{"id":8232,"date":"2023-01-03T19:22:25","date_gmt":"2023-01-03T12:22:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=8232"},"modified":"2024-10-24T22:39:46","modified_gmt":"2024-10-24T15:39:46","slug":"cuoc-cach-mang-toan-anh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/cuoc-cach-mang-toan-anh\/","title":{"rendered":"Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #008000\">CU\u1ed8C C\u00c1CH M\u1ea0NG TO\u00c0N \u1ea2NH<\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;color: #000080\">THE HOLOGRAPHIC REVOLUTION<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080;font-size: 18pt\"><strong><em>To\u00e0n \u1ea3nh, l\u1ed7 \u0111en, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt quark-gluon plasma<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-6321\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2021\/03\/picture-7.png?resize=74%2C48&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"74\" height=\"48\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"color: #000080;font-size: 14pt\">Th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta <em>h\u1ecdc<\/em> v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i <em>t\u1ea1o ra<\/em> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000080\">John Wheeler,<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #000080\"> 1998<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: .25in;text-align: center\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: navy;font-size: 14pt\">***<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;color: #000080\"><strong><em>H\u1ecfi<\/em><\/strong>: C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080;font-size: 14pt\"><strong><em>\u0110\u00e1p<\/em><\/strong>:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000080;font-size: 14pt\">Ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u00e0o h\u1ee9ng. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u0103ng gi\u00e1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ban s\u01a1, ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n y\u1ebfu, ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang gom l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i. Tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"color: #000080;font-size: 14pt\">Einstein \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft Newton v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n nhau. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng 10 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n gi\u00fap kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u00e0y. Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd t\u00ecm ra gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p, m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong 30 n\u0103m qua, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong>Juan Maldacena, <\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #000080\">2013<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-12067\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Anh-Juan-Maldacena.jpg?resize=669%2C393&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"669\" height=\"393\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Juan Maldacena, v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u1ea2nh c\u1ee7a Sasha Maslov trong Quanta magazine, 29\/10\/ 2020<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-6321\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2021\/03\/picture-7.png?resize=54%2C35&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"54\" height=\"35\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;color: #000080\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt\">\u201cB\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 trong c\u00e1i chai\u201d<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;color: #000080\">Juan Maldacena<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><em>L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em>. Trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ed7 \u0111en c\u1ee7a Bekenstein v\u00e0 Hawking, hay t\u1eeb khi nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd M\u1ef9 John Archibald Wheeler trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 motivation cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Einstein, v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ea5n kh\u1edfi, l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1eafp t\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 <em>Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh<\/em> (Holographic Principle) c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111i xa m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc quan tr\u1ecdng, m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u00e0i n\u0103ng tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 GS \u0110\u00e0m Thanh S\u01a1n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i xin ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i t\u00f4i t\u1ea1m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 <em>Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh<\/em>, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u1ebb Vi\u1ec7t Nam. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, khi vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i <em>D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/em> cho quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch <em>T\u1ea1i sao l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y<\/em> c\u1ee7a Joseph Conlon, Nxb Tr\u1ebb. Nay xem l\u1ea1i, b\u1ed5 sung, tu ch\u1ec9nh cho t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u201cintuitive\u201d, c\u1ed1 sao \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc linh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Mong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft hay h\u01a1n l\u00e0m cho b\u1ee9c tranh s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. T\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng, v\u1edbi b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n khi \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;text-align: center\">Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">[1]<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Khi Jacob Bekenstein v\u00e0 Stephen Hawking trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c bit th\u00f4ng tin ch\u1ee9a trong l\u1ed7 \u0111en kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 t\u00edch nh\u01b0 th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7, m\u00e0 v\u1edbi <em>di\u1ec7n t\u00edch<\/em> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 b\u00ean tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 \u0111en, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 do (degrees of freedom, c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi entropy) trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p l\u1ef1c t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea5p l\u1ef1c th\u00ec t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 t\u00edch. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u1ed7 \u0111en tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt, <em>nguy\u00ean l\u00fd to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh<\/em> (holographic principle, \u2018t Hooft 93, Susskind 94).<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng. Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u1ebb g\u1ed1c Argentina Juan Maldacena xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. N\u0103m 1997, Maldacena, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi 29 tu\u1ed5i \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard, trong b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00f3 t\u00ean <em>The Large N limit of Superconformal Field Theories and Supergravity<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t conjecture m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd: V\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft si\u00eau d\u00e2y trong m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian n-chi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed si\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean (boundary) (n-1) chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y. N\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft si\u00eau d\u00e2y, c\u00e1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng ng\u1ea7m h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng (hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu) v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed si\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng trong m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng h\u1eadu c\u1ea3nh c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian, c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. Ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3, Ed Witten ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 \u0111en trong m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft si\u00eau d\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ed3i \u201cs\u00fap\u201d n\u00f3ng c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0 gluon, tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ecdc b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Witten, Leonard Susskind li\u1ec1n hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c \u201cchi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ed7 \u0111en\u201d, hay \u201cngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin l\u1ed7 \u0111en\u201d \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i cho \u00f4ng. Susskind vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">Thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin (information) trong c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y. D\u00f9 Maldacena v\u00e0 Witten l\u00e0m c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111i n\u1eefa, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh, v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi nghi ng\u1edd, r\u1eb1ng th\u00f4ng tin s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u0111i \u0111\u1eb1ng sau ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi l\u1ed7 \u0111en. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y hi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c; nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e2u h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft xong.<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>M\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng tin khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong l\u1ed7 \u0111en c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu, s\u1ebd b\u1ecb hao m\u00f2n qua b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 Hawking, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u0111i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi John Wheeler, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi trong m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i n\u00e9m m\u1ed9t t\u00e1ch c\u00e0 ph\u00ea v\u00e0o l\u1ed7 \u0111en, th\u00ec th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2u?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/thedrum-media.imgix.net\/thedrum-prod\/s3\/h_0.jpg?resize=384%2C217&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"A Brief History Of Stephen Hawking's Time In Advertising | The Drum\" width=\"384\" height=\"217\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/> <img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theoreticalminimum.com\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/large\/public\/susskind_photo.jpg?resize=339%2C216&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Leonard Susskind | The Theoretical Minimum\" width=\"339\" height=\"216\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Stephen Hawking v\u00e0 Leonard Susskind, t\u1eebng c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng tin trong l\u1ed7 \u0111en m\u1ea5t hay c\u00f2n<\/p>\n<p>\u00c1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y v\u00e0 D-branes c\u1ee7a Joe Polchinski, Maldacena kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n (explicit) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, tuy ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, nh\u01b0ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian anti-de Sitter (AdS), \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu (dual) v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p (conformal field theories, CFT) l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian AdS. Hai m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau. Maldacena \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho <em>Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh<\/em> ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn.<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a> C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Ed Witten sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u201cAnti-de Sitter Space and Holography\u201d, nh\u01b0 Susskind n\u00f3i, <em>Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft. Ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu gauge\/gravity (chu\u1ea9n\/h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn).<\/p>\n<p>Willem de Sitter l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc H\u00e0 Lan. N\u0103m 1917 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn Einstein cho m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian t\u0103ng theo h\u00e0m m\u0169 (exponential). V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cong d\u01b0\u01a1ng (c\u00e1c g\u00f3c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tam gi\u00e1 v\u1ebb tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 180\u00ba. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng gian anti-de-Sitter l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cong kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian \u00e2m, v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c g\u00f3c c\u1ee7a tam gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 180\u00ba.<\/p>\n<p>Hai kh\u00f4ng gian trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Maldacena, v\u00f9ng n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 bi\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018\u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu\u2019 (dual) c\u1ee7a nhau. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u00e0y, thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (quantum gravity) trong v\u00f9ng n\u1ed9i l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea1t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean (Maldacena, <em>The Illusion of Gravity<\/em>, \u1ea2o gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a H\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, 2005). Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Maldacena cho ph\u00e9p quy m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn trong kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a h\u1ea5p l\u1ef1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111em l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00ednh to\u00e1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu, hay s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau. Cho n\u00ean, n\u1ebfu v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, th\u00ec c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadt l\u00fd di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean <em>b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/em> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec di\u1ec5n ra <em>trong l\u00f2ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch <\/em>n\u00f3! B\u00e0i to\u00e1n trong l\u00f2ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n sang b\u00e0i to\u00e1n tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u1edbi \u00edt th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 h\u01a1n. V\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. T\u00f9y theo, ta c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 suy ra c\u00e1i b\u1ea5t thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu. \u0110\u00e0m Thanh S\u01a1n cho r\u1eb1ng Maldacena \u0111\u00e3 \u201cc\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1ea1nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a hai thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ed1ng trong v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian b\u1ed1n-chi\u1ec1u quen thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi QCD (l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh); thuy\u1ebft kia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng gian 10-chi\u1ec1u. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ed1ng-QCD s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u201cmembrance\u201d n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian nhi\u1ec1u-chi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n\u201d, v\u00e0 \u201cconjecture c\u1ee7a Maldacena cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c observables (\u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c) trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1ea1nh n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ea3.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft si\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng Yang-Mills, thuy\u1ebft m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t h\u1ea1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong kh\u00f4ng gian b\u1ed1n chi\u1ec1u, theo \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu, hay t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong kh\u00f4ng gian m\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ec1u. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y kh\u00e1c nhau trong kh\u00f4ng gian m\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ec1u. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Maxwell, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu gi\u1eefa tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb. S\u1ef1 ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed7i hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Maxwell. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu c\u1ee7a Maldacena di\u1ec5n ra trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng gian c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 chi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba n\u00f3i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd gi\u1eefa l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng gian c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0o v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc th\u00eam thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y trong m\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam l\u1ef1c h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n trong b\u1ed1n chi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n<p>Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u201ckh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc\u201d, crisis of identity. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u201cch\u00fang ta th\u1eadt\u201d \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ec1u n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u201cth\u1eadt\u201d \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddi hay m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u. Khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111i trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y, th\u00ec c\u00e1i ch\u00fang ta th\u1eadt c\u0169ng \u0111i trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kia.<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a> Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh, l\u00e0 hologram (\u1ea3nh to\u00e0n k\u00fd) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c ch\u0103ng?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/img.yumpu.com\/50826503\/1\/500x640\/the-illusion-of-gravity.jpg?resize=532%2C703&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"The Illusion of Gravity\" width=\"532\" height=\"703\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px\">T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed <em>Scientific American<\/em> v\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 <em>The illusion of Gravity<\/em>, s\u1ed1 th\u00e1ng 11, 2005, v\u1edbi b\u00e0i n\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Juan Maldacena, v\u1edbi \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fa h\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi hologram c\u1ee7a anh ta b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/C3A5CUsers5CHP5CAppData5CLocal5CMicrosoft5CWindows5CINetCacheContent.Word5CHolographic20duality.jpg.jpeg?resize=335%2C323&amp;ssl=1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px\"><em>Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh<\/em>, hay l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian b\u00ean trong. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u1edf b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 di\u1ec5n ra b\u00ean trong th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian. (Jen Christensen &amp; George Musser)<\/p>\n<p><em>Ch\u00fa \u00fd<\/em>. M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m \u1ea3nh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, hay m\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y TV, truy\u1ec1n \u1ea3nh l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem c\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea5y \u1ea3nh g\u1ed1c 3-chi\u1ec1u ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh 3D th\u1ef1c. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t hologram, b\u1ee9c tranh to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh, ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n. M\u1ed9t hologram l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh 2-chi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng 3-chi\u1ec1u m\u00e0 n\u00f3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3.<\/p>\n<p>B\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Maldacena, ch\u1ec9 ba th\u00e1ng sau \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Steven Gubser, Igor Klebanov v\u00e0 Alexander Polyakov, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Edward Witten, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao t\u1eb7ng gi\u1ea3i Fields, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u00e0 \u2018thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng\u2019 c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n \u201ct\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n\u201d nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu gi\u1eefa hai v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, gi\u00fap th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Maldacena. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, b\u00ed m\u1eadt t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ed7 \u0111en c\u1ee7a Stephen Hawking l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng va ch\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t (Xem \u1ea3nh minh h\u1ecda d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y). L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 \u0111en t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m h\u1ea1t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 \u0111en (<em>The Illusion<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>B\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Maldacena ch\u1ec9 3 n\u0103m sau \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 7.000 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2015 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 15.000, cao nh\u1ea5t trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Steve Weinberg v\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n-y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u0103m n\u00e0o. (Nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn con s\u1ed1 k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c 22.000)<\/p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-8270 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Lo-den-minh-hoa.jpg?resize=284%2C350&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"284\" height=\"350\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px\">Minh h\u1ecda nguy\u00ean l\u00fd to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Maldacena. L\u1ed7 \u0111en t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p h\u1ea1t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi nhau tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 \u0111en. (<em>The Illusion of Gravity<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>\u201cM\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh l\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (quantum gravity), v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111au \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n n\u1ebfu nh\u00ecn b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00fang. Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n cho big bang!\u201d, Maldacena vi\u1ebft (Trong <em>The Illusion<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">[2]<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;color: #000080\">M\u1ed8T \u1ee8NG D\u1ee4NG \u0110\u1ed8C \u0110\u00c1O<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e0m Thanh S\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1 (P.H. Kovtun, v\u00e0 A.O. Starinets) \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd. Qua s\u1ef1 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc c\u0169 Andrei Starinets tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Lomonosov, Nga, S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh quark-gluon <em>trong context l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y v\u00e0 ph\u00e9p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em> AdS\/CFT c\u1ee7a Maldacena. Quark-gluon plasma (QGP) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cn\u1ed3i s\u00fap\u201d h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c n\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ngay sau big bang, ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong gi\u00e2y l\u00e1t r\u1ed3i ngu\u1ed9i \u0111i v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh m\u1edbi m\u00e0 S\u01a1n l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n<p>Quark l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 gluon l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t truy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh (QCD) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef quark l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t ch\u1ee9a ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 proton, neutron. L\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9: c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n nhau th\u00ec t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang v\u00ec th\u1ebf nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do; trong khi ch\u00fang c\u00e0ng xa nhau th\u00ec c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i. Khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng, hai lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1t n\u00e0y k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nhau l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c neutron, proton v\u1edbi 3 h\u1ea1t quark, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta.<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/perimeterinstitute.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/people_446x514\/public\/2021-03\/DAM%20THANH%20SON.jpg?resize=317%2C365&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Dam Thanh Son | Perimeter Institute\" width=\"317\" height=\"365\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u0110\u00e0m Thanh S\u01a1n (Perimeter Institute)<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e0m Thanh S\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean l\u00fd to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh: l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 \u0111en trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian n\u1ed9i 5 chi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi d\u00e2y v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 suy ra s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quark v\u00e0 gluon trong kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian 4 chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u00e2y hay h\u1ea5p l\u1ef1c (Maldacena, Merali, v\u00e0 Wikipedia\/ String theory). Qua \u0111\u00f3, \u201cch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt tr\u01b0\u1ee3t (shear viscosity) c\u1ee7a plasma \u2026 M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i trong ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f9a r\u1eb1ng, b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u1eefu \u00edch xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y\u201d, S\u01a1n n\u00f3i (Merali). K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a plasma quark-gluon l\u00e0 x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng nh\u1ecf, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u1edbi h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Planck. L\u1ee3i \u0111i\u1ec3m: C\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean, n\u01a1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc (QCD), t\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c quark v\u00e0 gluon, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n sang t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u1ed9i n\u01a1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c nh\u1ecf. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed n\u00f3ng tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean, hay plasma quark-gluon, l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 l\u1ed7 \u0111en trong v\u00f9ng n\u1ed9i. Theo \u0110.T. S\u01a1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft: Plasma quark-gluon = L\u1ed7 \u0111en (trong kh\u00f4ng gian AdS). K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt tr\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang cho m\u1ed9t &#8220;l\u1edbp l\u1edbn c\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed7 \u0111en trong kh\u00f4ng gian anti-de Sitter. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i cung c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1edbi cho m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, do \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ee3i ra r\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi l\u1ed7 \u0111en l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t.&#8221; (Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn [4])<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u l\u1eeda quark-gluon. Khi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng ch\u1ea3y, nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1eadt r\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, hay quark-gluon plasma, m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o l\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ch\u1ea3y ph\u00eda tr\u00ean v\u00e0 ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi. L\u1ef1c k\u00e9o n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt tr\u01b0\u1ee3t. S\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 \u0111en c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nh\u1ecf. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 suy ra plasma quark-gluon c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00f3 c\u00f2n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt c\u1ee7a helium si\u00eau l\u1ecfng, cho n\u00ean r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<p>Cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a S\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n trong s\u00e1ch <em>T\u1ea1i sao l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y<\/em> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Joseph Conlon:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2019\/03\/image.jpeg?resize=368%2C481&amp;ssl=1\" width=\"308\" height=\"402\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a S\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1. N\u0103m 2005, RHIC (M\u00e1y gia t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m qu\u1ed1c gia Brookhaven) tin l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra plasma n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, plasma m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i sau big bang v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0103n l\u00f9ng t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. T\u1ea1i RHIC n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng 150.000 l\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 trong kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc 10<sup>-23<\/sup> gi\u00e2y, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c. Trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a RHIC nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c quark v\u00e0 gluon t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c nhau m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i, v\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201cch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng g\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o\u201d h\u01a1n l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng kh\u00ed. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a S\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00ean t\u00ednh to\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n trong thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Plasma quark-gluon v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c (coupling constant) l\u1edbn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nhi\u1ec3u lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. \u201c\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4m nay nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eb1m li\u00ean h\u1ec7 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m\u201d, Steven Gubser, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Princeton tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 (Merali). Brian Greene, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd d\u00e2y h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 cao \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a S\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1, g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d, v\u00e0 xem nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn th\u1ebf n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u201ch\u00e0o h\u1ee9ng nh\u1ea5t\u201d t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean qua.<\/p>\n<p>Maldacena c\u0169ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft <em>The Illusion <\/em>n\u00f3i tr\u00ean. N\u0103m 2013, th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a>, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a S\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1: \u201cTh\u1eadt v\u1eady, g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u00e0o h\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 \u0111en. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu m\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng quark gluon plasma trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 \u0111en trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00f9ng n\u1ed9i. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 \u0111en, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 quark gluon plasma.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t t\u00ednh h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y, v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean l\u00fd to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh AdS\/CFT c\u1ee7a Maldacena. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng m\u00e1y gia t\u1ed1c RHIC c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 \u0111en, nh\u01b0 Maldacena h\u1ecfi? Ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u00ec l\u1ed7 \u0111en c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong ch\u1edbp m\u1eaft, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong kh\u00f4ng gian 5 chi\u1ec1u, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Sau RHIC \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t CERN \u1edf Geneva c\u0169ng x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u00ean n\u0103m 2008 v\u00e0 2010.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a S\u01a1n &amp; \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho m\u1ed9t \u2018\u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n\u2019 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y l\u1eabn c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u1eadt ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 (condensed-matter physics), trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Subir Sachdev \u1edf Harvard, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao hu\u00e2n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Dirac c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0m Thanh S\u01a1n v\u00e0 Xiao-Gang Wen n\u0103m 2018. Sachdev \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Maldacena cho hai c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chung v\u1edbi S\u01a1n v\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p Christopher P. Herzog, Pavel Kovtun c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Ng\u00e0y nay, m\u1ed9t \u00edt nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2y per se, h\u1ecd quan t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e9p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng AdS\/CFT. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu th\u00f4ng tin l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>Thay l\u1eddi k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>V\u1eadt l\u00fd sau Einstein v\u00e0 sau khi M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean sau c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 cao v\u00f2i v\u1ecdi ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 <em>Extreme Physics<\/em> (V\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c) c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 b\u0103ng. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean qua, v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd tr\u1ebb h\u00f4m nay ngh\u0129 g\u00ec? Leonard Susskind n\u00f3i: H\u1ecd ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn t\u01b0 duy c\u1edfi m\u1edf. C\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n l\u1eafm. Juan Maldacena, trong \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i ba m\u01b0\u01a1i, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00ean v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 anh ta. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a anh ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn <em>Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh<\/em> th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu \u00edch cho gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Witten, anh \u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Polchinski, anh ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u xa l\u00ean c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb t\u01b0 duy c\u1edfi m\u1edf, c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m, kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, hay \u0111i v\u00e0o ng\u00f5 c\u1ee5t m\u00e0 ph\u00ed ho\u00e0i c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c. H\u1ecd x\u00f4ng x\u00e1o ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i h\u1ecd. V\u00e2ng, c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, v\u1eadt l\u00fd s\u1ebd d\u1eabm ch\u00e2n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng \u201cti\u00ean tri\u201d c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ebf t\u1eaft, c\u1ee7a \u201capocalypse\u201d trong khoa h\u1ecdc, \u00edt h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u201cchi\u1ebfn binh\u201d d\u00e1m \u201cli\u1ec1u l\u0129nh\u201d t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng khai ph\u00e1, \u201cm\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n ch\u00e8o thuy\u1ec1n qua \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e1n cho Newton, hay c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang cho Einstein. \u201cH\u00e3y d\u00e1m bi\u1ebft\u201d (Kant), v\u00e0 H\u00e3y d\u00e1m khai ph\u00e1, nh\u01b0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc mu\u1ed1n ra kh\u1ecfi hang \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a Plato.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong>Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong>\u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2023<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;color: #000080\">Xem b\u00e0i s\u1eafp t\u1edbi: <em>ER=EPR, <\/em>hay l\u00e0<em> Cu\u1ed9c \u0111i t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 r\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Xem th\u00eam: <em>T\u1ea1i sao l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y? <\/em>\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"U0FqBJtkpH\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/loi-dan-nhap-cho-sach-tai-sao-ly-thuyet-day\/\">L\u1eddi d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp cho s\u00e1ch T\u1ea1i sao L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y?<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;&lt;i&gt;L\u1eddi d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp cho s\u00e1ch&lt;\/i&gt; T\u1ea1i sao L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y?&#8221; &#8212; B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh\" src=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/loi-dan-nhap-cho-sach-tai-sao-ly-thuyet-day\/embed\/#?secret=Jt75Bz8tY9#?secret=U0FqBJtkpH\" data-secret=\"U0FqBJtkpH\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n tham kh\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n<p><em>Tham kh\u1ea3o<\/em>:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> J. Maldacena, <em>The Large N Limit of Superconformal Field Theories and Supergravity: <\/em>https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/hep-th\/9711200<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> Jim Baggott, <em>Quantum Space. Loop quantum gravity and the Search for the Structure of Space, Time and the Universe<\/em>. Oxford University Press, 2018.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> Leonard Susskind, <em>The Cosmic Landscape. String theory and the Illusion of Intelligent Design<\/em>. Back Bay Books, 2006.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> Dam Thanh Son, <em>Liquid universe hints at strings<\/em>, 01. June 2005: https:\/\/physicsworld.com\/a\/liquid-universe-hints-at-strings\/<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> Michio Kaku, <em>The God equation. The quest for a theory of Everything<\/em>. Doubleday, Penguin Random House, 2021.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> Xem s\u00e1ch k\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu <em>H\u1ea1t Higgs v\u00e0 M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n<\/em> do Cao Chi, Chu H\u1ea3o, Pierre Darriulat, Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Xu\u00e2n Y\u00eam l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean. Nxb Tri Th\u1ee9c, 2013.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> Xem b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eafp t\u1edbi<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> Xem th\u00eam chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o trong b\u00e0i <em>T\u1ea1i sao l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y?<\/em>: https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/loi-dan-nhap-cho-sach-tai-sao-ly-thuyet-day\/<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>CU\u1ed8C C\u00c1CH M\u1ea0NG TO\u00c0N \u1ea2NH THE HOLOGRAPHIC REVOLUTION To\u00e0n \u1ea3nh, l\u1ed7 \u0111en, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt quark-gluon plasma &nbsp; Th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. John Wheeler, 1998 *** H\u1ecfi: C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fang ta<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8232"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8232"}],"version-history":[{"count":56,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8232\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8280,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8232\/revisions\/8280"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8232"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8232"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8232"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}