{"id":8031,"date":"2022-11-19T17:52:10","date_gmt":"2022-11-19T10:52:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=8031"},"modified":"2025-06-21T13:09:26","modified_gmt":"2025-06-21T06:09:26","slug":"can-mot-van-hoa-khoa-hoc-de-phat-trien","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/can-mot-van-hoa-khoa-hoc-de-phat-trien\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #008000\">C\u1ea6N M\u1ed8T V\u0102N H\u00d3A KHOA H\u1eccC <\/span><\/h1>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #008000\">\u0110\u1ec2 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N<\/span><\/h1>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;color: #000080\">Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;padding-left: 80px\">(\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 do Nxb Tri Th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 18. 11. 2022 t\u1ea1i TP H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #008000\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-6321\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2021\/03\/picture-7.png?resize=74%2C48&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"74\" height=\"48\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;color: #000080\">Con h\u1ea3i ly (beaver) x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 \u1edf; nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n, ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n b\u00e2y gi\u1edd so v\u1edbi n\u0103m ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc&#8230;. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt duy nh\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng; nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n tay ngh\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Anh ta \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c <em>kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>ph\u00e1t minh<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong>Abraham Lincoln<\/strong>, 1860<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;color: #000080\">B\u1eb1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t (manufacturing), b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i hai c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, m\u00ea t\u00edn v\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong>Ferdinando Galiani<\/strong>, nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u00dd th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;color: #000080\">T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean c\u1edb ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong>Friedrich List<\/strong>, nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;font-family: 'comic sans ms', sans-serif\">C<\/span>ho ph\u00e9p t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3. N\u0103m 1872, t\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i n\u0103m sau cu\u1ed9c <em>N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn,<\/em> m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 &#8220;truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o&#8221; khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, Edward L. Youmans, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;color: #000080\"><em>S\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 T\u00e1i thi\u1ebft, Quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, b\u1ed9 \u00f3c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0o?<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: \u201c<strong>V\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc<\/strong>\u201d. \u201cNguy\u1ec7t san khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang\u201d c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e1n ra m\u1ed7i k\u1ef3 10.000 s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i lu\u1ed3ng gi\u00f3 m\u1edbi cho gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y 40 tri\u1ec7u! Nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1edb. Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u01b0a?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Hoa K\u1ef3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Lu\u1eadt giao \u0111\u1ea5t li\u00ean bang ra \u0111\u1eddi, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc d\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 kh\u00ed, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c college \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh cho nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef9 ti\u1ebfp theo, c\u00e1c college M\u1ef9 \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb college nh\u00e2n v\u0103n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng sang <em>\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/em> theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt \u0110\u1ee9c, l\u1ea5y <em>khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/em> (Wissenschaft) l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 qua <em>t\u1ef1 do d\u1ea1y<\/em> (Lehrfreiheit) v\u00e0 <em>t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc<\/em> (Lernfreiheit). M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 d\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng lan t\u1ecfa tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch KHCN. Nguy\u00ean c\u1edb s\u00e2u xa bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1eeb ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, nh\u01b0 bao l\u1ea7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, l\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng tay ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee9 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n n\u1eb1m s\u1eb5n trong b\u1ed9 DNA c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ngh\u00e8o. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c DNA c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1eeb T\u00e2y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00f4ng, xa c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 g\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n<p>Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, ph\u00e1t minh, th\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 <strong>v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc<\/strong> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i sinh ho\u1ea1t khoa h\u1ecdc, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, h\u00e0ng l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n, vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u; c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t; c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng khoa h\u1ecdc d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng <em>gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, ni\u1ec1m<\/em> <em>tin<\/em>, v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y sang \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1eebng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tinh hoa l\u00e0m khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. Ba kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd: \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung c\u1ed5, C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai di\u1ec5n ra trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean sau c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, hay \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20.<\/p>\n<p>\u1ede h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t uy\u00ean b\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng trong tinh th\u1ea7n khoa h\u1ecdc, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m. H\u1ecd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Gothic v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 \u1edf Venice, h\u1ecd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra m\u00e1y in. H\u1ecd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u00e1y d\u1ec7t, m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, xe l\u1eeda, t\u00e0u bi\u1ec3n h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, v.v. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 m\u00e0y m\u00f2, c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, ph\u00e1t minh, nh\u1eefng \u201ctinkerer\u201d, \u0111\u1ec1u t\u01b0 duy theo tinh th\u1ea7n khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t. H\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u00ednh hai d\u00f2ng th\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang c\u00f3. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, 19, tri th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh, n\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i <em>h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8035\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2022\/11\/Xuong-dong-tau-Venice.png?resize=769%2C471&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"769\" height=\"471\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">X\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u Venice, n\u01a1i h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Galilei th\u01b0\u1eddng lui t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi\u00a0nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 tinh th\u00f4ng, <em>virtuosi<\/em>, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n<p><em>C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/em> C\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1eb5 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c <em>c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> Anh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean sau c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18. N\u0103m 1776 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u1ed5 m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a James Watt, kh\u01a1i m\u00e0o cho b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u0169 b\u00e3o s\u1eafp t\u1edbi v\u1edbi m\u00e1y d\u1ec7t, m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u00e0u th\u1ee7y v.v., k\u1ebft th\u00fac giai \u0111o\u1ea1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m <em>S\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em> <em>The Wealth of Nations<\/em> c\u1ee7a Adam Smith c\u0169ng ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f9ng l\u00fac, trong \u0111\u00f3 Smith m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. (N\u0103m 2023 s\u1ebd k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m sinh nh\u1eadt th\u1ee9 300 \u00f4ng.)<\/p>\n<p>C\u1ed5 m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a James Watt \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a d\u1ec7t, t\u00e0u h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, xe l\u1eeda v.v. v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18. V\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Anh qu\u1ed1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh <em>c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/em>. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng, m\u00e0 Anh qu\u1ed1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u1ebfu cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 qua tri th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, th\u00ec cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Anh qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ea3 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u00e0u h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e0i g\u1ea5p r\u00fat ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a <em>n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n<\/em> b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i ph\u00eda sau. \u1ede l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba: Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c, b\u00ean kia \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 Hoa K\u1ef3, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n<p><em>Khai s\u00e1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em>. Phong tr\u00e0o khai s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 to l\u1edbn v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd c\u1ee7a Isaac Newton v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Newton \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e9n m\u00e0n cho th\u1ea5y, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1edb h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh h\u00e0i h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Gi\u1edbi tinh hoa c\u0169ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u00e0i h\u00f2a, ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 <em>khai s\u00e1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> (industrial enlightenment), ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf Anh. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 <em>ni\u1ec1m tin<\/em> v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp thu <em>tri th\u1ee9c h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng<\/em> m\u00e0 v\u1ecb ti\u00ean tri c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Francis Bacon, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 tin v\u00e0o \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh. Ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i <strong><em>v\u1ed1n tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/em><\/strong>, <strong>Geist- und Willens-Kapital<\/strong>, nh\u01b0 Nietzsche g\u1ecdi, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh b\u00e0n tay s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 t\u00e0i kinh doanh kh\u00f4n ngoan, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i. Tinh th\u1ea7n d\u1eady men \u0111\u00f3, ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 David Hume n\u00f3i, \u201c<em><strong>s\u1ebd l\u00e0m th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 im l\u00ecm v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 d\u1eady men \u2026 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n trong ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e3i ti\u1ebfn t\u1eebng ng\u00e0y, b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u00ecn gi\u1eef s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u2018kh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/strong>\u2019<\/em>.\u201d C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, s\u1ee9c \u00ec truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, sang s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c c\u01a1 kh\u00ed, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1edbn th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p (factory) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1edbi, ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea5m \u0111\u1eabm v\u00e0o gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i c\u1ee7a <em>homo sapiens<\/em>, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 <em>s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/em>, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 Adam Smith n\u00f3i, b\u1ecb r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf v\u00e0 k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u. Ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u1eb9p c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n, c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u1edbi s\u1ebd n\u1ea3y m\u1ea7m.<\/p>\n<p><em>B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gi\u00e0u c\u00f3<\/em> (Wealth). N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, nh\u01b0 d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf, kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t, v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c, kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eafm, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft. H\u00e3y xem b\u1ed1n tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, T\u00e2y Ban Nha gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 Saudi Arabia, tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp v\u1edbi b\u1ea1c (silver) t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng m\u1ecf \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf Nam M\u1ef9. Nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng T\u00e2y Ban Nha th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 r\u01a1i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 c\u0169, trong khi tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t ngh\u00e8o h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed3n vinh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. \u1ede ch\u00e2u \u00c1 c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u0110\u00e0i Loan, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ec1u ngh\u00e8o t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T\u00e0i nguy\u00ean d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o \u0111\u00f4i khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cl\u1eddi nguy\u1ec1n tr\u00e1 h\u00ecnh\u201d cho nh\u1eefng ai \u1ef7 l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<p>N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m \u1edf t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, m\u00e0 \u1edf <em>n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 do s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh. S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed5 m\u00e1y quay ti\u1ec1n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o (manufactories) kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng <strong><em>v\u1eadt c\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, hay ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a b\u00e1 quy\u1ec3n<\/em><\/strong>, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u01b0 do \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 Benjamin Rush, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9. M\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng, s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n<p><em>V\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em>. Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n, mu\u1ed1n h\u00f3a r\u1ed3ng, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh <strong>c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a<\/strong>, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n n\u00e2ng cao <em>v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecdc, <\/em>v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 <em>v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/em>. Hi\u1ec7n nay v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch hay, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng. S\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 y\u1ebfu. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111i r\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm. M\u00ea t\u00edn c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u. S\u1ef1 th\u1edd \u01a1 v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n<p><em>DNA c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em>. Cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a tri th\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ea5y th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t DNA th\u1ee9 hai trong kho t\u00e0ng s\u00e1ch v\u1edf m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft n\u00f3 m\u1edbi gi\u00fap qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh. Ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc trung c\u1ed5 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m khoa h\u1ecdc kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i sang ti\u1ebfng La tinh. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i t\u1ee5ng ni\u1ec7m gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc TQ c\u0169ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i s\u1ebd t\u00e0n l\u1ee5n. Khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng, \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. N\u00f3 nh\u01b0 kh\u00ed tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n<p><em>S\u00e1ch v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/em>. S\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ed5ng v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai\u201d. S\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i c\u1ea3 bao th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c mu\u1ed1n truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1eddi sau, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f4m qua. Cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea1nh tranh tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1ec1 <em>\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/em>. Ai c\u00f3 d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf. \u1ede Thung l\u0169ng Silicon, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng? B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb s\u00e1ch v\u1edf. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang mang DNA \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m ngay giao l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c. Cho n\u00ean nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc mu\u1ed1n kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh. Mu\u1ed1n th\u1ebf, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch. H\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, t\u1eeb <em>imitation<\/em> \u0111\u1ebfn <em>innovation<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-8034\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2022\/11\/Thu-vien.png?resize=703%2C464&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"703\" height=\"464\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;padding-left: 40px\">M\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u1eafp s\u00e1ch \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, 18. Isaac Newton s\u1edf h\u1eefu h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ebfn 2.000 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch trong\u00a0th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u00f4ng,\u00a0m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ee7ng th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf \u1edf th\u1eddi nay.<\/p>\n<p><em>T\u00ecnh y\u00eau khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em>. Khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 <em>khai s\u00e1ng<\/em>. Ch\u00e1u \u00c2u v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i khai s\u00e1ng n\u00e0y. Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u01b0a. Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ecnh y\u00eau m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t, v\u00ec th\u1ebf h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng xem khoa h\u1ecdc, x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u xa, c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi \u201ct\u00e2m linh\u201d (spirituality), v\u00e0 c\u00f2n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u00e2m linh. Khoa h\u1ecdc gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t b\u1ee5i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao l\u1ea1i t\u01b0 duy v\u1ec1 tinh t\u00fa, qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Khoa h\u1ecdc gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb ch\u00fang ta trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1edf VN, v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p><em>Khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em>. \u1ede Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb, hay TQ th\u1eddi Ng\u0169 T\u1ee9 1919, ho\u1eb7c \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta xem khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 <em>m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em> m\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111ang r\u00e9o g\u1ecdi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Cho n\u00ean gi\u1edbi tinh hoa c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o l\u00e0m khoa h\u1ecdc. V\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1edbm. Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n<p><em>T\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecdc Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/em>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. Khi m\u1edf c\u1eeda, h\u1ecd nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 S\u00c1CH, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0ng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng hay m\u00e1y m\u00f3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 g\u00ec, l\u00e0m g\u00ec, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ra sao, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi. V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o so s\u00e1nh k\u1ecbp. Nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh khai s\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n ra h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn hay c\u1ea3 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 30 tri\u1ec7u. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eddi Tokugawa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch in ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 10.000 b\u1ea3n. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n nay l\u1edbn g\u1ea5p 3 l\u1ea7n, s\u00e1ch xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf VN ch\u1ecb b\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i ngh\u00ecn quy\u1ec3n. Tri th\u1ee9c th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 \u00edt th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng? Kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1, m\u00ea t\u00edn tr\u00e0n lan kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i tu h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt V\u0103n Mi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ea7y \u1eafp s\u00e1ch t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, H\u1ecd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c <em>qu\u1ed1c gia h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp<\/em>. Tri th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ch v\u1edf phong ph\u00fa t\u1eeb c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng tri th\u1ee9c. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in Gutenberg \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng lan t\u1ecfa tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Isaac Newton s\u1edf h\u1eefu h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ebfn 2.000 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ee7ng th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf \u1edf th\u1eddi nay.<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i nhanh ch\u00f3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecdc cho qu\u1ed1c gia. T\u00f4i xin k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111anh th\u00e9p c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb, <strong>Mori Arinori, <\/strong>h\u01a1n 150 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\u201c<em>Chi\u1ebfn tranh (sens\u014d) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh nhau b\u1eb1ng s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft nhau, m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia ngay t\u1eeb b\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, tri th\u1ee9c. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y. Thua cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ebd thua cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u1ea1ng ba l\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u1ea1ng hai, r\u1ed3i h\u1ea1ng hai l\u00ean h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t; v\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Xin c\u1ea3m \u01a1n v\u00e0 ch\u00e0o th\u00e2n \u00e1i,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000080\">Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Tham kh\u1ea3o<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[1] Joel Mokyr, <em>Culture of Growth. The origins of the modern economy<\/em>. Princeton University Press, 2017.<\/p>\n<p>[2] Joel Mokyr, <em>The Enlightened Economy. An Economic History of Britain<\/em> 1700-1850. Yale University, 2009.<\/p>\n<p>[3] Jonathan Lyons, <em>The Society for Useful Knowledge<\/em>. Bloomsbury Press, 2013.<\/p>\n<p>[4] Linsu Kim, <em>Imitation to Innovation. The Dynamics of Korea\u2019s Technological Learning<\/em>. Harvard Business School Press, 1997.<\/p>\n<p>[5] Nancy H. Frankenberry (ed.), <em>The Faith of Scientists in their Own Words<\/em>. Princeton University Press, 2008.<\/p>\n<p>[6] Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh, <em>N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf K\u1ef7 XIX<\/em>. ZENBOOK v\u00e0 Nxb D\u00e2n Tr\u00ed, 2019.<\/p>\n<p>[7] Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh, <em>\u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC. \u0110\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cao thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/em>. Nxb T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p TP HCM, 2018.<\/p>\n<p><em>Xem th\u00eam:<\/em><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"SmfLgUVvue\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/francis-bacon-fukuzawa-yukichi-va-viet-nam\/\">Francis Bacon &#8211; Fukuzawa Yukichi v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Francis Bacon &#8211; Fukuzawa Yukichi v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam&#8221; &#8212; B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh\" src=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/francis-bacon-fukuzawa-yukichi-va-viet-nam\/embed\/#?secret=T4OdQAOfFu#?secret=SmfLgUVvue\" data-secret=\"SmfLgUVvue\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>C\u1ea6N M\u1ed8T V\u0102N H\u00d3A KHOA H\u1eccC \u0110\u1ec2 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh (\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 do Nxb Tri Th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 18. 11. 2022 t\u1ea1i TP H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh) &nbsp; Con<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8031"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8031"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8031\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13885,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8031\/revisions\/13885"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8031"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8031"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8031"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}