{"id":8066,"date":"2022-11-20T11:15:50","date_gmt":"2022-11-20T04:15:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=8066"},"modified":"2022-11-20T21:55:41","modified_gmt":"2022-11-20T14:55:41","slug":"giao-duc-nhan-cach","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/giao-duc-nhan-cach\/","title":{"rendered":"Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch"},"content":{"rendered":"

GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C NH\u00c2N C\u00c1CH<\/span><\/h1>\n

Suy Ngh\u0129 Nh\u00e2n Ng\u00e0y Nh\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span><\/h2>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 cao c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 do. [\u2026] C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb qua v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7. […] Ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb m\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Albert Einstein<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/span>Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i r\u00e9o g\u1ecdi \u201cnh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch\u201d, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 r\u00e9o g\u1ecdi ho\u00e0i c\u00f4ng, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 cho tr\u1ebb em nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc; cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n ri\u00eang, ngh\u0129 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129 ri\u00eang, t\u1ea1o ra ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ri\u00eang, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n ri\u00eang; n\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t b\u00f3p ch\u1ebft c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta hy v\u1ecdng mu\u1ed1n g\u1eb7p trong \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0i c\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ellen Key<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20,<\/span><\/p>\n

t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u201cTh\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ebb em\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Einstein<\/p>\n

Albert Einstein (1879-1955)<\/p>\n

N<\/span>h\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, \u1edf di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc l\u0103ng k\u00ednh<\/em> t\u1ecfa ra nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, x\u00e9t l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh<\/em>, nh\u01b0 John Stuart Mill vi\u1ebft. Mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ai? B\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch l\u1edbn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch l\u1edbn, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ednh ph\u1ee5c trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Einstein c\u0169ng t\u1eebng n\u00f3i: \u201cS\u1ef1 l\u1edbn lao trong khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1 t\u00ednh (character)\u201d<\/em>, c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, trong ni\u1ec1m \u0111au t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Napoleon, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, t\u1eeb ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, trung h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn, qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qu\u00ean trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu. H\u1ecd t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. V\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn<\/em> trong c\u00e1i \u201cgi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d, Menschenbildung<\/em>.<\/p>\n

N\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt Minh Tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 du nh\u1eadp tinh hoa c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi, b\u1ecb k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m b\u1edfi c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc c\u0169 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho gi\u1edbi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda. Khuy\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc<\/em>, t\u00ean c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Fukuzawa, l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng k\u00e8n ra tr\u1eadn c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 duy t\u00e2n nh\u1eb1m thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn<\/em>, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

\"Credit:<\/p>\n

Ellen Key (1849-1920)<\/p>\n

G<\/span>i\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n t\u1eadp cho h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1-quy\u1ebft (Selbstbestimmung<\/em>), ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng, ch\u1ea1y theo, bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ch\u1ea1y theo nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c tinh th\u1ea7n b\u00ean trong. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng, h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5, ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i, sung s\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft. Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y l\u1ea5y th\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i nh\u00e2n v\u0103n t\u1eeb Max Planck m\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ng\u00e0y nay. \u00d4ng nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\u201cT\u00f4i ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e3 cho t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3 (l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh) t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi tr\u00ed nh\u1edb t\u00f4i. T\u00f4i tin ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng, trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng theo nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i, th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft. V\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i cho tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u2018th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c\u2019 kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t hay ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u00ec gi\u1edd v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c.\u201d<\/p>\n

Max Planck<\/p>\n

\u00a0\"Max<\/em><\/p>\n

Max Planck (1848-1947)<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Wilhelm von Humboldt, nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n, s\u1ebd qu\u00e1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, nh\u01b0 Einstein n\u00f3i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o \u201cb\u1eaby ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trung b\u00ecnh\u201d v\u00e0 ng\u01b0ng tr\u1ec7, kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean cao h\u01a1n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc. H\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch l\u1edbn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea1y cho h\u1ecdc sinh bi\u1ebft m\u01a1. \u201cC\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i m\u01a1 t\u01b0\u1edfng (ngay c\u1ea3) \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3<\/strong><\/em>\u201d nh\u01b0 Goethe n\u00f3i. M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1, m\u1ed9t l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00edch xa. Thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng, thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1i la b\u00e0n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1. C\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 IQ cao, nh\u01b0ng khoan h\u00e3y t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 phung ph\u00ed, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh mai m\u1ed9t, hay r\u01a1i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i b\u1eaby t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc Einstein kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd n\u00f3i \u00f4ng th\u00f4ng minh. Nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh Edison c\u0169ng n\u00f3i m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng minh. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00f3c t\u00f2 m\u00f2 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec theo \u0111u\u1ed5i, \u201cv\u1eebng \u01a1i m\u1edf c\u1eeda\u201d m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khao kh\u00e1t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. Khao kh\u00e1t n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p h\u01a1n hai ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m r\u01b0\u1ee1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1ecb ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng sau khi \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i sau m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m \u201c\u0111en t\u1ed1i\u201d l\u1ea1i b\u1eebng t\u1ec9nh, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em>, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/em> c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> v\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng<\/em>, thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i khao kh\u00e1t m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t l\u1eafm \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc thang ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng cao. Nh\u00e0 khai minh \u0110\u1ee9c Gotthold Ephraim Lessing th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean ni\u1ec1m khao kh\u00e1t ch\u00e1y b\u1ecfng t\u1ef1 \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u201cgiao ph\u00f3\u201d vi\u1ec7c \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd cho c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u1edf tr\u00ean, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng:<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu Ch\u00faa gi\u1eef k\u00edn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd trong tay ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, v\u00e0 trong tay tr\u00e1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u1eaft, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 k\u00e8m theo \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n v\u00e0 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb sai l\u1ea1c, \u2026. v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i b\u1ea3o h\u00e3y ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a \u0111i, th\u00ec v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 khi\u00eam cung t\u00f4i s\u1ebd ng\u00e3 v\u00e0o tay tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: H\u00e3y cho con tay n\u00e0y! Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho Cha!<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781)<\/p>\n

Hay n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 Abraham Lincoln, v\u1ecb T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 16 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3:<\/p>\n

Thi\u00ean t\u00e0i cao ng\u1ea5t xem th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i m\u00f2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i. H\u1ecd t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd khai ph\u00e1. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam b\u1edbt m\u1ed9t hai chi ti\u1ebft \u1edf nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean trong k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. [\u2026] H\u1ecd gh\u00e9t b\u01b0\u1edbc theo d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai kh\u00e1c, d\u00f9 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u. H\u1ecd khao kh\u00e1t ch\u00e1y b\u1ecfng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

\"A<\/p>\n

Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865)<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng do t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u00f4m nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng cho ng\u00e0y mai. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u1eaft, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ebfn b\u1edd, h\u1ebft l\u1edbp n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. \u201cNh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd \u0111i nh\u1ea7m tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i v\u1eabn h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xa l\u1ea1<\/em><\/strong> (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd)\u201d nh\u01b0 Goethe n\u00f3i. Ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1y theo m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

\"Johann<\/p>\n

Johann\u00a0Wolfgang\u00a0von\u00a0Goethe (1749 \u2013 1832)<\/p>\n

N<\/span>h\u01b0ng mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y, ho\u1eb7c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 bao h\u00e0m gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c sinh nhai, tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 trao d\u1ed3i nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i h\u01a1n. Mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gian t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u1edbi s\u1eafc th\u00e1i ri\u00eang, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0 d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh cao c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh cho qu\u1ed1c gia, th\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p b\u1edfi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u1ea9n ch\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c gia truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, ngh\u00e8o hay gi\u00e0u, c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y vinh danh nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o. Nh\u01b0ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t vinh danh nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o. S\u1ef1 vinh danh \u1ea5y n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 con c\u00e1i h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng h\u1ecd kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng lo toan v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n trao d\u1ed3i nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 cho h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng cao \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed7i khi nghe n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn hai ch\u1eef nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o<\/em>. Hai ch\u1eef \u0111\u00f3 thi\u00eang li\u00eang, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh cao c\u1ea3 khai tr\u00ed trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ecdng tr\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n giao ph\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o vinh danh nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng ngo\u00e0i gi\u1edd, g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho qu\u1ed1c gia, l\u00e0m ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 sung t\u00fac cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 hai, c\u1ea7n tr\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y. S\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ec9 g\u00e2y th\u00eam t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110i\u1ec3u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra h\u01a1n 200 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn hi\u1ec7n nay th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng<\/em> nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Vi\u1ec7t Nam, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, hay qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m. Ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y, c\u00e2y gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edbi xanh t\u01b0\u01a1i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edbi th\u0103ng hoa. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/em>, m\u00e0 th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00ecn gi\u1eef. H\u00e3y c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u0103m s\u00f3c n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

V<\/span>\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y n\u1eafm tay d\u00ecu d\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta \u0111i m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u v\u1ecb nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, g\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i bu\u00f4ng tay \u0111\u1ec5 ch\u00fang ta t\u1ef1 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o \u201cbi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eddi\u201d. C\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecdng l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a tinh t\u00fay gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khi ch\u00fang ta qu\u00ean \u0111i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1edf th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn cho khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc thang cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn. Nh\u01b0ng trong c\u00e1i bi\u1ec3n m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3, ta l\u00e0 ai, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ta l\u00e0 g\u00ec, c\u00e1i g\u00ec ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u00e1i tim ta. Kh\u00f4ng \u00edt nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111am m\u00ea nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi, d\u1eebng ch\u00e2n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed7 qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u, v\u00ec \u1ea3o v\u1ecdng, m\u00e0 qu\u00ean \u0111i nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00edch xa h\u01a1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t m\u1ea5y m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m m\u1edbi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, t\u1ef1 v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 g\u00ec m\u1edbi l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec\u201d, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00e0o Goethe n\u00f3i. Ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec, \u201cc\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t\u201d, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p qu\u00fd b\u00e1u di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta sinh ra v\u1ed1n b\u1ecb giam trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 minh c\u1ee7a Platon, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta linh c\u1ea3m c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t, v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, l\u00fd t\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 ra l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng minh, ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng. Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n \u0110\u1ee9c Peter Weiss, ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t y\u00eau m\u1ebfn d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u1ea5t, t\u1eebng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh: \u201cT\u1ef1 t\u00f4i, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 do, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/em><\/strong>\u201d. N\u00f3 minh h\u1ecda cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i \u00f4ng. Ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. \u00d4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c, l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ec1, t\u1eeb v\u1ebd, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, l\u00e0m phim, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ebft l\u00e1ch, tr\u1ea3i qua bao nhi\u00eau giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi v\u00f4 minh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c s\u00e1ng r\u1ef1c, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2y b\u00fat. Van Gogh c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, b\u1eb1ng c\u1ecd v\u1ebd. Nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 b\u1ed5, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc thang v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao giai \u0111i\u1ec7u giao h\u01b0\u1edfng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. Lessing tin r\u1eb1ng, trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u201ccon \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng<\/em>\u201d, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng tin r\u1eb1ng, t\u1eeb \u201ct\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng sai l\u1ea7m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn h\u00ecnh dung ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2u\u201d. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m l\u1ea1c quan c\u1ee7a khai s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18.<\/p>\n

\"Peter<\/p>\n

Peter Weiss (1916 \u2013 1982)<\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n hai kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng gian t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch: t\u1ef1 do th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t do s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c; t\u1ef1 do th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m b\u00ean trong m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u1ee9c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cv\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m\u201d (inneres Reich), Einstein g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ef1 do n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m\u201d (innere Freiheit). \u201cT\u1ef1 do n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean ban cho, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.\u201d Ch\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng gian n\u00e0y l\u00e0 mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. N\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n, su\u1ed1i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ecdi nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u00fd th\u1ee9c hay kh\u00f4ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m n\u00e0y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd c\u1eb1n c\u1ed7i, d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1ed3n \u00e0o th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o \u201cV\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m kia m\u00e0 n\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy t\u00e2m \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n Weimar \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c) h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m\u201d (Wolf Lepenies).<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e0u m\u1ea1nh, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do, trong n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m l\u1eabn t\u1eeb ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Wilhelm von Humboldt quan ni\u1ec7m. M\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u201cs\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1eafc th\u00e1i v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ri\u00eang l\u1ebb s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n m\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u201d, nh\u01b0 Einstein c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

\"Albert<\/p>\n

Albert Camus (1913-1960)<\/p>\n

C<\/span>u\u1ed1i h\u1ebft, xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1edb. Albert Camus, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n l\u1edbn Ph\u00e1p th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, sau khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m 1957, vi\u1ebft ngay m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 c\u1ea3m \u01a1n g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc \u1edf Belcourt, m\u1ed9t khu ph\u1ed1 ngh\u00e8o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Algiers m\u00e0 Camus \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn l\u00ean c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh di c\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i l\u00ean \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y<\/em> \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft trong t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1o ra \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch<\/em><\/strong> cho \u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc. V\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y, \u0111\u00e1m h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u201cch\u00fang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng cao nh\u1ea5t\u2026 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m, x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/em><\/strong>.\u201d Camus n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn hai ch\u1eef \u201ck\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng\u201d, v\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m\u201d t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 v\u00f4 danh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o cho \u00f4ng \u00fd ch\u00ed h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng cho th\u1ea5y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch<\/em><\/strong> l\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o, \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u1eabn c\u00e1c b\u1eadc ph\u1ee5 huynh ph\u1ea3i suy ng\u1eabm. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, hay gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t hay gi\u1ea3m \u0111i c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c phong ki\u1ebfn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 “thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf” c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, nh\u1eefng men of honor<\/em>, th\u00ec m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, bi\u1ebft xem tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(Vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u0103m 2014)<\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam c\u00e1c b\u00e0i<\/em><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng gi\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/i><\/a><\/p>\n

A. Einstein:\u00a0T\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/i><\/a><\/p>\n

T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a J. H. PESTALOZZI<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C NH\u00c2N C\u00c1CH Suy Ngh\u0129 Nh\u00e2n Ng\u00e0y Nh\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh B\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 cao c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 do. [\u2026] C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, tinh<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8066"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8066"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8066\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8079,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8066\/revisions\/8079"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8066"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8066"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8066"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}