{"id":7379,"date":"2022-03-26T20:57:05","date_gmt":"2022-03-26T13:57:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=7379"},"modified":"2023-06-25T10:18:59","modified_gmt":"2023-06-25T03:18:59","slug":"tocqueville-noi-ve-nuoc-my-va-nga-187-nam-truoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/tocqueville-noi-ve-nuoc-my-va-nga-187-nam-truoc\/","title":{"rendered":"Tocqueville n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Nga 187 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc"},"content":{"rendered":"

NH\u1eeeNG L\u1edcI TI\u00caN TRI C\u1ee6A TOCQUEVILLE<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec0 N\u01af\u1edaC M\u1ef8 V\u00c0 NGA<\/span><\/p>\n

(1835)<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Alexis<\/p>\n

Alexis de Tocqueville<\/p>\n

(1805-1859)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 hai qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111ang h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ecd xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau: t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9. C\u1ea3 hai d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd; v\u00e0 trong khi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, th\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia; v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u00ec hai d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e3i; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ch\u1eefng l\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u00ec \u1ea1ch, th\u00ec hai qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng theo m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o th\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf h\u1ecd; c\u00f2n k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hoang d\u00e3 v\u00e0 man r\u1ee3; ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd: c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00ean do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00e0y; c\u1ee7a b\u00ean kia b\u1eb1ng thanh ki\u1ebfm.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anglo-Saxon d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, xem l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do; ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh tay duy nh\u1ea5t; c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do, c\u1ee7a Nga l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. \u0110i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau; tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed7i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xem b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Anh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y<\/p>

<\/p>\n

There are at the present time two great nations in the world, which started from different points, but seem to tend towards the same end. I allude to the Russians and the Americans. Both of them have grown up unnoticed; and whilst the attention of mankind was directed elsewhere, they have suddenly placed themselves in the front rank among the nations, and the world learned their existence and their greatness at almost the same time.<\/span><\/p>\n

All other nations seem to have nearly reached their natural limits, and they have only to maintain their power; but these are still in the act of growth. All the others have stopped, or continue to advance with extreme difficulty; these alone are proceeding with ease and celerity along a path to which no limit can be perceived. The American struggles against the obstacles which nature opposes to him; the adversaries of the Russian are men. The former combats the wilderness and savage life; the latter, civilization with all its arms. The conquests of the American are therefore gained with the ploughshare; those of the Russian by the sword. The Anglo-American relies upon personal interest to accomplish his ends, and gives free scope to the unguided strength and common sense of the people; the Russian centres all the authority of society in a single arm. The principal instrument of the former is freedom; of the latter, servitude. Their starting-point is different, and their courses are not the same; yet each of them seems marked out by the will of Heaven to sway the destinies of half the globe.<\/span><\/p>\n

click \u0111\u1ec3 thu g\u1ecdn ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfng Anh \u1edf tr\u00ean<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n

Alexis de Tocqueville <\/span><\/p>\n

Democracy in America<\/em> (1835)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Nh\u00e2n cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh phi ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o m\u00e0 Putin \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng qua \u1edf Ukraine, thi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i tr\u00ean r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng suy ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Sa ho\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y. \u0110o\u1ea1n tr\u00ean n\u1eb1m \u1edf trang cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a T\u1eadp I (Volume I) c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Democracy in America<\/em> c\u1ee7a Alexis de Tocqueville, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p, nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc.<\/span><\/span> M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1835, ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp n\u0103m 1840. \u0110\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ea1m To\u00e0n, d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean N\u1ec1n d\u00e2n tr\u1ecb M\u1ef9<\/em>, Nxb Tri Th\u1ee9c, 2006. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch \u1edf tr\u00ean c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

Sau khi b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Berlin s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed7 n\u0103m 1989, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u \u0111i t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 cho m\u00ecnh, l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfp thu c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong b\u1ea3n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3. H\u1ecd nh\u00ecn sang Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng T\u00e2y \u00c2u. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Tocqueville. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a hai cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. Tocqueville \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u2018l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft gia\u2019 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Locke, Hume c\u0169ng s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u.<\/p>\n

T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m N\u1ec1n d\u00e2n tr\u1ecb M\u1ef9<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eebng \u0111o\u1ea1n, sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. M\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Bulgaria \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Democracy in America<\/em> n\u0103m 1989. Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, ph\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Bulgaria \u0111\u1ee9ng ra ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t Symposium v\u1ec1 Tocqueville. C\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Bulgaria \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a Tocqueville v\u00e0o curriculum t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Ba Lan tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Tocqueville v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 do (apprenticeship of liberty) v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u \u0111\u1ec1 cao l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n<\/em> (voluntary associations), \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i M\u1ef9, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c sinh ho\u1ea1t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb t\u1eadp trung quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c, n\u0103m 1918, n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn I, Max Weber trong m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft cho \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u201c\u0110\u1ee9c h\u00e3y m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u2018m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9\u2019 (club pattern, l\u00e0 voluntary associations) nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u2018gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i\u2019 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c\u201d. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft, \u2018ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, tr\u1eeb \u1edf d\u1ea1ng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd\u2019. Weber \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u201cgi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch<\/em> (personality structure) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do. S\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i tin l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (\u1edf c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7), v\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng l\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eed th\u00e1ch anh ta, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 \u2018t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n\u2019 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ra l\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n. B\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y l\u00f2ng th\u00e2m s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ai b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed9t khi c\u00e1i v\u00f5 chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecb v\u1ee1 b\u1edfi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i\u201d.<\/p>\n

Weber c\u0169ng nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, th\u1ea5y \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, do c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n, c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hay gia \u0111\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia nho gi\u00e1o, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t \u0111i s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1-\u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng (self-direction) cho m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7: non<\/em>-personality.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o m\u1edbi hay n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t ng\u1ea1n ng\u1eef n\u00f3i: \u201cB\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn ng\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 u\u1ed1ng\u201d.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 T\u1ef1 do<\/em>, Tocqueville vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

L\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba, r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0m cho mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c thi\u00ean t\u00e0i m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 b\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 do; nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec gian nan h\u01a1n l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 do. V\u1edbi n\u1ec1n chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf: chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf hay h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n cho ngh\u00ecn c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh c\u0169; n\u00f3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c v\u00e0 g\u00ecn gi\u1eef tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00f9i m\u00ecnh trong s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi do m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u1ec9nh d\u1eady nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u1ef1 do, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u01a1n b\u1ea3o t\u1ed1; n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0 r\u1ed3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y h\u1ebft l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eadp 1, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XIV<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh, 26. 3. 2022<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

NH\u1eeeNG L\u1edcI TI\u00caN TRI C\u1ee6A TOCQUEVILLE V\u1ec0 N\u01af\u1edaC M\u1ef8 V\u00c0 NGA (1835) Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u   Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859) V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 hai qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111ang h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ecd xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau: t\u00f4i<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7379"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7379"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7379\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9866,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7379\/revisions\/9866"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7379"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7379"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7379"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}