{"id":8133,"date":"2023-01-18T08:49:25","date_gmt":"2023-01-18T01:49:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=8133"},"modified":"2024-10-24T11:08:58","modified_gmt":"2024-10-24T04:08:58","slug":"er-epr-hinh-hoc-va-roi-luong-tu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/er-epr-hinh-hoc-va-roi-luong-tu\/","title":{"rendered":"ER = EPR (H\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 R\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #008000\">ER = EPR<\/span><\/h1>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">Space-time geometry and quantum entanglement<\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;color: #000080\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">HAY L\u00c0 CU\u1ed8C \u0110I T\u00ccM M\u1ed0I LI\u00caN H\u1ec6 GI\u1eeeA T\u01af\u01a0NG \u0110\u1ed0I V\u00c0 L\u01af\u1ee2NG T\u1eec<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-6321\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2021\/03\/picture-7.png?resize=71%2C46&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"71\" height=\"46\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;color: #000080\">B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Einstein \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng phi th\u01b0\u1eddng: t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u0103m d\u00f2 h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. C\u00f3 bao gi\u1edd \u00f4ng \u1ea5y ngh\u0129 ER=EPR kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ec9? Ai bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 coi hai \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong>Leonard Susskind<\/strong>, <em>Nature<\/em>, December 15, 2022<a style=\"color: #000080\" href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"color: #000080;font-size: 14pt\">V\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00e2y kinh ng\u1ea1c, nh\u01b0ng hai trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 r\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n b\u1edfi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1t h\u1ea1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1eadt l\u00fd r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00e0o v\u1edbi nhau. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ed7 giun, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n b\u1edfi thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eaft k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian xa x\u00f4i v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 t\u00f4i, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nhau n\u00e0y. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed7 \u0111en, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau &#8211; c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau &#8211; v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa h\u01a1n l\u1ed7 \u0111en.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong>Juan Maldacena<\/strong>, <em>Scientific American,<\/em> November 1, 2016<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt\">***<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong><em>L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em><\/strong><\/span>. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc<em> Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh<\/em>, b\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn hai hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng ER v\u00e0 EPR \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Einstein v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u0103m 1935, v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 s\u01a1. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t <em>Denkansto\u03b2<\/em> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i t\u00f2 m\u00f2. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 12, 2022, nhi\u1ec1u t\u1edd b\u00e1o l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 <em>Nature<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>The New York Times<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t \u201cnh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m v\u1eadt l\u00fd 8 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb CalTech, MIT, Harvard v\u00e0 Fermilab, th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u201ct\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u <em>to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh<\/em> trong m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Google\u201d. D\u1ee5ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ER v\u00e0 EPR m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fang, v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. T\u00e1m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u00f4i li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng ngay \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cT\u00e1m t\u00ean ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i\u201d \u1edf Thung l\u0169ng Silicon, \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ra ri\u00eang th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng ty chip c\u1ea1nh tranh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e1m nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u201cn\u00e9m \u0111\u00e1\u201d, b\u1ecb cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o ra \u201cbullshit\u201d, \u201cnonsense\u201d hay \u201cstunt\u201d, chi\u00eau tr\u00f2 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00e1o li\u00ean quan, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngay s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecf xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a t\u00e1m nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a CalTech sau \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap t\u00f4i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o s\u00fac t\u00edch v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh khai s\u00e1ng m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n (H.K.) c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i trong di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n Humboldt mua d\u00f9m: \u201c<em>A holographic wormhole in a quantum computer<\/em>\u201d, c\u1ee7a hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Adam R. Brown, m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean postdoc, v\u00e0 Leonard Susskind, m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ee5, t\u00f4i m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ecdc xong b\u00e0i n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. S\u1ef1 nh\u00fang tay c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong ph\u1ea7n [3]. Nh\u00f3m t\u00e1m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y th\u1eadt ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ri\u00eang l\u1ebb trong cu\u1ed9c \u201cphi\u00eau l\u01b0u\u201d \u0111i t\u00ecm c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (transversable wormhole) tr\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua trong m\u1ed9t tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt, hay c\u1ea3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 tinh vi h\u01a1n n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp. Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i Richard Feynman \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh) chung cu\u1ed9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u00ednh v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed hay sao? (<em>New York Times<\/em> s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y)<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 g\u00ec \u0111i n\u1eefa, m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc trong kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 r\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i r\u1ea5t thu h\u00fat th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ER v\u00e0 EPR, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111i t\u00ecm d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111ang nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111ang \u0111i t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd d\u1eabn d\u1eaft, m\u1ed9t ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd xa h\u01a1n cho t\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i.\u00a0T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 bu\u1ed5i b\u00ecnh minh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 m\u1edbi, c\u1ee7a &#8220;v\u1eadt l\u00fd m\u1edbi&#8221; (new physics).<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">T\u00f4i c\u0169ng mong c\u00f3 h\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u00eam s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>L\u1eddi qu\u00ea ch\u1eafp nh\u1eb7t d\u00f4ng d\u00e0i<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Mua vui c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tr\u1ed1ng canh<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">(Nguy\u1ec5n Du)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">[1]<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;color: #000080\">HAI KH\u00c1M K\u1ef2 L\u1ea0 N\u0102M 1935<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>EPR (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen)<\/strong>. Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1935, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh chung c\u1ee7a Einstein v\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p Podolsky v\u00e0 Rosen mang t\u00ean <em>Ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd EPR<\/em>, ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed trong vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i. Theo EPR, hai h\u1ea1t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nhau m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu nhau v\u00e0 \u201cth\u00f4ng tin nhau\u201d d\u00f9 ch\u00fang xa c\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c \u1edf m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t \u201cb\u00e1o\u201d cho h\u1ea1t kia bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ee9c th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t kia trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a hai h\u1ea1t. Einstein cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i nhanh h\u01a1n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. Einstein g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cT\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ma qu\u00e1i t\u1eeb xa\u201d (<em>spooky action at a distance<\/em> hay <em>spukhafte Fernwirkung<\/em>). Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 <em>v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu<\/em> hay <em>r\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/em> (quantum entanglement). R\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i nhau b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan (correlation) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch nhau xa, v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u00f4ng tin di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n<p>Einstein l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng tin, cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 \u1ea9n b\u00ean trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd John Bell \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c. T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ma qu\u00e1i t\u1eeb xa l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1t \u1edf m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t s\u1ebd cho ra t\u1ee9c th\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xa nhau h\u1eb1ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111i n\u1eefa. T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ma qu\u00e1i n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n giao c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3m trong d\u00e2n gian.<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a> \u0110i\u1ec1u ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 EPR n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p>Gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u0103m 2022 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh phi-c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 (non-locality) c\u1ee7a EPR (John F. Clauser v\u00e0 Alain Aspect) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy\u1ec1n tin l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb hacked (Anton Zeilinger), d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng EPR.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pbs.twimg.com\/media\/FJaOysrWYAEaHa6.jpg?resize=337%2C226&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Center for Jewish History on Twitter: &quot;From the collection of @lbinyc is a photo of Albert Einstein smoking a pipe, circa 1930. Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany in 1879. He developed\" width=\"337\" height=\"226\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/> <img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/d\/d7\/NathanRosen.jpg\/200px-NathanRosen.jpg\" alt=\"NathanRosen.jpg\" width=\"178\" height=\"228\" \/> <img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/ru\/f\/f2\/Boris_Podolsky.jpg\" alt=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/ru\/f\/f2\/Boris_Podolsky.jpg\" width=\"167\" height=\"228\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Albert Einstein, Nathan Rosen, v\u00e0 Boris Podolsky<\/p>\n<p><strong>ER (Einstein-Rosen)<\/strong>. Th\u00e1ng 7 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m, Einstein v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p Nathan Rosen, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ed7 \u0111en trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u1ea1 m\u1eaft. M\u1ed7i l\u1ed7 \u0111en c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng trong, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi n\u00f3, v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng ngo\u00e0i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea1y tho\u00e1t l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 hai v\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch ra b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n (event horizon). Einstein v\u00e0 Rosen nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t, m\u00e0 hai v\u00f9ng ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eaft (shortcut) g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u Einstein-Rosen m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y, n\u0103m 1957, John Wheeler g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 wormhole, \u201cl\u1ed7 s\u00e2u\u201d hay \u201cl\u1ed7 giun\u201d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8347\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/wormhole.jpg?resize=478%2C257&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"478\" height=\"257\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Minh h\u1ecda m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u hay c\u1ea7u Einstein-Rosen n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n hai l\u1ed7 \u0111en<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">(Gubser &amp; Pretorius, <em>The Little Book of Black Holes<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n \u0111i qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eebng, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc. Theo phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Einstein v\u00e0 Rosen, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i qua l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng ngo\u00e0i n\u00e0y sang v\u00f9ng ngo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 cho ph\u00e9p Romeo v\u00e0 Juliet, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea3y v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 \u0111en, r\u1ed3i h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p nhau ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eef b\u00ean trong, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Xem: <a href=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/john-wheeler-viet-ve-albert-einstein\/\">John Wheeler <em>vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1<\/em> Albert Einstein<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0ng l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u c\u00f3 th\u1eadt t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c hay kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u00e0n c\u00e3i. Nh\u1eefng ai ho\u00e0i nghi v\u1ec1 l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u tin r\u1eb1ng sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, ph\u1ea7n gi\u1eefa c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 s\u1ebd s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, tr\u1eeb khi n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea9y ra t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i. C\u00e1ch kh\u1ea3 thi nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cn\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e2m\u201d, th\u1ee9 s\u1ebd ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 gi\u1eef l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u1eafm l\u00fac c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xem ch\u1eebng nh\u01b0 phi l\u00fd, ch\u1eb3ng ai d\u00e1m tin, th\u00ec cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 \u0111en. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Karl Schwarzschild kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau khi Einstein ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t c\u00e1c c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Einstein, kh\u00f4ng tin \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t 50 n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xem tr\u1ecdng l\u1ed7 \u0111en \u2013 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef th\u1eadm ch\u00ed cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1967 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c John Wheeler \u0111\u1eb7t ra. Xem th\u00eam \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>. Ng\u00e0y 11-2-2016 m\u00e1y d\u00f2 LIGO \u1edf M\u1ef9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea1m nhau c\u1ee7a hai l\u1ed7 \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t sensation tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tanjadevos4.files.wordpress.com\/2017\/05\/main-qimg-a96d3b6410ba68e83055498addd6d6be.png?w=1056\" alt=\"Einstein Rosen bridge | De Vos\" width=\"674\" height=\"346\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u1ea2nh minh h\u1ecda m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n hai thi\u00ean h\u00e0, hay l\u1ed7 \u0111en, ho\u1eb7c hai h\u1ea1t v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu (\u1ea3nh tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">[2]<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;color: #000080\">T\u01af\u01a0NG QUAN ER = EPR<\/span><\/p>\n<p>V\u00e0o th\u1eddi Einstein, kh\u00f4ng ai ngh\u0129 ng\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ER v\u00e0 EPR c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 xa l\u1ea1, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd tr\u1eeb Einstein, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang \u0111i t\u00ecm thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (quantum gravity).<\/p>\n<p>M\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m sau, 2013, hai nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Leonard Susskind \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stanford v\u00e0 Juan Maldacena \u1edf Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Cao c\u1ea5p (IAS) Princeton trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1eeda l\u1ed7 \u0111en, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t, r\u1eb1ng hai hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u2013 v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u \u2013 th\u1eadt ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 hai m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ER=EPR. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu c\u1ee7a nhau, <em>duality<\/em>, m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 l\u1ed7 giun li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian, m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. N\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 <em>duality<\/em> c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t photon c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, khi th\u00ec xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t, khi th\u00ec \u1edf d\u1ea1ng s\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng Maldacena v\u00e0 Susskind \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Gi\u1eefa hai h\u1ea1t v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u b\u00e9 t\u00ed, c\u1ee1 thang Planck, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ed m\u1eadt. R\u1ed9ng ra h\u01a1n, hai l\u1ed7 \u0111en th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ee5c. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (EPR) t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1edd c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a wormhole.<\/p>\n<p>N\u0103m 2003, Maldacena nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn hai t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p h\u1ea1t, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i h\u1ea1t trong t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t trong t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p kia. Maldacena \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t hologram (\u1ea3nh to\u00e0n k\u00fd) kh\u00e1 k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh: m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p l\u1ed7 \u0111en trong kh\u00f4ng gian AdS c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i nhau th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u.<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a> (Xem <em>Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh<\/em> trong b\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/midpenmedia.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/FutureTalk.jpg?resize=287%2C234&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Social Media Love for Susskind on Future Talk | Midpen Media Center\" width=\"287\" height=\"234\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/> <img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/arc-anglerfish-arc2-prod-infobae.s3.amazonaws.com\/public\/CDQJB77O7FDV5PILRQP62PION4.jpg?resize=418%2C235&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Juan Martin Maldacena - Infobae\" width=\"418\" height=\"235\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Leonard Susskind v\u00e0 Juan Maldacena<\/p>\n<p>V\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean, n\u0103m 2015 Maldacena vi\u1ebft <a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 r\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian, hay h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 quan tr\u1ecdng. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 <em>ch\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian c\u0169ng hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a r\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/em> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n vi m\u00f4 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. (nghi\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i)<\/p>\n<p>M\u1edf ngo\u1eb7c: T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng gian n\u0103m-chi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc \u00e2m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean b\u1ed1n-chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng! (Gubser &amp; Pretorius, <em>A little book of black holes<\/em>, 172)<\/p>\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hy v\u1ecdng, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ER=EPR c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (quantum gravity) kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 \u0111en b\u00ed hi\u1ec3m, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c li\u00ean quan c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng. Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd MIT Julian Sonner n\u00f3i: \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian do Einstein ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cong c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu, c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Mark van Raamsdonk c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc British Columbia c\u0169ng g\u1ee3i ra r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u, kh\u00f4ng gian c\u00e0ng b\u1ec1n ch\u1eb7t, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu c\u00e0ng l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gian c\u00e0ng y\u1ebfu \u1edbt c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 tan r\u00e3.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/image-1.jpeg?resize=422%2C262&amp;ssl=1\" width=\"350\" height=\"217\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">N\u1ebfu hai ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi nhau, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng gian s\u1ebd tan r\u00e3. (Courtesy of Mark van Raamsdonk &amp; George Musser, trong <em>Spooky action at a distance<\/em>.) \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u201cv\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu\u201d l\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh ho\u1ea1t d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i nhau d\u01b0\u1edbi mu\u00f4n v\u00e0n h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00e0ng b\u1ec1n ch\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y nghe Juan Maldacena \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7: \u201cD\u00f9 ta c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc vi m\u00f4 \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ER=EPR cho ta m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y. Trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y, m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ER=EPR c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, tuy nhi\u00ean hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p.\u201d (trong b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u00f3i tr\u00ean)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">[3]<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;color: #000080\">ER = EPR <em>v\u00e0<\/em> TH\u1ef0C NGHI\u1ec6M<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;color: #000080\"><strong><em>T\u1ea1o &#8220;l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u&#8221; trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed n\u0103m 2022<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u00ecm d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa ER v\u00e0 EPR trong kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. L\u1ed7 s\u00e2u trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eafm t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Big Bang r\u1ed3i lang thang trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u00e0 ta ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang. C\u00f2n vi\u1ec7c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u th\u1ef1c trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i to\u00e1n r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1 l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb s\u1eadp b\u1edfi l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn b\u00ean trong. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng l\u1ed7 \u0111en t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n<p>Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed cho v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edf l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc. Cho n\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m mong mu\u1ed1n m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 trong nh\u1eefng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 &#8216;\u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i&#8217; n\u00e0y, hy v\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh tr\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/strong>. Cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 11, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 12, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m v\u1eadt l\u00fd gia do b\u00e0 Maria Spiropulu c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n CalTech d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1eeba t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u d\u1ea1ng to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9c ER = EPR, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean <em>Nature<\/em>, <em>New York Times<\/em>, <em>Scientific American<\/em> v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1o m\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c. Tin n\u00e0y g\u00e2y x\u00f4n xao trong d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00e1i chi\u1ec1u d\u1eef d\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n<p>Kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 trong khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim nh\u01b0 Interstellar hay Star Trek, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 c\u1ed5ng xuy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 di chuy\u1ec3n qua nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, \u1edf th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean, l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u00e3 h\u00f3a. Team c\u1ee7a Spiropulu l\u00e0m ra m\u1ed9t protocol (giao th\u1ee9c) \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Google AI v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd Sycamore \u1edf Santa Barbara, California, ch\u1ea1y, m\u00e0 c\u00e1i chip c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u1edbn b\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng chi\u1ebfc b\u00e1nh ch\u01b0ng. Wormhole v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 l\u1ed7 \u0111en t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1i b\u00e1nh chip \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng (simulation). C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8216;m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh SYK&#8217;, mang t\u00ean ba nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Subir Sachdev c\u1ee7a Harvard, Jinwu Ye c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Bang Mississippi v\u00e0 Alexei Kitaev c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Caltech.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-8306\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Sycamore-processor.jpg?resize=520%2C292&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"520\" height=\"292\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u1ea2nh b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd Sycamore c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Google l\u1edbn chi\u1ebfc b\u00e1nh ch\u01b0ng to m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat (Quanta magazine)<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra hai l\u1ed7 \u0111en m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng nh\u1ecf trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m trong kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u2018l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u baby\u2019. Theo h\u1ecd, l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u \u0111i qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o th\u00f4ng tin l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec5n t\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u00e3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u1edbi 9 qubits.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e8n m\u1ed9t bit l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, hay qubit, c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a (t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed), v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu \u2013 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 xem th\u00f4ng tin xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kia. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 qubit hay th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p truy\u1ec1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 \u0111en th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u. Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Samantha Davis c\u1ee7a Caltech, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho bi\u1ebft: \u201cPh\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u00f3m ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u cho ph\u00e9p th\u00f4ng tin truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y sang h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng s\u00f3ng xung k\u00edch (shockwave) n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi t\u00ednh h\u00f3a, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft mong \u0111\u1ee3i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n<p>Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh cho th\u1ea5y l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng tin t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a v\u1eeba trong m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u00e0 v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ranh gi\u1edbi v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3, g\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa th\u00f4ng tin l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian ba chi\u1ec1u trong tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd John Wheeler t\u00f3m t\u1eaft b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201cN\u00f3 t\u1eeb qubit\u201d (It from qubit), m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (\u201cn\u00f3\u201d) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb th\u00f4ng tin l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (\u201cqubit\u201d). \u201cTh\u00f4ng tin kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta <em>h\u1ecdc<\/em> v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i <em>t\u1ea1o ra<\/em> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\u201d M\u1ed7i v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng trong kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian theo c\u00e1ch v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u1edf m\u1ed7i v\u00f9ng trong kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb th\u00f4ng tin l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean.<\/p>\n<p>Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m <em>n\u00e0y<\/em> c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c g\u1ee3i \u00fd t\u1eeb hai b\u00e0i b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. N\u0103m 2015, Alexei Kitaev \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t fermion, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK), th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t \u201ct\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh\u201d r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed.<\/p>\n<p>N\u0103m 2019, Ping Gao v\u00e0 Daniel Louis Jafferis, sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong team t\u00e1m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu hai m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh SYK, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u201cvi\u1ec5n t\u1ea3i (qua) l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u\u201d, t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i ngang qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (traversable wormhole) trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i. Trong thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0111i qua l\u1ed7 giun n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c dao \u0111\u1ed9ng (th\u0103ng gi\u00e1ng, fluctuations) n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng. Nh\u01b0 Gao, Jafferis v\u00e0 Aron Wall \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2016, s\u00f3ng xung k\u00edch (shockwave) n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u ra v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i qua.<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a> \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i vi\u1ec5n t\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong b\u1ee9c tranh h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed th\u00e0nh v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 v\u1eabn b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai n\u00f3 tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed Sycamore t\u1ea1i Google,\u201d Alexander Zlokapa, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m n\u00f3i. Zlokapa, m\u1ed9t c\u1eed nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i CalTech, \u0111ang l\u00e0m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i MIT, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y (machine learning) \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 dung 9 qubits trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8295\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Anh-quantum-entanglement-va-emergent-wormhole.png?resize=356%2C476&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"356\" height=\"476\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\u1ea2nh minh h\u1ecda m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i trong m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh (holographic principle) cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i (states) l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed phi-h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u1edf v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n; s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu (dual). Jafferis v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a Maria Spiropulu \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu cao \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa hai n\u1eeda c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a b\u1edfi hai l\u1ed7 \u0111en l\u00e0 hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng SYK), sao cho \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u2018l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i\u2019 c\u0103ng ra gi\u1eefa hai v\u00f9ng ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Sau \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111i qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u. (Theo Brown &amp; Susskind, <em>A holographic wormhole in a quantum computer<\/em>. <em>Nature<\/em>, 1 December, 2022) (Courtesy of <em>Nature<\/em>). V\u1ec1 chi ti\u1ebft, n\u00ean tham kh\u1ea3o th\u00eam <em>The New York Times<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o chi ti\u1ebft qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u qua l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed <em>Quanta magazine<\/em>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-12064\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Anh-emergent-loophole.png?resize=560%2C1872&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"560\" height=\"1872\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">V\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">xem th\u00eam b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Natalie Wolchover tr\u00ean <em>quanta magazine<\/em>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"4deDLXvxRj\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/physicists-create-a-wormhole-using-a-quantum-computer-20221130\/\">Physicists Create a Holographic Wormhole Using a Quantum Computer<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Physicists Create a Holographic Wormhole Using a Quantum Computer&#8221; &#8212; Quanta Magazine\" src=\"https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/physicists-create-a-wormhole-using-a-quantum-computer-20221130\/embed\/#?secret=zDyYPRa2Rk#?secret=4deDLXvxRj\" data-secret=\"4deDLXvxRj\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng, h\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t \u201cv\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i\u201d l\u1ea1 l\u1eabm, n\u00ean n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1i l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, nh\u01b0 Einstein v\u00e0 Rosen \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh dung. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ea3o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u2014 th\u00f4ng tin l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ph\u00eda c\u1ee7a &#8216;l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u&#8217; xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i \u1edf ph\u00eda kia.<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a> S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n qubit xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u kia \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean h\u01a1n l\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n (unscrambled). Susskind v\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ecf v\u00f4 t\u00e1ch c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1ecb tan bi\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf t\u00e1ch c\u00e0 ph\u00ea kia tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb s\u01b0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu: t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u00ean kia l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qua l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u.<\/p>\n<p>Hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Brown v\u00e0 Susskind nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m Jafferis v\u00e0 Spiropulu nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1eafc n\u00e9t cao nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 do, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i cao \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n qubits. V\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 qubits l\u00e0 ch\u00edn, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Jafferis v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i nh\u1ecf. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, v\u00ec ch\u00edn qubits c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec v\u1ec1 h\u1ea5p l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. D\u00f9 th\u1ebf, th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Jaffersi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t minh ch\u1ee9ng cho nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp.<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Ignacio Cirac, Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Ph\u00f2ng L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n Quang h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed Max-Planck \u1edf Garching (Munich) c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n: \u201cC\u00e1c nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai g\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc quan tr\u1ecdng. Lo\u1ea1i m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 \u0111en, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi ch\u00fang ta nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u00fang t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed,\u201d Cirac gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1edbi Science Media Center (SMC).<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u00f3i tr\u00ean (Kitaev, Gao, Jefferis, Wall)<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[12]<\/a>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m t\u00e1m ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba n\u00f3i, m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh \u0111i qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Th\u1eadp ni\u00ean qua ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed7 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i l\u1ed7 \u0111en v\u1edbi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch th\u00edch \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi \u1edf hai ph\u00eda. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hy v\u1ecdng, Brown v\u00e0 Susskind vi\u1ebft, trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n tin-l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t m\u00ecnh`sao cho ch\u00fang qu\u00e1 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n quy \u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u1eb7ng k\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t chi ti\u1ebft th\u00fa r\u1ea5t v\u1ecb, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1edd <em>New York Times<\/em> \u0111\u01b0 ra, theo \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Caltech gi\u1ea3i Nobel Richard Feynman \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng, quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (quantum power c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh) chung cu\u1ed9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u00ednh v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. M\u1ed9t l\u1eddi ti\u00ean tri ch\u0103ng?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/inqnet.caltech.edu\/wormhole2022\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/worms-2022-1024x599.jpg?resize=600%2C351&#038;ssl=1\" width=\"600\" height=\"351\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">H\u00e0ng tr\u00ean: Jafferis, Zlokapa, Davis, Kolchmeyer; H\u00e0ng d\u01b0\u1edbi: Lauk, Lykken, Neven, Spiropulu<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">(<em>Traversable wormhole dynamics on a quantum processor &#8211; Wormhole2022<\/em> (caltech.edu))<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Thay l\u1eddi k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft xu\u1ed1ng trong ph\u1ea7n [3], t\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fat g\u00ec r\u1ea5t khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n cho vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m.\u00a0Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y ch\u00f4ng gai \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ea5n kh\u1edfi. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eadt \u201ccrazy\u201d, n\u00f3i theo Niels Bohr, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ed5 khai sinh ra v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i: Einstein, Schr\u00f6dinger, Pauli-Heisenberg, nh\u01b0ng b\u00e0i to\u00e1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a giai \u0111i\u1ec7u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng suy gi\u1ea3m. \u0110\u00f4i khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129 \u201cout of the box\u201d, hay t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf, v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1eabn d\u1eaft.<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y sinh l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh, kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn phi\u00eau l\u01b0u v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf Thung l\u0169ng Silicon, s\u1ebd t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi cho b\u00e0i to\u00e1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u00f3i tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong>Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y gi\u00e1p T\u1ebft Qu\u00fd M\u00e3o 2023<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/hoala.vn\/upload\/img\/images\/nhat%20chi%20mai%206.jpg?resize=305%2C191&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Nh\u1ea5t chi mai lo\u00e0i hoa mang qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed3n qu\u1ed1c t\u00fay\" width=\"305\" height=\"191\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">(Nh\u1ea5t chi mai)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Tham kh\u1ea3o <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem th\u00eam chi ti\u1ebft t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y<\/p>\n<p>-Tr\u00ean <em>Nature<\/em> 30 November 2022: <em>Traversable wormhole dynamics on a quantum processor<\/em>:<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-022-05424-3<\/p>\n<p>-Tr\u00ean <em>Nature<\/em> 01 December 2022: <em>Did physicists create a wormhole in a quantum computer?:<\/em><\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-022-04201-6<\/p>\n<p>-Tr\u00ean <em>Quanta magazine<\/em> v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh: <em>Physicists Create a Holographic Wormhole Using a Quantum Computer<\/em>:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"4deDLXvxRj\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/physicists-create-a-wormhole-using-a-quantum-computer-20221130\/\">Physicists Create a Holographic Wormhole Using a Quantum Computer<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Physicists Create a Holographic Wormhole Using a Quantum Computer&#8221; &#8212; Quanta Magazine\" src=\"https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/physicists-create-a-wormhole-using-a-quantum-computer-20221130\/embed\/#?secret=zDyYPRa2Rk#?secret=4deDLXvxRj\" data-secret=\"4deDLXvxRj\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>-Tr\u00ean <em>The New York Times<\/em>: <em>Physicists Create \u2018the Smallest, Crummiest Wormhole You Can Imagine\u2019<\/em><\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/11\/30\/science\/physics-wormhole-quantum-computer.html?campaign_id=34&#038;emc=edit_sc_20221206&#038;instance_id=79438&#038;nl=science-times&#038;regi_id=73155885&#038;segment_id=115163&#038;te=1&#038;user_id=dfe20d5efa77920ce89d47762b2361fa<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u00e0i n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n: <em>Making a Traversable Wormhole with a Quantum Computer: <\/em><\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/ai.googleblog.com\/2022\/11\/making-traversable-wormhole-with.html<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Theo Adam Brown &amp; Leonard Susskind, <em>A holographic wormhole in a quantum computer<\/em>. <em>Nature<\/em>, 1 December, 2022.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng.\/.<\/p>\n<p><em>Ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Galina Weinstein, <em>A comment on: Adam R. Brown &amp; Leonard Susskind\u2019s paper \u201cA holographic wormhole traversed in a quantum computer\u201d:<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/2212.03568.pdf\">https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/2212.03568.pdf<\/a> (December 15, 2022)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/entangled-wormholes-could-pave-the-way-for-quantum-gravity\/<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> Xem Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7, s\u00e1ch EINSTEIN, Nxb T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p TP HCM<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> What are wormholes? An astrophysicist (Kip Thorne) explains these shortcuts through space-time:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"fVFOv9qQrA\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.astronomy.com\/science\/what-are-wormholes-an-astrophysicist-explains-these-shortcuts-through-space-time\/\">What are wormholes? An astrophysicist explains these shortcuts through space-time<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;What are wormholes? An astrophysicist explains these shortcuts through space-time&#8221; &#8212; Astronomy Magazine\" src=\"https:\/\/www.astronomy.com\/science\/what-are-wormholes-an-astrophysicist-explains-these-shortcuts-through-space-time\/embed\/#?secret=gsXjNsC9Gv#?secret=fVFOv9qQrA\" data-secret=\"fVFOv9qQrA\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> Juan Maldacena, <em>Eternal black holes in anti-de Sitter <\/em>https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1126-6708\/2003\/04\/021. Journal of High Energy Physics, Volume 2003, JHEP04 (2003). Xem th\u00eam https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/physicists-create-a-wormhole-using-a-quantum-computer-20221130\/<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> Xem b\u00e0i \u201cH\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 r\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed\u201d c\u00f9a Maldacena, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0m Thanh S\u01a1n: https:\/\/damtson.wordpress.com\/2015\/11\/29\/geometria-y-entrelazamiento-cuantico\/comment-page-1\/#comment-4372<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/wormholes-quantum-entanglement-link\/<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> https:\/\/inqnet.caltech.edu\/wormhole2022\/<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-022-04201-6<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> Adam L. Brown &amp; Leonardo Susskind, <em>A holographic wormhole in a quantum computer<\/em>. <em>Nature<\/em>, 1 December, 2022, 612(7938): 41-42. DOI:10.1038\/d41586-022-03832-z<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> https:\/\/pledgetimes.com\/the-first-quantum-simulation-of-a-wormhole-manages-to-transmit-information-through-this-shortcut-in-spacetime\/<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[12]<\/a> Xem th\u00eam Illya Shapoval, Vincent Paul Su, Wibe de Jong, Miro Urbanek, Brian Swingle, <em>Towards Quantum Gravity in the Lab on Quantum Processors<\/em>, B.Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ arXiv.2205.14081 (2022).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>ER = EPR Space-time geometry and quantum entanglement HAY L\u00c0 CU\u1ed8C \u0110I T\u00ccM M\u1ed0I LI\u00caN H\u1ec6 GI\u1eeeA T\u01af\u01a0NG \u0110\u1ed0I V\u00c0 L\u01af\u1ee2NG T\u1eec B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Einstein \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng phi th\u01b0\u1eddng: t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u0103m d\u00f2 h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. C\u00f3 bao gi\u1edd \u00f4ng \u1ea5y<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8133"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8133"}],"version-history":[{"count":107,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8133\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9062,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8133\/revisions\/9062"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8133"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8133"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8133"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}