{"id":781,"date":"2017-11-18T01:55:38","date_gmt":"2017-11-17T18:55:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=781"},"modified":"2024-04-10T21:05:10","modified_gmt":"2024-04-10T14:05:10","slug":"ky-yeu-max-planck-2008","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/ky-yeu-max-planck-2008\/","title":{"rendered":"K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu Max Planck 2008"},"content":{"rendered":"

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MAX PLANCK<\/span><\/h1>\n

CU\u1ed8C \u0110\u1edcI v\u00e0<\/i> KHOA H\u1eccC<\/span><\/h2>\n

(K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu 150 N\u0103m Sinh Nh\u1eadt 1858 – 2008)<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span> gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

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(K\u1ef6 Y\u1ebeU MAX PLANCK 150 TU\u1ed4I 2008-2018)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\n

\"\"
\nMax Planck
\n(1858-1947)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\"\"<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e3 cho t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi tr\u00ed nh\u1edb t\u00f4i. T\u00f4i tin ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng, trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng theo nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i, th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft. V\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i cho tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u2018th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c\u2019 kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t hay ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u00ec gi\u1edd v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c.<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Max Planck<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

L\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/i><\/strong>. N\u0103m 2008 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m sinh nh\u1eadt l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 150 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Max Planck. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu<\/i> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eebng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed m\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc tham gia \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh. S\u1ed1 k\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/i>, m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 phong ph\u00fa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb tay c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/em> trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

Max Planck ngo\u00e0i nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn<\/i>, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111i di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, khoa h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Nh\u00e2n ng\u00e0y nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam 20 th\u00e1ng 11, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t hay v\u00e0 phong ph\u00fa, v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. \u00d4ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y l\u1edbn m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng. \u0110\u01b0a tin l\u1ea1i h\u00f4m nay c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 70 ng\u00e0y m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ch\u00fat<\/i> v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Ng\u00e0y 9-10-1900, Max Planck kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 “\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t”, c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a “v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111en” (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i “l\u1ed7 \u0111en”) m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang nh\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t di b\u1ea5t d\u1ecbch. \u00d4ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p thu hay ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111en (kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111un n\u00f3ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3) kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ra li\u00ean t\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ngh\u0129, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c g\u00f3i r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c (discrete packages), v\u00e0 c\u00e1c “ch\u00f9m” n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/i> (quantum).<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 bia, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i v\u00f2i ch\u1ea3y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c m\u00e0 l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c lon bia, chai bia hay th\u00f9ng bia, k\u00edch c\u1ee1 kh\u00e1c nhau, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng “c\u00e1c g\u00f3i r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c”. N\u1ebfu \u03b5<\/i> l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec Planck \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u03b5 = hv<\/i> b\u1ea5t t\u1eed \u0111i v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, trong \u0111\u00f3 h<\/i> l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1, sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Planck, v\u00e0 v<\/i> l\u00e0 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. Ng\u00e0y 14-11-1900 Planck tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i V\u1eadt l\u00fd Berlin, d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean “\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7t trong quang ph\u1ed5 chu\u1ea9n” (Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalsprektrum), d\u00e0i ch\u00edn trang in. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c sinh nh\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed.<\/p>\n

Planck kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u03b5 = h.v<\/i> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt “tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i” m\u00e0 trong v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c Planck \u0111\u00e3 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm, l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi m\u00f4. \u00d4ng ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u h\u1ebft t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tin c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u1edbi trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. Planck l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch \u0111i t\u00ecm c\u00e1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/i>, nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng n\u00f3i, nh\u01b0ng khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed3i th\u00ec \u00f4ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng tin, b\u1edfi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u201cm\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 trung th\u00e0nh\u201d c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng mi\u1ec3n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng\u201d nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Planck ch\u1ec9 tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i “m\u1eb9o to\u00e1n” nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi. “N\u00f3i t\u00f3m t\u1eaft, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng<\/i>. B\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, t\u00f4i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n h\u00f2a v\u00e0 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e1nh xa c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1ng nghi ng\u1edd\u2026”.<\/p>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Planck l\u1eafm gian nan. C\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t \u201cb\u00e0 m\u1ee5\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ed7 l\u1edbn v\u1ecb “ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed nh\u1ecf\u201d ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u1ea5y. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho kh\u00f4ng ai kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 Albert Einstein. N\u0103m 1905, Einstein \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng quan ni\u1ec7m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Planck l\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc trong thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i “m\u1eb9o to\u00e1n”. Nh\u01b0ng Planck c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a tin. Bohr, Millikan c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a tin. Einstein ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ng\u00f3t 20 n\u0103m li\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 trong gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi khi hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Compton ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i Nobel 1927, s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd m\u1edbi ch\u1ecbu k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n

V\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 v\u0169 b\u00e3o, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m hai cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1edbi bi\u1ebft bao \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1eb3n b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. (Xin xem th\u00eam c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed trong s\u00e1ch EINSTEIN<\/i>, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7, c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3)<\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch d\u00e0y ng\u00f3t 600 trang, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Tri Th\u1ee9c, 2009. N\u1ed9i dung g\u1ed3m 5 ph\u1ea7n:<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n I: L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n II: Khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n III: Khoa h\u1ecdc \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n IV: Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n V: Nh\u00e2n v\u0103n-X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i-Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt-Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u01a1n 30 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u:<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea7n H\u00e0 Anh (\u0110\u00e0 L\u1ea1t) \u2013 Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u1ecdng Anh (Palaiseau) \u2013 Cao Chi (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i) \u2013 Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00ednh (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i) \u2013 Nam Dao (Quebec) \u2013 H\u1ed3 Trung D\u0169ng (TP HCM) \u2013 \u0110\u00e0o V\u1ecdng \u0110\u1ee9c (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i) \u2013 Phan Huy \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng (Paris) \u2013 Jerome I. Friedman (Cambridge MA) \u2013 Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Gi\u1ec5n (St. John) \u2013 \u0110\u1ed7 \u0110\u0103ng Giu (Orsay) \u2013 Chu H\u1ea3o (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i) \u2013 Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u1ecdng Hi\u1ec1n (Caltech) \u2013 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Hi\u1ec7p (Sydney) \u2013 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Hi\u1ec7u (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i) \u2013 Dieter Hoffmann (Berlin) \u2013 Pham Quang H\u01b0ng (Virginia) \u2013 Christian Ng\u00f4 (Saclay) \u2013 Mai Ninh (Caen) \u2013 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u01b0\u1eddng (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i) \u2013 H\u1ed3 Kim Quang (Toronto) \u2013 J\u00fcrgen Renn (Berlin) \u2013 Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Ri\u1ec7u (Paris) \u2013 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n T\u00e2n (Melbourne) \u2013 Nguy\u1ec5n Minh Th\u1ecd (Leuven) \u2013 Tr\u1ecbnh Xu\u00e2n Thu\u1eadn (Virginia) \u2013 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Tr\u1ecdng (TP HCM) \u2013 H\u00e0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Tu\u1ea5n (Paris) \u2013 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c T\u01b0\u1eddng (Ottawa) \u2013 Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh (TP HCM) \u2013 Ph\u1ea1m Xu\u00e2n Y\u00eam (Paris)<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3:<\/em><\/span>
\nVi\u1ec7n V\u0103n H\u00f3a Goethe Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"

\u1ea2nh b\u00eca K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu Max Planck. Nxb Tri Th\u1ee9c.<\/p><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

M\u1ee4C L\u1ee4C<\/strong><\/span>
\nK\u1ef7 Y\u1ebfu Max Planck 2008<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh \u2013 Ph\u1ea1m Xu\u00e2n Y\u00eam
\nL\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em> 11<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n I: <\/strong><\/span>
\nL\u1ecaCH S\u1eec<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Albert Einstein
\nT\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m Max Planck <\/em>21<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh
\nMax Planck \u2013 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/em> 23<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh
\nGi\u1edd khai sinh c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/em> 25<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh
\nC\u00e1c khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1<\/em> 29<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea1m Xu\u00e2n Y\u00eam v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh
\n108 n\u0103m thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed <\/em>31<\/p>\n

Max Planck
\n\u201cNg\u00e0i c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u01a1 m\u1eadt Max Planck\u201d<\/em> 35<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh
\nNi\u00ean bi\u1ec3u t\u00f3m t\u1eaft Max Planck 1858 – 1947<\/em> 43<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh
\nMax Planck – Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em> 45<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh
\n\u0110\u1ecdc Max Planck<\/em> 81<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh
\n\u201cS\u1ed1ng b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Planck l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m vui r\u1ed3i\u201d<\/em> 95<\/p>\n

J\u00fcrgen Renn
\n\u201c\u00d4ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecb l\u00f4i k\u00e9o\u201d<\/em> 101<\/p>\n

Dieter Hoffmann
\nMax Planck v\u00e0 Albert Einstein, \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p trong s\u1ef1 d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t <\/em>107<\/p>\n

Dieter Hoffmann v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh
\nMax Planck v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i Nobel 123<\/em><\/p>\n

Max Planck
\nCon \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay <\/em>
\n\u0111\u1ebfn \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> (Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh d\u1ecbch) 133<\/p>\n

Max Planck
\nT\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/em>\u00a0 (Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Tr\u1ecdng d\u1ecbch) 135<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n II: <\/strong><\/span>
\nKHOA H\u1eccC C\u01a0 B\u1ea2N V\u00c0 TH\u1ef0C NGHI\u1ec6M<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Jerome I. Friedman
\nCon \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i Nobel <\/em>(Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n Thi\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch; Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Hi\u1ec7u gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u) 163<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea1m Xu\u00e2n Y\u00eam
\nB\u1ea3n giao h\u01b0\u1edfng huy\u1ec1n di\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i <\/em>173<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u1ecdng Hi\u1ec1n
\nS\u1ef1 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Planck v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m<\/em> 203<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed7 \u0110\u0103ng Giu
\nK\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean m\u1edbi<\/em> 235<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Hi\u1ec7u
\nM\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/em> 251<\/p>\n

H\u1ed3 Trung D\u0169ng
\nL\u1ef1c Van Der Waals v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c Casimir: <\/em>
\nt\u1eeb v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n t\u1edbi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/em> 265<\/p>\n

Chu H\u1ea3o
\nBohr, v\u1ecb \u201ctr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o\u201d quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n<\/em> 275<\/p>\n

H\u1ed3 Kim Quang
\nTh\u00f4ng tin, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/em> 285<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea1m Quang H\u01b0ng
\nN\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i<\/em> 305<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e0o V\u1ecdng \u0110\u1ee9c
\n\u0110\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed – Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t <\/em>323<\/p>\n

Cao Chi
\nT\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ch\u0103ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3?<\/em> 329<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n III: <\/strong><\/span>
\nKHOA H\u1eccC \u1ee8NG D\u1ee4NG<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n T\u00e2n
\nC\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u Nano<\/em> 365<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u1ecdng Anh
\nH\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed: <\/em>
\nPh\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Orbital bi\u00ean<\/em> 395<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Minh Th\u1ecd
\nH\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed t\u00ednh to\u00e1n: Ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21<\/em> 407<\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Gi\u1ec5n
\nM\u1ed9t v\u00e0i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/em>
\nv\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n tin l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/em> 419<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00ednh
\nC\u01a1-l\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u0129 m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111a tinh th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n <\/em>
\nc\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2u?<\/em> 431<\/p>\n

Christian Ng\u00f4
\nVi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/em> 439<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n IV: <\/strong><\/span>
\nTHI\u00caN V\u0102N H\u1eccC<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Ri\u1ec7u
\nD\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/em> 463<\/p>\n

Tr\u1ecbnh Xu\u00e2n Thu\u1eadn
\nV\u0169 tr\u1ee5 th\u1eadt h\u00e0i h\u00f2a nh\u01b0ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng tinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t<\/em> (Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n) 475<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u01b0\u1eddng
\nGi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Planck<\/em> 491<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n V: <\/strong><\/span>
\nNH\u00c2N V\u0102N – X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I -NGH\u1ec6 THU\u1eacT – TRI\u1ebeT H\u1eccC<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c T\u01b0\u1eddng
\nL\u1ea7m th\u1ebf k\u1ef7… Hay l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i \u0111i\u1ec1u suy ngh\u0129<\/em>
\nc\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7<\/em> 511<\/p>\n

Mai Ninh
\nD\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng bao la <\/em><\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea7n H\u00e0 Anh
\nPh\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a Planck v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5 \u00edch cho ch\u00fang ta<\/em> 519<\/p>\n

Phan Huy \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng
\nTh\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc trong ki\u1ebfp nh\u00e2n v\u0103n<\/em> 525<\/p>\n

Nam Dao
\n\u0110\u1ea1o l\u00fd v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: Khoa h\u1ecdc-K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt <\/em>
\nnh\u00ecn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n<\/em> 539<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Hi\u1ec7p
\nMax Planck -T\u1eeb l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/em>
\n\u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/em> 557<\/p>\n

H\u00e0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Tu\u1ea5n
\nKhoa h\u1ecdc lu\u1eadn, t\u1ea1i sao?<\/em> 581<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

L\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u (ti\u1ebfp).<\/em><\/strong> N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn Max Planck kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh nghi\u1ec7t ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Max Planck \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao t\u1ed9t c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a vinh quang trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p khoa h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0ng \u00edt ai bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eb1ng sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng xu\u1ed1ng t\u1edbi t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. N\u0103m 1909 v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng Marie Planck m\u1ea5t sau 22 n\u0103m h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n m\u1eb7t con; 1916 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai l\u1edbn Karl c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u1ebft tr\u1eadn g\u1ea7n Verdun; n\u0103m sau ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i Grete ch\u1ebft khi sinh \u0111\u1ee9a con th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t; hai n\u0103m sau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i sinh \u0111\u00f4i Emma c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Grete, sau khi l\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng g\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Grete, c\u0169ng ch\u1ebft gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Planck \u0111au kh\u1ed5 t\u1ed9t c\u00f9ng. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft cho Hendrik Lorentz: \u201cB\u00e2y gi\u1edd t\u00f4i kh\u00f3c cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con th\u00e2n y\u00eau tha thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u1ecdat, v\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o \u0111i. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fac t\u00f4i nghi ng\u1edd gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng<\/i>\u201d. \u00d4ng t\u1ef1 an \u1ee7i m\u00ecnh \u201cr\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p<\/i>\u201d. Einstein kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft khi \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m Planck: \u201c\u00f4ng \u1ea5y gi\u1eef m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 can \u0111\u1ea3m tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y n\u1ed7i \u0111au g\u1eb7m nh\u1ea5m \u1edf \u00f4ng\u201d.<\/p>\n

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\u1ea2nh gia \u0111\u00ecnh Planck n\u0103m 1900, t\u1ee9c n\u0103m \u00f4ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/p><\/div>\n

Nh\u01b0ng bi k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u01b0a ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3. N\u0103m 1945, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chi\u1ebfn tranh k\u1ebft th\u00fac, \u0111\u1ee9a con trai \u00fat Erwin th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft v\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00ean trong danh s\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u00e1m s\u00e1t Hitler ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 7. Planck l\u1eb7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 87 tu\u1ed5i. \u00d4ng ng\u1ed3i v\u00e0o c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e0n d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7m, \u0111\u00e1nh l\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec7u nh\u1ea1c m\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng h\u1eb1ng \u01b0a th\u00edch. \u201cS\u1ef1 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi\u2026 T\u00f4i l\u1ea1i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ng\u00e0y qua ng\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 l\u1ea1i s\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ec3 cam ch\u1ecbu v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0y. B\u1edfi v\u00ec v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y l\u00ean, m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00f2n m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, l\u00e0m t\u00f4i t\u00ea t\u00e1i, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1edd \u0111i \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. S\u1ebd c\u00f2n l\u00e2u t\u00f4i m\u1edbi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh tinh th\u1ea7n. B\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n qu\u00fd b\u00e1u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi t\u00f4i. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 tia s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, ni\u1ec1m h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. C\u00e1i t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i theo n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi.<\/i>\u201d N\u1ed7i \u0111au kinh ho\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh nghi\u1ec7t ng\u00e3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft Planck ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o gi\u1edd ph\u00fat cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111au kh\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7. \u201cT\u00f4i r\u1ea5t c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i s\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi l\u1ecbm \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111au th\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u gi\u00fap t\u00f4i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00f4i xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 t\u1eeb b\u00ean tr\u00ean, r\u1eb1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u00fac tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec lay chuy\u1ec3n, v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5ng to\u00e0n n\u0103ng, to\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1m r\u1ec5 trong t\u00f4i. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta; nh\u01b0ng ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o Ng\u00e0i gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u1eed th\u00e1ch l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t.<\/i>\u201d Th\u1eadt c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1ed7i b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o l\u1edbn h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng Planck v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111i di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi. \u201cV\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i 89 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o n\u1eefa; c\u00e1i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00f4i theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng, v\u00e0 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng, b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb.<\/i>\u201d M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m Planck th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1947 \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i v\u00e0i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m ngh\u0129: \u201cT\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o qu\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u1ef1c di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u01b0ng c\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 nua, b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i ng\u1eadp ng\u1eebng, v\u1edbi c\u00e1i m\u0169 v\u1ea3i d\u1eb9t, v\u00e0 c\u00e2y g\u1eady\u201d. Tuy \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u201cl\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111i \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf tu\u1ed5i cao v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c cho nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1nh, trong khi cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi d\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 in s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ebft h\u1eb1n tr\u00ean khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng trong s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 h\u00f2a l\u1eabn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00f3a \u0111i s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, d\u00f9 trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00fat gi\u00e2y. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i: \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 m\u00e0 bi k\u1ecbch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fat n\u00e0o nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch.\u201d<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi: \u201cCh\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng can \u0111\u1ea3m trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u00e2m th\u1ea7m tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 v\u00e0o \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cao h\u01a1n ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean ch\u00fang ta<\/i>\u201d. \u00d4ng \u201ckh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh cay \u0111\u1eafng\u201d<\/i> v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u201cv\u01b0\u1ee3t cao kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y\u201d<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 4.10.1947 \u00f4ng v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n ra \u0111i sau nh\u1eefng gi\u1edd ph\u00fat \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i mong b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc s\u1ebd t\u00ecm mua quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfm tr\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee7 h\u1ebft vinh quang v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5, s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i g\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft bao tang th\u01b0\u01a1ng cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i; v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, di ch\u00fac c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Mong nxb Tri Th\u1ee9c cho t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u, t\u00f4i xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u hai t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, Einstein t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m Planck, v\u00e0 th\u01b0 chia bu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a Einstein g\u1eedi cho v\u1ee3 sau c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng khi Planck m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

T\u01af\u1edeNG NI\u1ec6M MAX PLANCK<\/span><\/h2>\n

A.Einstein (1948)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c<\/span>Ai \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eb7ng cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eddi sau ca ng\u1ee3i. B\u1edfi v\u00ec anh ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho c\u00e1i cao c\u1ea3 h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a anh ta.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00ec ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1ecdp m\u1eb7t nhau t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 minh ch\u1ee9ng, r\u1eb1ng ngay trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, khi m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u00ean cu\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o gieo r\u1eafc nh\u1eefng lo \u00e2u v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 l\u1edbn cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao kh\u00f4ng suy suy\u1ec3n. L\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb bao \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n trong Max Planck v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ebfm th\u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn n\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u00e0nh kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1edbn, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u00ednh Max Planck \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c, r\u1eb1ng b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi ph\u1ed1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1edfi h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 chi ph\u1ed1i n\u00f3 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu \u00edch c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi ph\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 khung c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111i t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi cho to\u00e0n ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 m\u1eb7c cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 nghi\u00eang m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng, r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do v\u00ec nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec cho ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 suy suy\u1ec3n.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u00fd t\u00ean A. Einstein<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Albert Einstein v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u201cH\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a H\u1ee3p ch\u1ee7ng qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Otto Hahn \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Anh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc G\u00f6ttingen ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1948 (n\u0103m sinh nh\u1eadt th\u1ee9 90 c\u1ee7a Max Planck). Bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1edfi T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Max Planck (Gesellschaft), H\u1ed9i V\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c, H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc G\u00f6ttingen v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc G\u00f6ttingen. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1edfi H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i Washington c\u00f9ng ng\u00e0y. <\/i>[Ngu\u1ed3n: \u1ea4n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Physikalische Bl\u00e4tter<\/i> nh\u00e2n ng\u00e0y m\u1ea5t th\u1ee9 50 c\u1ee7a Max Planck, n\u0103m 1997. NXB WILEY-VCH 1997]<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Th\u01b0 chia bu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a Einsteint\u1eeb Princeton v\u1edbi Marga Planck, v\u1ee3 th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng:<\/p>\n

\u201c<\/span>B\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t ch\u1ed3ng B\u00e0 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta, sau khi \u00f4ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 n\u1ebfm tr\u1ea3i c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eafng cay. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u00f9ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m trong s\u1ef1 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng \u1ea5y. M\u1eaft \u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i v\u0129nh c\u1eedu, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng v\u1eabn d\u1ef1 ph\u1ea7n h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u00e0o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m vi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd kh\u00e1c \u0111i v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p bi\u1ebft bao, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong m\u1ed7i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. <\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng gi\u1edd ph\u00fat t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p tr\u1ea3i qua \u1edf nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u00d4ng B\u00e0, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ri\u00eang v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, s\u1ebd thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t trong ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u00fang, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 bi th\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e3 chia c\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i c\u1ea7u ch\u00fac B\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ni\u1ec1m an \u1ee7i r\u1eb1ng B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ednh y\u00eau. T\u1eeb xa t\u00f4i xin chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi B\u00e0 n\u1ed7i \u0111au c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chia ly.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Albert Einstein<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

NXX (Nov2017)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  MAX PLANCK CU\u1ed8C \u0110\u1edcI v\u00e0 KHOA H\u1eccC (K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu 150 N\u0103m Sinh Nh\u1eadt 1858 – 2008) Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u   (K\u1ef6 Y\u1ebeU MAX PLANCK 150 TU\u1ed4I 2008-2018)   Max Planck (1858-1947) T\u00f4i ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e3 cho t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[57,58],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/781"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=781"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/781\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1939,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/781\/revisions\/1939"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=781"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=781"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=781"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}