{"id":827,"date":"2017-11-25T14:39:23","date_gmt":"2017-11-25T07:39:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=827"},"modified":"2023-10-04T09:52:55","modified_gmt":"2023-10-04T02:52:55","slug":"loi-tua-cho-cuoc-canh-tranh-chat-xam-vi-dai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/loi-tua-cho-cuoc-canh-tranh-chat-xam-vi-dai\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u1eddi t\u1ef1a cho Cu\u1ed9c C\u1ea1nh Tranh Ch\u1ea5t X\u00e1m V\u0129 \u0110\u1ea1i<\/i>"},"content":{"rendered":"

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CU\u1ed8C C\u1ea0NH TRANH CH\u1ea4T X\u00c1M <\/span><\/h1>\n

V\u0128 \u0110\u1ea0I1<\/sup><\/span><\/h1>\n

The Great Brain Race<\/i>. How Global Universities Are Reshaping the World. <\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Ben Wildavsky<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 C\u1ea3m ngh\u0129<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/i>. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u quy\u1ec3n Cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea1nh tranh Ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1m v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/i> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Ben Wildavsky, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch: T\u00f4 Di\u1ec7u Lan, c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa Sen v\u00e0 nxb Tri Th\u1ee9c, trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 200 n\u0103m K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nay xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3. NXX (Nov2017)<\/p>\n

(1)<\/b><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c C\u1ea1nh Tranh Ch\u1ea5t X\u00e1m V\u0129 \u0110\u1ea1i<\/i> (The Great Brain Race) c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Ben Wildavsky, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng Hoa K\u1ef3, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t hay n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, r\u1ea5t s\u00fac t\u00edch v\u00e0 uy\u00ean b\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ebd l\u00ean t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u g\u00f3c c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin t\u1ea3n m\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea1nh tranh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u nh\u1eb1m thu h\u00fat t\u00e0i n\u0103ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi mi\u1ec1n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch ra \u0111\u1eddi trong s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. Ben Wildavsky \u0111\u00e3 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o \u201cto\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 \u0111ang bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o\u201d (Richard Levin). C\u1ea1nh tranh kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 (KHCN). C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1o ra tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tinh hoa cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00ean vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21. Hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m qua th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Humboldt ra \u0111\u1eddi. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u00f2n l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u201can ninh kinh t\u1ebf\u201d, v\u00e0 an ninh qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia n\u1eefa. M\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ea1nh tranh s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thua thi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn lao cho kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 KHCN th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp. Kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1u lao v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u2018\u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u2019: t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u00e1i n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c, Ph\u00e1p; \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 Saudi Arab, Trung Qu\u1ed1c; t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u Phi, ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u1eeba \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o tinh hoa, tr\u00e1nh th\u1ea5t tho\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1m, v\u1eeba thu h\u00fat ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t tho\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1m, brain drain<\/i>, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thu h\u00fat ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1m, brain gain<\/i>, hay b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u2018\u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/i> brain drain\u2019 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u00eau th\u1ee9c thu h\u00fat h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn.<\/p>\n

Saudi Arab, m\u1ed9t x\u1ee9 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a sa m\u1ea1c v\u00e0 d\u1ea7u ho\u1ea3, c\u0169ng tham v\u1ecdng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 10 t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9 (!) v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 KAUST (c\u00e1i t\u00ean na n\u00e1 KAIST, Vi\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c), \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc khoa h\u1ecdc-c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Vua Abdullah, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1ecf ti\u1ec1n ra, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a n\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0ng son H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o<\/i>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1m l\u00e0m \u2018xanh t\u01b0\u01a1i\u2019 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc sa m\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 cho c\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng \u1ea2 r\u1eadp r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. S\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n n\u00e0y m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ed1n kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng; trong khi s\u1ed1 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn con s\u1ed1 25 t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 hai sau Harvard. Vua Abdullah c\u0169ng cho ph\u00e9p KAUST kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, do b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng quan li\u00eau.<\/p>\n

Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u2018tay ch\u01a1i\u2019 \u0111\u1ea7y tham v\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c, t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 90 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee5c t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1o ra ch\u00edn tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean C9, m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u Ivy League<\/i> c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c (Ph\u00fac \u0110\u00e1n, Nam Kinh, H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 C\u00e1p Nh\u0129 T\u00e2n, B\u1eafc Kinh, Giao th\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i, Thanh Hoa, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Khoa h\u1ecdc C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 An Huy, Giao Th\u00f4ng T\u00e2y An, Chi\u1ebft Giang). \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u00e2n r\u1ed9ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh IIT, Indian Institute of Technology<\/i>, H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, n\u01a1i \u01b0\u01a1m t\u00e0i n\u0103ng \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 50 l\u00fac qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. ITT l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 Boston Consulting v\u00e0 McKinsey h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3n b\u1eaft c\u00e1c t\u00e0i n\u0103ng gi\u1ecfi, s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Nh\u01b0ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay, tuy \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 t\u1ee5t l\u1ea1i ph\u00eda sau Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ee9c, Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng b\u1ecf ra h\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ec9 euro \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u00e1c vi\u1ec7t nh\u1eb1m thu h\u00fat tinh hoa th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 chen ch\u00e2n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

Hai qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c1 c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c phi th\u01b0\u1eddng trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u; v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc: H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Singapore. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chung c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 tr\u00e1c vi\u1ec7t<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c c\u1ea1nh tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf, gi\u1eef ch\u00e2n sinh vi\u00ean l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u2018n\u00e2ng t\u1ea7m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia\u2019. Ti\u1ebfng Anh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c chung, lingua franca<\/i>, trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00e0n l\u00e2m v\u00e0 kinh doanh. H\u1ecd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u00e0 thu\u00ea c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. N\u0103m 2008, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u2018ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u2019 v\u1edbi qu\u1ef9 800 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9 cho 5 n\u0103m nh\u1eb1m \u2018nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u\u2019 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 b\u00e1n th\u1eddi gian. 1.000 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed9p \u0111\u01a1n trong m\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u, trong \u0111\u00f3 40% \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Hoa K\u1ef3, c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel. H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c hy v\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y s\u1ebd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc m\u0169i nh\u1ecdn m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Singapore l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c c\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u Hoa K\u1ef3. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafm m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111em m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0o, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi s\u00e1u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, n\u0103m 2007, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c MIT v\u00e0o trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c gia CREATE (Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise). N\u0103m 2007, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Singapore International Graduate Award<\/i>, SINGA, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng sau ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 d\u00e0nh cho sinh vi\u00ean ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i hai \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc NUS v\u00e0 NTU. M\u1ed7i n\u0103m c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 240 h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng SINGA \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. Tuy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u2018b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c\u2019 (Warwick, Johns Hopkins, New South Wales), nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i chung, Singapore \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t powerhouse<\/i> c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u<\/i>.<\/p>\n

(2)<\/b><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t s\u00fang c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u2018\u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3\u2019 v\u1ec1 x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng, ranking<\/i>, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, \u0111\u1ea7u 21. N\u0103m 1997, t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Asiaweek<\/i> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u \u00c1. N\u0103m n\u0103m sau, 2002, Trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Thu\u1ef5 S\u0129 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u2018li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u00e1n qu\u00e2n\u2019, champion league<\/i>, d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng quy m\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u0103m 2003 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean Academic Ranking of World Universities<\/i>, \u2018X\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng h\u00e0n l\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u2019, c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Giao th\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i<\/i>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem l\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1eb1ng sau b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Nian Cai Liu (L\u01b0u Ni\u1ec7m T\u00e0i), Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 ho\u00e1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Giao th\u00f4ng quan ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u00ecnh so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o l\u00fac Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ua \u0111\u1ea7y tham v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ch\u00f9m \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o. H\u1ecd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u00f4ng khai. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc B\u1eafc Kinh \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u2018\u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u2019 n\u0103m 2016, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Thanh Hoa n\u0103m 2020. Theo \u00f4ng Liu, c\u00f3 4 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00e0o B\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i n\u00e0y n\u0103m 2003, t\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh 2.000 l\u01b0\u1ee3t\/ng\u00e0y. M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong danh s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u00ean: Harvard, Stanford, Berkeley, Cambridge, MIT, Caltech, Columbia, Princeton, Chicago v\u00e0 Oxford. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb hai \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Anh l\u00e0 Cambridge v\u00e0 Oxford, m\u1ed9t tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn cho n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3. X\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i xem tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i Nobel<\/i> hay gi\u1ea3i Fields<\/i> ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng danh gi\u00e1 kh\u00e1c; c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 Nature <\/i>hay Science<\/i>; c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn…<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau, 2004, b\u00e1o Times<\/i> Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng Times Higher Education Supplement<\/i>, vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft THES. C\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n, \u2018to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n h\u01a1n\u2019 (holistic<\/i>), nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0m \u1edf nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 sinh vi\u00ean\/gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 b\u1ecb r\u1edbt h\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Anh t\u0103ng h\u1ea1ng. C\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a THES thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u0103m 2008, m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a THES c\u00f3 t\u00ean Harvard, Yale, Cambridge, Oxford, Caltech, Imperial College London, University College London, Chicago, MIT, v\u00e0 Columbia. Hoa K\u1ef3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 6, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 Anh c\u00f3 4. Kh\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i. Ngo\u00e0i ra, n\u0103m 2009, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 trong b\u1ea3ng 100 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a THES b\u1ecb thu h\u1eb9p t\u1eeb 42 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 36. \u0110\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng m\u1edbi: \u201cB\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111a chi\u1ec1u\u201d (vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft U-Multirank) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fa \u00fd h\u01a1n c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, \u0111\u1ea7u ra\u2026 Hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng hay khu v\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng, s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 (Val\u00e9rie P\u00e9cresse, B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p). S\u1ef1 tranh c\u00e3i di\u1ec5n ra kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. Uwe Brandenburg, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u201cTrung t\u00e2m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 m\u01b0\u1ee3n l\u1eddi nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc Albert Einstein \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00eau l\u00ean t\u00ednh tranh c\u00e3i: \u201cKh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 quan kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tranh c\u00e3i, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u00ean c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i l\u00ean d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn, sinh vi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. GS Philip G. Altbach c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Boston nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u2018b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n\u2019 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u2018vai tr\u00f2 h\u1eefu \u00edch\u2019 v\u00ec \u2018soi s\u00e1ng c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u h\u00e0n l\u00e2m\u2019 (c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i). M\u1ed9t \u2018phong tr\u00e0o\u2019 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc thu\u00ea c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel hy v\u1ecdng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1ng cao h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c \u201cs\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00e1c vi\u1ec7t\u201d t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c, Nga, Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng. \u201cT\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nhanh h\u01a1n v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf tinh hoa, c\u1ea1nh tranh, v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao h\u01a1n\u201d, nh\u01b0 b\u00e0 Ellen Haselkorn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c OECD v\u1ec1 202 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t qu\u1ed1c gia, vi\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t \u2018ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c\u2019 kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khen th\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt (\u00dac), v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c b\u1ecb sa th\u1ea3i (M\u00e3 Lai). G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, b\u00e0 Ellen Haselkorn \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf h\u00e3y n\u00f3i \u2018kh\u00f4ng<\/i>\u2019 v\u1edbi x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng, cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n di\u1ec5n ra.<\/p>\n

(3)<\/b><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n g\u0169i nhau: d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u0103n minh, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3i t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n, t\u1ef1 do h\u00e0n l\u00e2m, h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. C\u00e1c \u2018c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n m\u1edbi\u2019 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y g\u1ea7n g\u0169i hay g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3 h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi v\u0103n ho\u00e1 qu\u00ea nh\u00e0. C\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 m\u01a1 \u201cnh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o Harvard s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi t\u00f4i\u201d. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u1ecd m\u01a1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1ee9a. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0n l\u00e2m d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng chung l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 h\u00e0n l\u00e2m<\/i> xuy\u00ean bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi h\u01a1n l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o thu\u1ed9c superclass<\/i> trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ty, c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, ngay c\u1ea3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u2018tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1eb9\u2019, alma mater<\/i>, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kinh qua. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y gi\u1edbi superclass <\/i>n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean th\u00f4ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Sinh vi\u00ean ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111i xa cha m\u1eb9 s\u1edbm h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 c\u0169ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u, mi\u1ec5n c\u1ea1nh tranh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i. \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m g\u00ec v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft g\u00ec\u201d, nh\u01b0 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Obama n\u00f3i; v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh, sinh vi\u00ean \u1edf Dayton kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea1n \u1edf Detroit, Chicago hay Los Angeles, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c trang l\u1ee9a \u1edf B\u1eafc Kinh hay Delhi.<\/p>\n

V\u1ed1n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c, human capital<\/i>, c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a v\u1ed1n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cho qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o v\u1ed1n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c. M\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ea1p v\u00e0o \u2018c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5\u2019 (convergence club) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00fang: Tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1ea5p ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u (C.Goldin v\u00e0 L.Katz). V\u1ed1n \u1ea5y ng\u00e0y nay \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n<\/i>. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang \u0111\u1ea7y \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng <\/i>v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, skills<\/i>. Theo Wildavsky, N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o kinh t\u1ebf, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u00e1u th\u1ecbt c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng kinh t\u1ebf<\/i>. Tri th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u2018h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1\u2019 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 giam h\u00e3m hay \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u2018h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1\u2019 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 \u2018di d\u00e2n\u2019 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1999-2005 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y: s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i t\u0103ng 17% cho Hoa K\u1ef3, 29% cho Anh qu\u1ed1c, 42% cho \u00dac, v\u00e0 46% cho \u0110\u1ee9c. Nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3m. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft thu h\u00fat sinh vi\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n hay \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m. Singapore \u0111ang k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng thu h\u00fat 150.000 sinh vi\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2015; Malaysia 100.000 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2020. Ngay c\u1ea3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang thu h\u00fat 196.000 sinh vi\u00ean, \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c1, c\u0169ng nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn con s\u1ed1 300.000 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2025. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, marketplace<\/i>, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua k\u1ebb b\u00e1n, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng cao, high<\/i> mobility<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1m tr\u1ebb, sinh vi\u00ean, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 h\u01b0u, c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd gi\u1ecfi, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u0103n \u0111u\u1ed5i<\/i>. Tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7 ph\u00f3ng cao. Sinh vi\u00ean c\u0169ng t\u1ecf ra n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc su\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc c\u1eed nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0, l\u00e0m th\u1ea1c s\u0129 \u1edf Anh, v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1m xuy\u00ean bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t xuy\u00ean bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c nhau. Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u xuy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u1edbi y\u00eau s\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0n l\u00e2m c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn xa, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch vi\u1ec7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i sinh vi\u00ean. V\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Richard Levin c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Yale l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ra ngo\u00e0i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi. \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o sinh vi\u00ean th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21, v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2018m\u00f9 ch\u1eef v\u0103n ho\u00e1 xuy\u00ean bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi\u2019\u201d, Levin n\u00f3i. \u201cNgo\u00e0i kia c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n\u201d, \u201cM\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf Yale ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\u201d. \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u1ed1n trong s\u00e1u v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u1eeba qua c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ee9c, hai th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Mexico. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y t\u0103ng th\u00eam.\u201d \u00d4ng ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 th\u00eam: m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Phi Lu\u1eadt T\u00e2n. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vinh d\u1ef1 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o danh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/b><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea1nh tranh ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1m v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i
\nNg\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch: T\u00f4 Di\u1ec7u Lan. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa Sen, v\u00e0 nxb Tri Th\u1ee9c, 2012.<\/p>\n

(4)<\/b><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c di d\u00e2n, migration<\/i>, c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean t\u1eeb qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y sang qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12 l\u00fac c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, Bologna, Paris, Oxford \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o l\u00fac ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00eam d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111en t\u1ed1i (dark ages). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u00f4m nay. Cu\u1ed9c di d\u00e2n di\u1ec5n ra kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, di d\u00e2n v\u00ec \u0111i t\u00ecm t\u1ef1 do, t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, tri th\u1ee9c. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00ec tri th\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt t\u1ea1i Berlin nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 do h\u00e0n l\u00e2m, l\u1ea5y khoa h\u1ecdc<\/i> v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/i> l\u00e0m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, th\u00ec n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n ho\u00e1<\/i>. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t, qualification<\/i>, v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Tinh th\u1ea7n khoa h\u1ecdc lan to\u1ea3 v\u00e0o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c, gi\u00fap n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c Anh, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. V\u00e0o h\u1eadu b\u00e1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi: ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, Anh qu\u1ed1c, Hoa K\u1ef3, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u2018th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba\u2019 \u0111\u1ec3 cho sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cb\u00e1 quy\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c\u201d (german scientific hegemony<\/i>). Trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 II n\u1ed5 ra, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 c\u1ee7a Hitler v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 tan n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec9nh cao \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c di t\u1ea3n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u qua T\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3, trong \u0111\u00f3 Einstein l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Sau th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 II, Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4m nay. Ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0169 b\u00e3o nh\u01b0 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u0169 b\u00e3o th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh. Tri th\u1ee9c gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u201ckhu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e0u\u201d c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf! \u201cNh\u1eefng g\u00ec\u00a0m\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho n\u1eeda sau c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua (19) v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4t\u00f4 cho n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y (20) th\u00ec ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tri th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y: ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m\u201d (Clark Kerr). Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c trong context c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1eeb sau cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00ednh \u2018m\u00f4-\u0111un\u2019 cho ph\u00e9p th\u00eam b\u1edbt b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3, cho ph\u00e9p d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n, v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ecdi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9. T\u00ednh m\u00f4-\u0111un v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c m\u00f4n ch\u1ecdn cho ph\u00e9p th\u1ea7y v\u00e0 tr\u00f2 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u2018t\u1ef1 do d\u1ea1y\u2019, Lehrfreiheit<\/i>, v\u00e0 \u2018t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc\u2019, Lernfreiheit<\/i>, c\u1ee7a Humboldt. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/i>. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3<\/i>. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh multiversity<\/i>, \u0111a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 c\u1ee5m \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c noi theo, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng noi theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1987, Henry Rosovsky, c\u1ef1u ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m khoa c\u1ee7a khoa Arts and Sciences<\/i> \u1edf Harvard, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n:<\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y, khi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 kinh t\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111ang qua m\u1eb7t ch\u00fang ta trong h\u1ebft ng\u00e0nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u00e1t h\u1eb3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tranh c\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb hai ph\u1ea7n ba \u0111\u1ebfn ba ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean \u0111i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00e0y. [\u2026]<\/p>\n

Trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u201cMade in America\u201d v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u b\u1ea3nh nh\u1ea5t. Do \u0111\u00f3 l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 \u201cH\u00e3y \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn\u201d, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta kh\u1ecfi r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao nh\u1ea5t sinh vi\u00ean t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ti\u1ebfp theo sau l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 Anh, Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c, \u00dac. Trong s\u1ed1 572.509 sinh vi\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u0103m 2004 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c1: n\u0103m qu\u1ed1c gia h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0i Loan. Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng du h\u1ecdc sinh t\u1ea1i Anh, v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 69.000 trong s\u1ed1 318.390 sinh vi\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea1i Anh n\u0103m 2005. Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u0169ng chi\u1ebfm t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 sinh vi\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i \u00dac. Ph\u00e1p thu h\u00fat m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn sinh vi\u00ean t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Algeria, Morocco v\u00e0 Tunisia. \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u nh\u01b0 Ba Lan, Nga, Bulgaria, Hungary, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea2 r\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

(5)<\/b><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t business<\/i>, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh kinh doanh r\u1ea5t m\u00e0u m\u1ee1. World Bank \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh doanh thu 400 t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9 m\u1ed7i n\u0103m d\u00e0nh cho khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. S\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00ec-l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, for-profit<\/i>, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc-phi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u01b0 phi-l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 La Tinh, n\u01a1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng theo k\u1ecbp s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean. N\u1ebfu n\u0103m 2001 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 90 tri\u1ec7u sinh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi th\u00ec hai n\u0103m sau con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t 100 tri\u1ec7u (TQ chi\u1ebfm t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 l\u1edbn). V\u00e0 n\u0103m 2006 n\u00f3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 115 tri\u1ec7u. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p trung l\u01b0u l\u00e0 l\u00fd do c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng. M\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh IFC c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1ea1i 8 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 cao nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean ghi danh t\u1eeb 1991 \u0111\u1ebfn 2001, trong 10 n\u0103m, \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 260% l\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea5p thu v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0. T\u1ea1i Indonesia, n\u0103m 2004, 334.000 n\u1ed9p \u0111\u01a1n tranh nhau ch\u1ec9 80.000 ch\u1ed7. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u0111i ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. Nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Ben Wildavsky g\u00e2y ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean: gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00ec-l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 cao: 80% t\u1ea1i H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, 77% t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, 75% t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Brazil, 68% t\u1ea1i Philippines, Indonesia v\u00e0 Columbia, v\u00e0 63% t\u1ea1i B\u1ec9. T\u1ea1i Mexico v\u00e0 ngay t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, con s\u1ed1 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf: 33 v\u00e0 32%. Trong khi \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00ec-l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1edf t\u1ea1i, th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u2018tay ch\u01a1i\u2019 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb Hoa K\u1ef3: Laureate Education, Whitney International, Apollo Global, University of Phoenix, Kaplan Inc., DeVry Inc. Laureate c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 150 campus t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, M\u1ef9 La Tinh, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c1. H\u1ecd d\u1ea1y nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, kinh doanh, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin. C\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng 30%\/n\u0103m trong s\u00e1u n\u0103m qua, v\u1edbi doanh thu h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m 2 t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9! Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty Hoa K\u1ef3. Raffles Education \u0111\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i Singapore c\u00f3 c\u00e1c campus t\u1ea1i \u00dac, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Malaysia v\u00e0 H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng. V\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111a qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u2018bi\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u1edbng\u2019 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00ec-l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn. M\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng \u2018l\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1ec3\u2019: h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng hai n\u0103m, ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i tu nghi\u1ec7p hai n\u0103m, hay \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i. H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi cao h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf sinh vi\u00ean. Hay c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc phi-l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn v\u00e0 v\u00ec-l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn. Ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc \u1ea3o, gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u1ea3o, gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea3o, tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea7y, kh\u00f4ng campus, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. H\u1ecdc v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u2018v\u00f4 danh\u2019.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00ec-l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn hay \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1ea3o \u0111ang l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tranh lu\u1eadn l\u1edbn. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eeba gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tinh hoa, gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u2018\u0111e do\u1ea1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u-t\u1eadp trung\u2019. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i r\u1ea5t th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u01a1n \u2018\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed3ng thu\u1ef7\u2019 n\u00e0y (G. Casper). \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00ec-l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tinh hoa? Kh\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra tinh hoa, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u2018th\u00e1p chu\u00f4ng tr\u00e1c vi\u1ec7t\u2019. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n kinh doanh \u1edf l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, trong ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac ri\u00eang, n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u l\u1ea5y m\u1ea3nh b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n thu nh\u1eadp t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng cho nhu c\u1ea7u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng hay khu v\u1ef1c. H\u1ecd t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ed1n tri th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00ec-l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc phi-l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn \u0111ang tranh lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u1ed1t. S\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t t\u1eeb ph\u00eda nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu \u00edch, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kinh doanh \u2018\u0103n x\u1ed5i \u1edf th\u00ec\u2019. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb ph\u00eda nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c. C\u00f2n laissez-faire<\/i> s\u1ebd g\u00e2y r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

(6)<\/b><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 do kinh t\u1ebf suy tho\u00e1i, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi lo l\u1eafng t\u00ednh c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, c\u1ee7a \u01b0u th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 M\u1ef9. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o Rising Above the Gathering Storm<\/i> (V\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean C\u01a1n b\u00e3o \u0111ang t\u00edch t\u1ee5), n\u0103m 2005 c\u1ee7a National Academies<\/i> M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng chu\u00f4ng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00e0n l\u00e2m v\u00e0 kinh doanh c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh \u0111ang l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho v\u1ecb tr\u00ed tr\u1ed9i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 suy y\u1ebfu. N\u0103m 2008, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Harvard Drew Faust \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1ec1 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m qu\u1ef9 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh \u00e1c li\u1ec7t t\u1eeb h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i \u0111ang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00f3i m\u00f2n v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. \u201cTh\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c.\u201d<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Ben Wildavsky tin r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/i> (free trade in mind) s\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 cho Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111em l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ph\u1ed3n vinh chung; r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ngo\u00e0i M\u1ef9 \u0111ang v\u00e0 s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng lo, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i. Levin cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1ed1n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u201cl\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111e do\u1ea1\u201d. To\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201ctr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i-c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng, positive-sum game<\/i>, trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong kinh t\u1ebf\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u chia s\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn. \u201cTo\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i cho Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp thu c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1 chi ph\u00ed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d nh\u01b0 Richard Freeman, nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard vi\u1ebft. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea1nh tranh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00eam v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf c\u1eeda h\u01a1n n\u1eefa cho s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ef1 do ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1m. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u1ecd ra ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. H\u1ecd \u0111ang gi\u00fap n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u0103n ho\u00e1 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3i nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i, tr\u1ea3i th\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ecf cho c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c. M\u1edf c\u00e1c chi nh\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc (branch campus<\/i>) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111ang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 162 chi nh\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng 43% trong ba n\u0103m qua.<\/p>\n

D\u00f9 chia s\u1ebb nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Wildavsky, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i m\u1edbi. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cs\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n\u201d cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111ang th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb (Garret Martin, European Affairs<\/i>), nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc cho c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n \u0111ang b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y c\u00e0y n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 quan li\u00eau k\u00e9o l\u00ea tr\u00ean c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng tham nh\u0169ng. Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0o tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai g\u1ea7n c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang trung t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ed1c gia. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tinh hoa c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, t\u1ea1o k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, h\u1ea5p thu v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ebb cho cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e1, hay c\u1ea1nh tranh kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o tinh hoa v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, \u0111em c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n g\u0169i nhau, v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 cho qu\u1ed1c gia. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u01b0a l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

Wildavsky nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o, GS Philip G. Altbach trong m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n v\u0103n n\u0103m 2007 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u: \u201cNhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3i nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i (meritocratic institutions). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00ec quan h\u1ec7, hay v\u00ec h\u1ecd n\u1eb1m trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang\u201d, v\u00e0 Wildavsky k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng: \u201c\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia hay \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c trao \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i h\u00e0n l\u00e2m to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.\u201d<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 phi-h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 chi ph\u1ed1i; t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c l\u1ee3i, tham nh\u0169ng, quan li\u00eau, m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh, b\u00e8 ph\u00e1i, guanxi<\/i>, m\u00f3c n\u1ed1i, t\u00f4n ti, thi\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, thi\u1ebfu v\u0103n ho\u00e1 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3i nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i giam h\u00e3m v\u00e0 l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng lu\u1ed3ng gi\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa: Xin \u0111\u1eebng s\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 n\u00e2ng cao tri th\u1ee9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u2018ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3\u2019. Tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, h\u00f4m nay, v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Cu\u1ed9c di d\u00e2n tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng cao m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt th\u00f4ng tho\u00e1ng, c\u00f3 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3i nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i, tri th\u1ee9c s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng lo l\u1eafng cho ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 c\u1ee9 m\u00e3i d\u1eadm ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 hu\u1ef7 ho\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3n b\u1eaft tinh hoa th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c phi th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

(7)<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi g\u1ea7n ng\u00e0n n\u0103m qua l\u00e0 v\u00ec n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd (truth<\/i>) v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng (merit<\/i>) trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00e0n l\u00e2m, v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf (Clark Kerr). Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf quy m\u00f4 m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/i>, do \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n, dissenting<\/i>. Noam Chomsky trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u201cTr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c\u201d cho r\u1eb1ng, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7\u201d, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ea1y t\u1ed1t. \u00dd \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i: t\u1ea1o ra \u2018tri\u1ebft l\u00fd\u2019 cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng b\u1ecb quan ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 \u2018\u1ed5 du k\u00edch\u2019 (partisan camp<\/i>) ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i xung quanh: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 \u0110\u1ee9c, sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng (\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u2018c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng binh\u2019), v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 h\u1eadu b\u00e1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i m\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n<\/i>, n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, general education<\/i>, nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Howard R. Bowen cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cgi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f2n b\u1ea9y trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d, v\u00e0 \u201cni\u1ec1m tin ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t n\u1eb1m trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\u201d v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t<\/i> t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Clark Kerr, nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, tuy chia s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng mong mu\u1ed1n \u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u00edt hy v\u1ecdng. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i \u201cGi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 suy s\u1ee5p t\u1eeb ba tr\u0103m n\u0103m qua. N\u00f3 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i 60 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u 70. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ef9 Carnegie cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u2018l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c th\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1\u2019.\u201d Robert Hutchins cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cc\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c h\u1eefu ho\u00e1\u201d nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc-d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, nation-state<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Theo John S. Mill trong \u201cDi\u1ec5n v\u0103n khai gi\u1ea3ng\u201d, Inaugural Address<\/i>, n\u0103m 1867 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc St. Andrew, \u201ctri th\u1ee9c\u201d (knowledge<\/i>) v\u00e0 \u201cl\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m\u201d (conscience<\/i>) h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, xo\u1eafn l\u1ea5y nhau, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn sinh vi\u00ean th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng di\u1ec5n ra gi\u1eefa Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u00c1c (Evil<\/i>), trong khi John H. Newman trong quy\u1ec3n \u201c\u00dd ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc\u201d, The Idea of a University<\/i>, cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 minh tri\u1ebft c\u0169, l\u00e0 \u2018d\u1ea1y<\/i> tri th\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n\u2019 (liberal knowledge<\/i>), v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u2018trang b\u1ecb cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t m\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ph\u00f3 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng\u2019; \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n (generalist<\/i>), h\u01a1n l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean (specialist<\/i>); \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 n\u01a1i d\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng \u2018tri th\u1ee9c ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t\u2019 (universal knowledge<\/i>); v\u00e2ng, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1p ng\u00e0 xinh \u0111\u1eb9p (C. Kerr).<\/p>\n

(8)<\/b><\/p>\n

L\u00e0n s\u00f3ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u00e1p s\u00e1t Vi\u1ec7t Nam, mu\u1ed1n hay kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c nam ch\u00e2m. Ng\u00e0y 11\/4\/ 2011, th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng L\u00fd Hi\u1ec3n Long, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Yale, Richard Levin, m\u1ed9t \u2018con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1\u2019 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Yale-NUS College Singapore cho ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1eed nh\u00e2n 4 n\u0103m, nh\u1eb1m g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t giai t\u1ea7ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Singapore, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1. N\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y L\u00fd Quang Di\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u201ct\u00e2y ho\u00e1\u201d m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 kinh doanh c\u1ee7a Singapore nh\u1eb1m thu h\u00fat ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m \u0103n, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1ch ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y g\u1ea7n g\u0169i, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd (Singapore) \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, th\u00ec nay, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng L\u00fd Hi\u1ec3n Long, Singapore s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p l\u00ean v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n ho\u00e1, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0110\u00f4ng \u2013 T\u00e2y. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00edp ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Singapore. M\u1ed9t th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c th\u00fa v\u1ecb. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1eed nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t. Yale-NUS c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Yale \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang l\u00e0m, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, nh\u00e0 kinh doanh, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3\u2026<\/p>\n

V\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1, khi m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 l\u1ea7n l\u1ea7n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t hay tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi v\u00e0 tai h\u1ea1i. C\u00e1i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd l\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1. Samuel Huntington cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u201cxung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0103n ho\u00e1\u201d (civilizational clash) trong \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1edfi \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7, m\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh (hay nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3). Kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n xung \u0111\u1ed9t. Nh\u01b0ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1ed9i b\u1eadt. Singapore kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c L\u00fd Quang Di\u1ec7u, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do theo ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1 c\u1edfi m\u1edf, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng kinh t\u1ebf. M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn, b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ho\u00e1 hay x\u01a1 c\u1ee9ng ho\u00e1, s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i ra kh\u1ecfi cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i. S\u1ef1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u1ea7n t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng trong v\u0103n ho\u00e1, c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed, L\u00e3o T\u1eed, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o,.., lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi g\u00e2y c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/i>, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u2026 T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf, hay quay l\u01b0ng. Xung quanh, nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o gi\u1ed1ng nhau nh\u01b0 Kh\u1ed5ng, Ph\u1eadt; tuy c\u00e1c v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i (nh\u01b0 Tin L\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m), nh\u01b0ng khi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Yale-NUS s\u1ebd khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013. M\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Singapore s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. M\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u201c\u0111\u1ea5t h\u1ee9a\u201d s\u1ebd m\u1edf ra. S\u1ef1 giao l\u01b0u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0110\u00f4ng-T\u00e2y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Gi\u1edbi tinh hoa Singapore mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t primacy<\/i>, s\u1ef1 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t, c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a cho \u0111\u1ea3o qu\u1ed1c h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, nay c\u00e0ng ngh\u0129 th\u00eam ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ea5y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch thu h\u00fat th\u00eam gi\u1edbi tinh hoa t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea1nh tranh cao. Hai tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i sinh s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Singapore c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eedi con em h\u1ecdc c\u1eed nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i Yale-NUS v\u1edbi curriculum th\u00fa v\u1ecb m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lo l\u1eafng. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Singapore v\u1edbi tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c cao c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u trong gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Singapore. \u0110\u1ea3o qu\u1ed1c nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, b\u1edfi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Singapore \u0111ang c\u00f3 gi\u00e1, v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy t\u00ecm tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1eef ch\u00e2n t\u00e0i n\u0103ng l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung s\u1ed1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thu h\u00fat t\u00e0i n\u0103ng tr\u1ebb m\u1edbi t\u1eeb khu v\u1ef1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao t\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh Singapore.<\/p>\n

(9)<\/b><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c Canh Tranh Ch\u1ea5t X\u00e1m V\u0129 \u0110\u1ea1i<\/i> l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc, must-read<\/i>, g\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u01b0\u1eddng cho nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 nh\u00ecn ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f2n \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, t\u1eeb sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1eadc ph\u1ee5 huynh, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u2018kho t\u00e0ng tri th\u1ee9c\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t, qui m\u00f4, c\u00f3 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. Ai mu\u1ed1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, ai mu\u1ed1n nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, ai mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn, vision<\/i>, cho n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ecf qua quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u2018khai s\u00e1ng\u2019 n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0n l\u00e2m hi\u1ec7n nay r\u1ea5t thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Cu\u1ed9c Canh Tranh Ch\u1ea5t X\u00e1m V\u0129 \u0110\u1ea1i<\/i> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Ben Wildavsky \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed 200 n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i, m\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu<\/i> \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC HUMBOLDT 200 N\u0102M (1810-2010) (NXB Tri Th\u1ee9c, 2011), v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean: Ng\u00f4 B\u1ea3o Ch\u00e2u, Cao Huy Thu\u1ea7n, Pierre Darriulat, Ho\u00e0ng Tu\u1ef5, Ph\u1ea1m Xu\u00e2n Y\u00eam v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a tr\u00ean b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u quy m\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam do c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Vi\u1ec7t Nam bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc k\u00e8m \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sinh t\u1eed cho m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia: to be or not to be<\/i>.<\/p>\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00e2n m\u1ebfn, xin h\u00e3y m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng trang s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Cu\u1ed9c Canh Tranh Ch\u1ea5t X\u00e1m V\u0129 \u0110\u1ea1i<\/i> c\u1ee7a Ben Wildavsky \u0111\u1ec3 \u2018th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c\u2019 l\u1eabn \u2018h\u1ed3i h\u1ed9p\u2019, qua \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh dung s\u1ef1 th\u00e2m th\u1ee5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/i> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ra sao<\/i>. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 Ben Wildavsky nh\u1eafn nh\u1ee7, t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecdc quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y s\u1ee3<\/i> cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u1eafm. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cao nh\u1ea5t: ph\u1ea3i nhanh ch\u00f3ng ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u2018qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ho\u00e1\u2019 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh Anh ng\u1eef<\/i> l\u00e0m ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef quen thu\u1ed9c trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 giao d\u1ecbch, thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0103n ho\u00e1, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u0103n<\/i> ho\u00e1 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3i t\u00e0i n\u0103ng<\/i>, \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c gia, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khoa, ng\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p, m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a mong \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p, h\u00e3y m\u1edf c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao, thu\u00ea c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd gi\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9c. \u0110\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u1edbn g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng non s\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

NXX<\/p>\n

2012<\/p>\n

T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/i><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Hovard R. Bowen, The State of the Nation and the Agenda for Higher Education. Jossey-Bass, 1982. <\/i><\/li>\n
  2. Gerhard Casper, \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u T\u1eadp trung. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21. Trong K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC HUMBOLDT 200 N\u0102M (1810-2010). NXB Tri Th\u1ee9c, 2011. Trang 739-753.<\/i><\/i><\/li>\n
  3. Noam Chomsky, The Responsibility of Intellectuals. The New York Review of Books<\/a>, February 23, 1967.<\/i><\/li>\n
  4. Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz, The Race between Education and Technology. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008.<\/i><\/li>\n
  5. Clark Kerr, The Great Transformation in Higher Education 1960-1980. State University of New York Press, Albany, 1991.<\/i><\/li>\n
  6. John Stuart Mill, Inaugural Address. \u0110\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc St. Andrews, 1867. Trong Robert M. Hutchins and Mortimer J. Adler (eds), The Great Ideas Today 1969. The University Today. William Benton Publisher, 1989.<\/i><\/i><\/li>\n
  7. M\u1ea1ng Pak Tee Ng, Singapore v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng. Trong International Journal of Educational Development 31 (2011), 262\u2013268. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Ti\u1ebfn B\u00ecnh, trong http:\/\/chrd.edu.vn\/site\/vn\/?p=2765 <\/i><\/i><\/li>\n
  8. John Henry Newman, The Idea of a University. Frank M. Turner Editor. Yale University Press, 1996.<\/i><\/li>\n
  9. Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Tu\u1ea5n, Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp. NXB Tri Th\u1ee9c & Th\u1eddi B\u00e1o Kinh T\u1ebf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, 2011.<\/i><\/li>\n
  10. Ben Wildavsky, The Great Brain Race. Princeton University Press, 2010<\/i><\/li>\n
  11. Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng. Trong K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC HUMBOLDT 200 N\u0102M (1810-2010). Ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean: Ng\u00f4 B\u1ea3o Ch\u00e2u \u2013 Pierre Darriulat \u2013 Cao Huy Thu\u1ea7n \u2013 Ho\u00e0ng Tu\u1ef5 – Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh – Ph\u1ea1m Xu\u00e2n Y\u00eam. NXB Tri Th\u1ee9c 2011. Trang 33-143.<\/i><\/i><\/li>\n
  12. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Yale-NUS Singapore: http:\/\/www.ync.nus.edu.sg<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    \n

    Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i:<\/p>\n

    1.\u00a0The Great Brain Race<\/span><\/i>. How Global Universities Are Reshaping the World. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Ben Wildavsky, nxb Princeton University Press, 2010.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      CU\u1ed8C C\u1ea0NH TRANH CH\u1ea4T X\u00c1M V\u0128 \u0110\u1ea0I1 The Great Brain Race. How Global Universities Are Reshaping the World. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Ben Wildavsky Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 C\u1ea3m ngh\u0129 Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh   L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u quy\u1ec3n Cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea1nh tranh Ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1m v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Ben Wildavsky,<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[3],"tags":[62,19,56],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/827"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=827"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/827\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8161,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/827\/revisions\/8161"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=827"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=827"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=827"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}