\u00fd m\u1ebfn<\/em>,<\/p>\n

Thi\u00ean v\u0103n<\/em> v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/em> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a: \u0111i t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, tuy nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u h\u1ebft. Hai s\u1ed1 K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu 2009 mu\u1ed1n g\u1ee3i l\u00ean cho thanh ni\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m tuy kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 v\u00f4 gi\u00e1. Ch\u00fang ta mang trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1c \u2018v\u1ebft x\u01b0a\u2019 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n mang nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1eb1ng t\u1ec9 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 s\u1eaft<\/em> trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 supernova? L\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 n\u1ea3y n\u1edf v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng: \u1edf m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb n\u00f3ng ch\u00e1y hay gi\u00e1 bu\u1ed1t; c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng; quay v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i xung quanh tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb n\u00f3ng ch\u00e1y hay b\u0103ng gi\u00e1 b\u1edfi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi? Cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i theo t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay, m\u00e0 theo b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng<\/em> m\u1edbi gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u00e0i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda gh\u00ea g\u1edbm t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

K\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 400 n\u0103m thi\u00ean v\u0103n ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Galilei, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec3 suy ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eaft gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c. Chi\u1ebfc xe vinh quang c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o l\u00ea l\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi con \u01b0u t\u00fa c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u201cNh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1eabn quay\u201d, “Eppur si muove”. ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u1ea5y v\u1eabn s\u00e1ng m\u00e3i, b\u00e0n tay quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o che khu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin c\u1ea3m \u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p qu\u00fd b\u00e1u c\u1ee7a Anh Ch\u1ecb g\u1ea7n xa \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean hai s\u1ed1 k\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3m ch\u1ea5t khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n. Xin ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1m \u01a1n \u0110\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t thi\u00ean v\u0103n Paris<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u00e3 \u00fd t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y. V\u00e0 mong b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn k\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu trong s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng cho nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/p>\n

thay m\u1eb7t Ban Ch\u1ee7 Bi\u00ean<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

400<\/span> N\u0102M THI\u00caN V\u0102N H\u1eccC<\/span><\/p>\n

& GALILEO GALILEI<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

455 trang, Nxb Tri Th\u1ee9c, ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2010<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 k\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y b\u00fat<\/em>:<\/span><\/p>\n

J\u00fcrgen Renn (Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh d\u1ecbch) – Pierre Darriulat (Ph\u1ea1m Ng\u1ecdc \u0110i\u1ec7p d\u1ecbch) – Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Ri\u1ec7u – Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u01b0\u1eddng (Ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Ri\u1ec7u) – V\u00f5 V\u0103n Thu\u1eadn – Ph\u1ea1m Xu\u00e2n Y\u00eam – Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Encranaz (Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc H\u1ea3i d\u1ecbch) – Pierre Encrenaz & G\u00e9rard Beaudin – Catherine Cesarsky & Pedro Russo & Kevin Covender & Lee Pullen – Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u01b0\u1eddng – \u0110\u1eb7ng V\u0169 Tu\u1ea5n S\u01a1n – Tr\u1ecbnh Xu\u00e2n Thu\u1eadn (Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n Thi\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch) – Nguy\u1ec5n L\u01b0\u01a1ng Quang – Mike Turner (Kim Th\u1ecb Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u1ecdng Hi\u1ec1n d\u1ecbch) – Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh No\u00e3n – Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xem M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c:<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu 400 N\u0103m Thien v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

400 N\u0102M THI\u00caN V\u0102N H\u1eccC & GALILEO GALILEI K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu 2009   \u00a0 Ai d\u00e1m \u0111\u1eb7t ra gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho \u00f3c th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi? Ai mu\u1ed1n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7078"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7078"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7078\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7099,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7078\/revisions\/7099"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7078"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7078"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7078"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}