{"id":8429,"date":"2023-01-23T17:47:45","date_gmt":"2023-01-23T10:47:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=8429"},"modified":"2023-01-23T18:44:59","modified_gmt":"2023-01-23T11:44:59","slug":"bai-1-lich-su-transistor-va-chip-ban-dan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/bai-1-lich-su-transistor-va-chip-ban-dan\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u00e0i 1: L\u1ecbch s\u1eed transistor v\u00e0 chip b\u00e1n d\u1eabn"},"content":{"rendered":"

L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec NGHI\u00caN C\u1ee8U V\u00c0 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N<\/span><\/h2>\n

TRANSISTOR V\u00c0 CHIP B\u00c1N D\u1eaaN<\/span><\/h1>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>ph\u00e1t minh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

cho cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 tin h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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L\u1edbi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec sao Bill Gates mu\u1ed1n du h\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi gian v\u1ec1 <\/span><\/h2>\n

Bell Labs\u00a0th\u00e1ng 12.1947?<\/span><\/h2>\n
T\u1ec9 ph\u00fa, nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng ty Microsoft Bill Gates, cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1t minh ra transistor l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t cho cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 tin h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb n\u1eeda cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay…<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
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Bill Gates, nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng ty Microsoft, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng tin h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng n\u00f3i n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y th\u1eddi gian quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, \u00f4ng s\u1ebd xin tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 th\u0103m Bell Labs th\u00e1ng 12.1947. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Bell Labs ph\u00e1t minh ra b\u1ed9 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 transistor (b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn).<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i h\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m sau, c\u00e1c vi m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u00e1n d\u1eabn hay c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 chip b\u00e1n d\u1eabn bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u vi m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u1edbi c\u00e1c transistor l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, m\u1edf ra th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n huy ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Theo Bill Gates, ph\u00e1t minh ra transistor l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t cho cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 tin h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb n\u1eeda cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i \u201cn\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 transistor, t\u00f4i tin ch\u1eafc ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 tin h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay\u201d.<\/p>\n

Trong th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c chip b\u00e1n d\u1eabn tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00f3ng b\u1ecfng, g\u00f3p m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0m khan hi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y m\u00f3c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u h\u1ebft t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n\u00a0 tuy nh\u1ecf x\u00edu n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, m\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc\u00a0t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi ph\u00e1t minh quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Trong lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i n\u00e0y, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n – m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 25 n\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf Italy, \u0110\u1ee9c, Nh\u1eadt\u00a0v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 (*), s\u1ebd l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t minh s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf transistor v\u00e0 chip b\u00e1n d\u1eabn; C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a thung l\u0169ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed (Silicon Valley); S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, \u0110\u00e0i Loan do b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp chuy\u1ebfn t\u00e0u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 b\u00e1n d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb M\u1ef9; V\u00ec sao c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 chuy\u1ebfn t\u00e0u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 b\u00e1n d\u1eabn; C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty chip b\u00e1n d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc…<\/p>\n<\/a>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ‘x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng’ c\u1ee7a k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, v\u00ec v\u1eady vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t chip b\u00e1n d\u1eabn trong th\u1eddi gian qua khi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi lao \u0111ao. \u1ea2nh:\u00a0Marketwatch photo Illustration\/Istockphoto<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\u2b50\u2b50\u2b50<\/p>\n

H<\/span><\/strong>\u00e3y quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c li\u00ean quan, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean l\u1ea1c vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t minh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi\u00a0 n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

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Kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n li\u00ean l\u1ea1c<\/span><\/h4>\n

Nhu c\u1ea7u th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c xuy\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0n x\u01b0a. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, s\u1eed s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa, Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm bi\u1ebft s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00e8n, t\u00f9 v\u00e0, kh\u00f3i l\u1eeda l\u00e0m \u00e1m hi\u1ec7u, th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c giao chi\u1ebfn. Tuy v\u1eady, t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a li\u00ean l\u1ea1c vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i th\u00ec m\u00e3i sau n\u00e0y m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1600, Galileo\u00a0Galilei (1564-1642), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n li\u00ean l\u1ea1c trong m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00ednh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. C\u00e1c k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng n\u00e0y v\u1ed1n do \u00f4ng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch xa tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n c\u00e2y s\u1ed1.<\/p>\n

L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 xa b\u1edd \u1edf Italy ph\u1ea3i \u0111i c\u1ea3 th\u00e1ng tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng phi\u00ean ch\u1ee3 c\u00e1 v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e1i c\u00e1 t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 mua c\u00e1, k\u00e9o theo mu\u00f4n v\u00e0n c\u00e1c dich v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Galileo h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng. Ngu\u1ed3n:\u00a0Wikipedia<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f9a, c\u00f3 l\u00fac ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u00fac tr\u00fang l\u1edbn. Khi v\u1ee5 c\u00e1 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee3 c\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 tay tr\u1eafng, t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, khi tr\u00fang v\u1ee5 c\u00e1 l\u1edbn nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean b\u1edd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb thu mua l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i gh\u00ea g\u1edbm.<\/p>\n

Galileo \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 ra m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u00e1m hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e0u c\u00e1 c\u00e1ch b\u1edd h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m c\u00e2y s\u1ed1, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 c\u00e1 cho phi\u00ean ch\u1ee3 c\u00e1 s\u1eafp t\u1edbi. C\u0169ng nh\u1edd bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ea3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 l\u1eabn c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia.<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p li\u00ean l\u1ea1c n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Galileo l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111em l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u1ecbch s\u1eed: l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n li\u00ean l\u1ea1c vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00ednh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<\/a>\n

Samuel Morse (1791-1872).\u00a0Ngu\u1ed3n:\u00a0Wikipedia<\/em><\/p>\n

G\u1ea7n 250 n\u0103m sau, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean l\u1ea1c qua kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch xa (vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng). V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1835 Samuel Morse (1791-1872), gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda v\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0110H New York City \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t minh ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c m\u00e3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m v\u00e0 g\u1ea1ch d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111i thay cho c\u00e1c k\u00fd t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Morse Code (ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y hay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec7n hay \u0111\u00e1nh Mo\u00f3c v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1ec7ch ra t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p).<\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3 Morse \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 Alfred Vail s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra m\u00e1y truy\u1ec1n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, m\u1edf ra th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi cho li\u00ean l\u1ea1c vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn (telegraph).<\/p>\n

Tuy v\u1eady ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1874 khi Thomas Edison (1847-1931), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u1edbi 1.093 b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1t minh, \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng g\u1eedi v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn c\u00f9ng l\u00fac tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t d\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n th\u00ec telegraph m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n li\u00ean l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, ngo\u1ea1i giao, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn trong ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nhu c\u1ea7u li\u00ean l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n

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Thomas Edison b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf telegraph c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1878. Ngu\u1ed3n:\u00a0Wikipedia<\/em><\/p>\n

Li\u00ean l\u1ea1c b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c m\u00e3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Morse \u2018\u0111\u00e1nh Mooc\u2019 v\u00e0 g\u1eedi qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng telegraph \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Morse khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n sang d\u00f9ng cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh g\u1eb7p r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u phi\u1ec1n to\u00e1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfu l\u00e2m t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u.<\/p>\n

Do ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u201c\u0111\u00e1nh Mooc\u201d, vi\u1ec7c g\u1eedi v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m b\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n (th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018nh\u00e0 d\u00e2y th\u00e9p\u2019) v\u00ec v\u1eady ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ecdi l\u00fac v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, nhu c\u1ea7u nghe n\u00f3i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean l\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u00edt ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng nhu c\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi: \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i (telephone), v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u00edt ai th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng tin h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u1eeda cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20.<\/p>\n<\/a>\n

\u201cNh\u00e0 d\u00e2y th\u00e9p\u201d – tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf B\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n S\u00e0i G\u00f2n n\u0103m 1895, nay l\u00e0 B\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n TP.HCM. \u1ea2nh: T\u01b0 li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb trang web c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p.<\/em><\/p>\n

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\u00a0Ph\u00e1t minh \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean m\u1edbi cho li\u00ean l\u1ea1c vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng<\/span><\/h4>\n

Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh khi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn (telegraph) \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh \u1edf M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201ch\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n kinh c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u1edf M\u1ef9\u201d th\u00ec v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3.1876 b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1t minh s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p cho Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922). Ph\u00e1t minh \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Bell kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

S\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Bell xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u1ea5p \u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 khi m\u1edbi 12 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ebfc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c khi n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 12 tu\u1ed5i, Bell \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ph\u00e1t minh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0m tr\u1eafng c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t l\u00faa m\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong c\u00e1c m\u00e1y xay th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1, Bell v\u00e0 anh trai \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m theo m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t \u00e2m ra c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 \u201cMama\u201d. C\u0169ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ebfc, v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 d\u1ea1y cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ebfc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Boston (M\u1ef9). \u00d4ng c\u00f2n m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 d\u1ea1y cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ebfc, v\u00e0 v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t \u00e2m c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to l\u1edbn do vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3 m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ebfc. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t \u00e2m n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng cho ph\u00e1t minh ra \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

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\u1ea2nh gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Bell. \u1ea2nh t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u<\/em><\/p>\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Bell th\u1ef1c ra h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c gian nan v\u00ec \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian l\u1eabn t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. Ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a Bell th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u00e2m thanh sang t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c d\u00e2y d\u1eabn kim lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch xa.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eadn, t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i sang t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u00e2m thanh v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady cu\u1ed9c g\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Theo nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i th\u00ec Bell ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean l\u1ea1c b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i khi nghe tin c\u00f4ng ty \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 Western Union Telegraph mua c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 cao ng\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1edfng. \u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t minh nghe th\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: ki\u1ebfm nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<\/a>\n

B\u1ea3n v\u1ebd b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Graham Bell ng\u00e0y 7.3.1876.\u00a0\u1ea2nh t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u<\/em><\/p>\n

Tho\u1ea1t ti\u00ean, Bell \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u00e1n ngay ph\u00e1t minh n\u00e0y cho c\u00f4ng ty \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 Western Union Telegraph v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 100 ng\u00e0n USD (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kho\u1ea3ng 2,5 tri\u1ec7u USD ng\u00e0y nay). Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, Western Union \u0111\u00e3 mua l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t minh s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf Telegraph c\u1ee7a Thomas Edison v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 10 ng\u00e0n USD (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 250 ng\u00e0n USD ng\u00e0y nay). \u00d4ng William Orton, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Western Union c\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ea9y khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng Bell mu\u1ed1n b\u00e1n ph\u00e1t minh cho c\u00f4ng ty.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng Orton cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Bell ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd Bell l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb v\u00f4 danh ti\u1ec3u t\u1ed1t so v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e1t minh l\u1eebng danh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 Thomas Edison, ai l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Bell v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 g\u1ea5p 10 l\u1ea7n s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Edison.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 hai n\u0103m sau, ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Western Union \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fa nh\u1eadn n\u1ebfu bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t minh \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec \u00f4ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng b\u1ecf ra 25 tri\u1ec7u USD \u0111\u1ec3 mua. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n. Bell v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra c\u00f4ng ty \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Th\u00e1ng 7.1877, c\u00f4ng ty Bell Telephone Company ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y sau khi c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, \u0111\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Bell v\u1edbi c\u00f4 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ebfc do \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fa r\u1ec3 cho c\u00f4 d\u00e2u l\u00e0 1.487 tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 1.497 c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu c\u00f4ng ty m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Bell (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i cho m\u00ecnh v\u1ecfn v\u1eb9n 10 c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1886 h\u01a1n 150 ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i gia \u0111\u00ecnh (kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7). Bell nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tri\u1ec7u ph\u00fa. Nh\u1eefng ai \u1edf M\u1ef9 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u00e0nh li\u00ean l\u1ea1c vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn (telegraph) c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1870, Western Union Telegraph gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ec1n (nay l\u00e0 Western Union) th\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n trong c\u00e1c c\u00e1c si\u00eau th\u1ecb nh\u1ecf \u1edf M\u1ef9. S\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh sai l\u1ea7m n\u00f3i tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

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“Ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0\u201d c\u1ee7a 9 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n\u00a0Nobel v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/span><\/h4>\n

\u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a Bell cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u00f3 t\u00ednh b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c li\u00ean l\u1ea1c vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c Bell s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sau n\u00e0y mang t\u00ean \u00f4ng, Bell Laboratories (hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Bell Labs) c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f2n quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

S\u1ed1 l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1880 Bell \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng \u201cVolta Prize\u201d tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 50 ng\u00e0n francs c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p do c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng do vua Napoleon s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u1ee7y ban x\u00e9t t\u1eb7ng gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng \u201cVolta Prize\u201d c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00e0o Victor Hugo (1802-1885), Alexandre Duma (1824 – 1895). Bell \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 s\u1edf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u mang t\u00ean \u00f4ng m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 Bell Labs.<\/p>\n

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T\u00f2a nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Bell Labs, New York. \u1ea2nh ch\u1ee5p n\u0103m 1925. Ngu\u1ed3n:\u00a0Wikipedia<\/em><\/p>\n

Bell Labs l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00ean g\u1eafn v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t minh c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1t minh ra transistor, si\u00eau d\u1eabn, laser kh\u00ed, vi m\u1ea1ch b\u00e1n d\u1eabn (chip b\u00e1n d\u1eabn), v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano-b\u00e1n d\u1eabn, solar cell cho n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u00f4ng tin (Information Theory), h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh UNIX, c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh B, C, C++, S v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t minh kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Bell Laboratories \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u (t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n) huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 9 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1eebng danh nh\u01b0: John Bardeen, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao hai gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd (L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft si\u00eau d\u1eabn – BCS Theory v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh ra transistor), P.W Anderson cha \u0111\u1ebb l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1eadt l\u00fd mang t\u00ean \u00f4ng \u201cAnderson Localization\u201d, William Shockley v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t minh transistor v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd mang t\u00ean \u00f4ng (Shockley diode equation, Shockley states, Shockley\u2013Ramo theorem…)…<\/p>\n

\"Alexandre<\/p>\n

Bell t\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i New York \u2013 Chicago, 1892. Ngu\u1ed3n: Wikipedia<\/em><\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho Bell Labs l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (R&D) c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho c\u00f4ng ty m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 AT&T \u2013 l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 n\u1eafm \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u1ea7n theo th\u1eddi gian c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Bell Labs \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 bao tr\u00f9m h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, Bell Labs c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, khi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a Bell v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 n\u00ean g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea1nh tranh. N\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang ra th\u00ec AT&T c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ki\u1ec7n c\u00e1o li\u00ean t\u1ee5c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ea5p b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t minh. Ch\u1ec9 trong 18 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u, AT&T ph\u1ea3i ra h\u1ea7u t\u00f2a \u0111\u1ebfn 587 l\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 5 v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00ean t\u1edbi t\u00f2a \u00e1n t\u1ed1i cao x\u00e9t x\u1eed. Tuy v\u1eady, AT&T kh\u00f4ng thua m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n n\u00f3i th\u00eam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a AT&T l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho R&D t\u1ea1i Bell Labs n\u00ean c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a AT&T c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ecf xa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7. Tuy v\u1eady, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Bell Labs \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i kh\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

Tho\u1ea1t ti\u00ean, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i do Bell s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn, t\u1ed1i \u0111a ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i km. Mu\u1ed1n li\u00ean l\u1ea1c b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong \u1ed1ng th\u1ee7y tinh ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng (g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 \u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u2013 vacuum tube) hay c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1906, AT&T mua l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf b\u1ed9 khuy\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed d\u00f9ng \u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0y t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Lee De Forest. Bell Labs \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i xuy\u00ean kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i h\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0n c\u1ea5y s\u1ed1.<\/p>\n

T\u1edd\u00a0New York Time<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0a tin trang \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 26.1.1915, \u0111\u1ea1i \u00fd n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng th\u00e1ng 10.1876 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Bell ch\u1ec9 n\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch 2.5 d\u1eb7m (kho\u1ea3ng 4km), th\u00ec v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 25.1.1915, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i New York v\u00e0 San Fransisco v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch 3.400 d\u1eb7m (kho\u1ea3ng 5.400 km).<\/p>\n

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H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1t n\u00f3ng khi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ngu\u1ed3n: Wikipedia<\/em><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 khuy\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ea1ng \u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc: ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, mau h\u1ecfng, ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

L\u00ed do l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1t n\u00f3ng d\u00e2y kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t ra d\u00f2ng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng trong \u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng. V\u00ec b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t n\u00f3ng n\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u00f3ng h\u1ecfng, kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1t n\u00f3ng v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t khuy\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 t\u0103ng tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y th\u00ec l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m m\u00e1t, r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn n\u00ean c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng chung th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ng\u00e0n c\u00e1c b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0i b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0y h\u1ecfng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0m t\u00ea li\u1ec7t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. V\u00ec v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p hay h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00fai non, sa m\u1ea1c m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ng\u00e0n c\u00e2y s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nan gi\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

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M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng. Ngu\u1ed3n: Wikipedia<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 h\u00ecnh dung, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1edbn l\u00ean v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000 h\u1eb3n c\u00f2n nh\u1edb nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc TV n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, khi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00ec l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng n\u00f3ng h\u00f4i h\u1ed5i. B\u00ean trong m\u00e1y ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1c b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng th\u1ee7y tinh (ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng), l\u00e2u l\u00e2u ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i g\u1ecdi th\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1eeda \u2013 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 thay c\u00e1c b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Sau g\u1ea7n 100 n\u0103m li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u00fac ph\u00e1t minh ra c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 khuy\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u1eb7t trong \u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng (1906 \u0111\u1ebfn 2000), c\u00e1c b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu g\u00e2y ra h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng cho c\u00e1c m\u00e1y m\u00f3c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn. N\u00ean nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng TV th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 gi\u1edd m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y trong khi \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean l\u1ea1c vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng th\u00ec l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0ng ngh\u1ec9. V\u00ec v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u khi ban l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Bell Labs v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1930 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi thay th\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khuy\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y nhu c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed m\u1edbi, kh\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng \u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng. Ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ebd n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t minh ra transistor, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khuy\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u1edbi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn…<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp…<\/em><\/p>\n

Nguy<\/strong>\u1ec5n Trung D<\/strong>\u00e2n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

New York, Ng<\/em>\u00e0y 30. 9.2022<\/em><\/p>\n

___________<\/p>\n

* T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 25 n\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf Italy, \u0110\u1ee9c, Nh\u1eadt\u00a0\u00a0v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 (t\u1eeb 1998).\u00a0L\u00e0 Associate Research Professor c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Arizona cho \u0111\u1ebfn 2017 chuy\u1ec3n sang l\u00e0m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u vi\u00ean cao c\u1ea5p t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao, \u0111a qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ea1i New York, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c Vi\u1ec5n Th\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed\u00a0v\u00e0 M\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1eef c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ngo\u00e0i bi\u00ean ch\u1ebf (Adjunct Professor) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Arizona. L\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n\u00a0\u201cModeling and design photonics by examples using Matlabs\u201d<\/a>\u00a0\u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf M\u1ef9.<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o:<\/em><\/p>\n

[1] Alexander Graham Bell: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexander_Graham_Bell<\/em><\/p>\n

[2] Michael Riordan and Lillian Hoddeson, s\u00e1ch \u201cCrystal Fire: The Birth of the Information Age\u201d, Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n W W Norton & Co Inc, 1997.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/strong>: B\u00e0i c\u1ee7a TS Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean b\u00e1o Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4 Th\u1ecb<\/em>, nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng rosetta.vn. Xin ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3m \u01a1n t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec NGHI\u00caN C\u1ee8U V\u00c0 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N TRANSISTOR V\u00c0 CHIP B\u00c1N D\u1eaaN Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a\u00a0ph\u00e1t minh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t cho cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 tin h\u1ecdc   L\u1edbi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 V\u00ec sao Bill Gates mu\u1ed1n du h\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi gian v\u1ec1 Bell Labs\u00a0th\u00e1ng 12.1947? T\u1ec9 ph\u00fa, nh\u00e0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8429"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8429"}],"version-history":[{"count":34,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8429\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8617,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8429\/revisions\/8617"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8429"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8429"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8429"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}