{"id":8442,"date":"2023-01-23T17:52:11","date_gmt":"2023-01-23T10:52:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=8442"},"modified":"2023-01-23T18:44:20","modified_gmt":"2023-01-23T11:44:20","slug":"bai-2-transistor-va-cuoc-cach-mang-tin-hoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/bai-2-transistor-va-cuoc-cach-mang-tin-hoc\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u00e0i 2: Transistor – v\u00e0 Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng tin h\u1ecdc"},"content":{"rendered":"

TRANSISTOR <\/span><\/h1>\n

\u00a0PH\u00c1T MINH C\u00d3 \u1ea2NH H\u01af\u1edeNG <\/span><\/h2>\n

L\u1edaN NH\u1ea4T T\u1edaI CU\u1ed8C C\u00c1CH M\u1ea0NG TIN H\u1eccC<\/span><\/h2>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n
\n
\n
Ba nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc g\u1ed3m William Shockley, John Bardeen v\u00e0 Walter Brattain \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel n\u0103m 1956 t\u1ea1i Stockhom cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t minh ra b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn (transistor) – \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng tin h\u1ecdc, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay…<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n

Ti\u1ebfp theo k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1936, Mervin Kelly \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u (research director) c\u1ee7a Bell Labs. V\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khuy\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng (g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 b\u00f3ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng), \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u1edbi thay th\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 khuy\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. \u00d4ng linh c\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho b\u00e0i to\u00e1n nan gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m \u1edf m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a\u00a0h\u1ec7 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u b\u00e1n d\u1eabn<\/span><\/h4>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i qu\u00e1 s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 v\u1eafn t\u1eaft nh\u01b0 sau. Ch\u00fang ta h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft trong thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u lu\u00f4n d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n (ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 conductor) nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i, n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n (nh\u01b0 nh\u1ef1a, cao su, th\u1ee7y tinh…). Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 silicon, germanium trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n, trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c th\u00ec tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y tho\u1ea1t ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 semi-conductor (n\u00f4m na l\u00e0 n\u1eeda d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n, n\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng), sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 semiconductor, v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1. M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u00e1c hi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u trong c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn tinh th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n qu\u00e1i g\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean gi\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m lu\u1eadn \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn s\u1ef9. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\"Bell<\/p>\n

Mervin Kelly, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Bell Labs, 1956, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1936. Ngu\u1ed3n: Wikipedia<\/em><\/p>\n

Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1936 (n\u0103m m\u00e0 Kelly \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Bell Labs) hai trong ba nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a transistor (b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn) c\u0169ng v\u1eeba ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn s\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn. John Bardeen v\u1edbi lu\u1eadn \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn s\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t sodium (Na) d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Eugene Wigner (\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Princeton, gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u0103m 1963); v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia l\u00e0 William Shockley c\u0169ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn s\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t sodium cloride (NaCl) d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft gia n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng John Slater (MIT, National Medal of Science 1970, gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng cao qu\u00ed nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 khoa hoc).<\/p>\n

\n

Hai nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau. Bardeen th\u00ec kh\u00e1 r\u1ee5t r\u00e8, \u00edt n\u00f3i. Shockley th\u00ec nhanh nh\u1eb9n, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 cao. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng minh t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf. John Bardeen t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng n\u0103m 14 tu\u1ed5i sau khi nh\u1ea3y c\u00f3c 3 l\u1edbp, n\u1ea5n n\u00e1 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t n\u0103m ch\u1edd anh trai t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Khi \u0111\u00f3, John Bardeen m\u1edbi tr\u00f2n 15 tu\u1ed5i. Shockley n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng khi c\u00f2n h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o h\u01a1n l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n kh\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt l\u1ea7n l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Bell Labs, Mervin Kelly linh c\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn s\u1ebd gi\u00fap Bell Labs gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111ang th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u1eedi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean khi nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 (n\u0103m 1936) \u201c\u2026 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn trong th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n \u2026\u201d. \u00a0Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, Kelly \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t xa, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong ph\u00e1t minh ra transistor v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t minh quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Bell Labs sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00f2a nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Bell Labs, New York. \u1ea2nh ch\u1ee5p n\u0103m 1925. Ngu\u1ed3n:\u00a0Wikipedia<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y, Kelly \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u1ebb Shockley v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn m\u1edbi m\u1ebb c\u1ee7a Shockley s\u1ebd gi\u00fap \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd nguy\u1ec7n. Kelly giao cho Shockley th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u1ed9 khuy\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn nh\u1eb1m thay th\u1ebf cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Shockley x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, tho\u1ea1t ti\u00ean v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u00f3a, l\u00fd v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn s\u1ef9 Walter Brattain, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho Bell Labs t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1929, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

Shockley nhanh ch\u00f3ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1939 \u00f4ng ngh\u0129 ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn m\u00e0 \u00f4ng tin ch\u1eafc s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Brattain ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m b\u1ecb d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i do m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Bell Labs \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n sang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 II (WWII).<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 WWII, hai ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn germanium v\u00e0 silicon tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng rada ph\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng. Nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, hai ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tinh khi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn tranh, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn germanium v\u00e0 silicon c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi 1%. Sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, b\u00e1n d\u1eabn tinh khi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn 99.999% c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u00ecm mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng cho ph\u00e1t minh ra transistor v\u00e0i n\u0103m sau WWII.<\/p>\n

Sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1945 Bardeen c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o Bell Labs, v\u00e0 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Shockley m\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u00e1n d\u1eabn do \u00f4ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, sau khi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn s\u1ef9 (1936) Bardeen \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Princeton, nh\u01b0ng khi chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u1ea3y ra \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi v\u00e0o l\u00e0m trong Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Hoa k\u1ef3, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1eed d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u0103m d\u00f2, ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y bom m\u00ecn v\u00e0 th\u1ee7y l\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 1945, Shockley thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1n d\u1eabn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng do ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201chi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d (field effect). Theo t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Shockley h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd cho th\u1ea5y t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Brattain kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u00f4 c\u00f9ng th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng, Shockley giao cho Bardeen v\u00e0 Brattain t\u00ecm l\u00fd do th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

Su\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian kh\u00e1 d\u00e0i sau \u0111\u00f3, Shockley t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eb7c cho Bardeen v\u00e0 Brattain mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m g\u00ec t\u00f9y \u00fd. C\u0169ng trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, Bardeen v\u00e0 Brattain thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0103n \u00fd. Bardeen t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c g\u1ee3i \u00fd th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, Brattain x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Bardeen ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Brattain.<\/p>\n<\/a>\n

Ph\u00e1t minh\u00a0<\/em>poin-contact\u00a0<\/em>transistor \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/em>\u00a0c\u1ee7a Bardeen v<\/em>\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0Brattain, th\u00e1ng 12.<\/em>1947.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn m\u00f9a thu 1947, c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fat kh\u1ea3 quan. Ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00f9a l\u1ec5 Gi\u00e1ng sinh n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, Bardeen \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed trong tinh th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng ai th\u1eafc m\u1eafc v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t \u0111\u00f3. Bardeen \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t sai s\u00f3t quan tr\u1ecdng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn. Theo Bardeen \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho Shockley v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi n\u00e0y Bardeen v\u00e0 Brattain ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng do Shockley \u0111\u1ec1 ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.\u00a0V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 16.12.1947, Brattain thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u1ecfng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn germanium ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi hai thanh v\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i t\u0103ng l\u00ean c\u1ea3 tr\u0103m l\u1ea7n. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 point-contact (ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u0111i\u1ec3m) transistor. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Bardeen v\u00e0 Brattain g\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00e1o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, Shockley v\u1eeba vui m\u1eebng v\u00ec th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m do m\u00ecnh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u1eeba v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i v\u00ec \u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb qua m\u1eb7t, b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i ra ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t minh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

Shockley \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm cho b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Bardeen v\u00e0 Battain. Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, trong d\u1ecbp ngh\u1ec9 l\u1ec5 cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, Shockley t\u1ef1 nh\u1ed1t m\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng ngh\u1ec9 kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n \u1edf Chicago, mi\u1ec7t m\u00e0i t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ra m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh transistor m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Sau b\u1ed1n tu\u1ea7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng \u201c\u0111\u1ea7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn\u201d, Shockley thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh transistor cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 junction (k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i) transistor. Ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t th\u00eam hai n\u0103m n\u1eefa, \u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t\u00a0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c junction transistor n\u00e0y. Transistor k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Shockley qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u01b0u \u00a0\u0111i\u1ec3m so v\u1edbi transsistor ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Bardeen v\u00e0 Brattain, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00f3 d\u1ec5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u transistor n\u00e0y, Shockley ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho Bardeen v\u00e0 Brattain tham gia, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng \u00edt l\u1ea7n x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p, g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed r\u1ea5t c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng trong nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u00ean \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1t minh, ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t minh transistor c\u0169ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1.<\/p>\n<\/a>\n

William Shockley (ng\u1ed3i), John Bardeen (\u0111\u1ee9ng, b\u00ean tr\u00e1i) v\u00e0 Walter Brattain, ba nh\u00e0 khoa hoc ph\u00e1t minh ra transistor \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00f9ng nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u1eadt L\u00fd n\u0103m 1956. \u1ea2nh ch\u1ee5p n\u0103m 1948.<\/em><\/p>\n

H\u1ebft s\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng do b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh \u00edt n\u00f3i, Bardeen r\u1eddi b\u1ecf Bell Labs v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n sang l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 cho \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ilinoi. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng si\u00eau d\u1eabn (super-conductivity) g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft BCS (mang t\u00ean ba nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer). Do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y, n\u0103m 1972 Bardeen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel v\u1ec1 V\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u00f9ng c\u00f9ng hai nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Cooper v\u00e0 Schrieffer. Sau n\u0103m 1951, Brattain c\u0169ng chuy\u1ec3n sang l\u00e0m vi\u00eac \u1edf nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Bell Labs. C\u1ea3 ba nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh transistor ch\u1ec9 g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nhau trong l\u1ec5 trao gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel n\u0103m 1956 t\u1ea1i Stockhom cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t minh ra transistor.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1t minh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/h4>\n

Quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00e1ng 12.1947 t\u1ea1i Bell Labs \u2013 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 Bill Gate mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t minh ra transistor \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Theo nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng ty Microsoft ph\u00e1t minh transistor \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng tin h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 23.12.1947, ban l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Bell Labs quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn tham quan b\u1ed9 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1n d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Bardeen v\u00e0 Brattain. Ngay bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f3, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c tham quan c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean, hai nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh b\u00e8n l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch nh\u1eb1m g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd cho quan kh\u00e1ch. Sau b\u1eefa tr\u01b0a, Shockley d\u1eabn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn tham quan ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

Sau v\u00e0i l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, Brattain cho n\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khuy\u1ebfch \u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t s\u01a1 s\u00e0i bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3. Brattain li\u1ec1n n\u00f3i v\u00e0i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0o microphone, g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 kinh ng\u1ea1c vui s\u01b0\u1edbng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 quan kh\u00e1ch khi \u00e2m thanh vang to ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng loa trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0o trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Brattain. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 6.1948, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t minh, Bell Labs m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t minh ra point-contact transistor c\u1ee7a Bardeen v\u00e0 Brattain.<\/p>\n<\/a>\n<\/a>\n

William Shockley (ng\u1ed3i), John Bardeen (\u0111\u1ee9ng, b\u00ean tr\u00e1i) v\u00e0 Walter Brattain \u0111\u00e3\u00a0ph\u00e1t minh transistor – \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng tin h\u1ecdc. \u1ea2nh t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, Shockley \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf junction transistor v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1948, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t th\u00eam hai n\u0103m sau (1950) m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 7.1951, sau khi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Bell Labs \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n qui tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd xong b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t minh, Bell Labs m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a Shockley v\u1ec1 junction transistor.<\/p>\n

Cho \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 General Electric, RAC v\u00e0 Sylvania h\u00e0ng n\u0103m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u b\u1ed9 TV v\u00e0 radio b\u00e1n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 TV v\u00e0 radio n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1 c\u1ed3ng k\u1ec1nh v\u00e0 n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9a h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c c\u00e1c b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t l\u00fac l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng c\u00e1c b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n th\u00ec m\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u1eeb khi ph\u00e1t minh junction transistor \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 1951 cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1954, transistor c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eaft, v\u00ec v\u1eady ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u0103c bi\u1ec7t, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng.<\/p>\n

M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 10.1954 Texas Instruments (TI) tung ra th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc radio nh\u1ecf x\u00edu v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 49.95 USD s\u1eed d\u00f9ng transistor germanium. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo. C\u1ea7n n\u00f3i th\u00eam l\u00e0 TI l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong v\u00e0i c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 mua l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1t minh transistor germanium c\u1ee7a Bell Labs v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 25 ng\u00e0n USD.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Chi\u1ebfc\u00a0radio c\u1ee7a TI s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. \u1ea2nh t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Con dao hai l\u01b0\u1ee1i<\/span><\/h4>\n

V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950-1960, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u00edt c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ea3n su\u1ea5t transistor b\u00e1n d\u1eabn trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Bell Labs v\u00e0 TI l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i. Bell Labs th\u00ec t\u1eadp trung ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a AT&T (c\u00f4ng ty l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd), c\u00f2n TI v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00e1c th\u00ec t\u1eadp trung s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t transistor ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n M\u1ef9, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 NASA v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng. TI s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t transistor ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u00ean l\u1eeda Minutement v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u00e1y bay n\u00e9m bom B-70 do Boeing s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1edbn t\u1eeb NASA v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, h\u1ea1 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, theo Fred Kaplan, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch\u00a01959: The Year Everything Changed<\/em>\u00a0 th\u00ec v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1959 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 1 transistor\u00a0 l\u00e0 150 USD. Nh\u1edd c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1961 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh 1 transistor ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 32 USD, sang \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1971 l\u00e0 1.25 USD v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 0.1 USD n\u0103m 2000.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u transistor c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty th\u00ec gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed7i transistor l\u00ean t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n USD th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u. Theo b\u1ed9 phim t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a h\u00e3ng truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh\u00a0PBS<\/em>,\u00a0 ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang trong n\u0103m 1964 NASA \u0111\u00e3 mua \u0111\u1ebfn 60% c\u00e1c chip b\u00e1n d\u1eabn s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf M\u1ef9. C\u00f4ng ty Fairchild Semiconductor (s\u1ebd n\u00f3i th\u00eam d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y) \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 100.000 chip b\u00e1n d\u1eabn cho ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 Apollo trong n\u0103m 1964.<\/p>\n<\/a>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng Apollo c\u1ee7a NASA. \u1ea2nh ch\u1ee5p 1968.<\/em><\/p>\n

Tuy v\u1eady, c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e9o b\u1edf c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 con dao hai l\u01b0\u1ee1i. Do c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 qu\u00e1 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cho nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 SONY x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng v\u1ed1n \u0111ang b\u1ecb c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty M\u1ef9 b\u1ecf r\u01a1i. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u00e0i b\u00e1n d\u1eabn nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf trong t\u00fai \u00e1o nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb \u1edf M\u1ef9 ham m\u00ea \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 cho SONY, bi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ty s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, SONY b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tung ra th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 TV d\u00f9ng transistor th\u00ec vai tr\u00f2 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 h\u00e0ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n SONY v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n nh\u01b0: Fujitsu, NEC, Toshiba, Hitachi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ty v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng, v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n b\u1ecb ki\u1ec7t qu\u1ec7 sau WWII th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129. Khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n (Japanese Economic Miracle) nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 70-80, kh\u00f4ng ai ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng. S\u1edf d\u0129 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t transistor t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm.<\/p>\n<\/a>\n

Radio c\u1ee7a SONY s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng transistor s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1960. \u1ea2nh t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950, Masaru Ibuka, nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp SONY, trong m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn tham quan \u1edf New York nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y transistor \u0111ang l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 n\u00f3ng b\u1ecfng trong gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9 T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n cho ph\u00e9p mua l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t minh transistor c\u1ee7a Bell Labs v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 50 ng\u00e0n USD. SONY \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ri\u00eang cho m\u00ecnh c\u00e1c transistor \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1955. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, tho\u1ea1t ti\u00ean l\u00e0 SONY r\u1ed3i k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t v\u00ed tr\u00ed l\u1edbn trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n su\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh sau \u0111\u1ebb mu\u1ed9n v\u00e0 k\u00e9m h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, nh\u01b0ng do \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp \u2018chuy\u1ebfn t\u00e0u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 transistor\u2019 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1ecf xa c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c b\u00e1n d\u1eabn v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng. Ai trong ch\u00fang ta n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u00f3c t\u00f2 m\u00f2 ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n s\u1ebd ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed r\u1ea5t khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n trong n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t transistor, chip b\u00e1n d\u1eabn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. O\u00e1i \u0103m thay ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t minh ra transistor b\u00e1n d\u1eabn g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Bell Labs. Trong ph\u1ea7n sau ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u00ec sao ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i th\u00eam \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a Bardeen, Brattain v\u00e0 Shockley \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn germanium ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t k\u00e9m. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn silicon c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Shockley s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, nh\u01b0ng do c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 tinh ch\u1ebf silicon m\u00e0 m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn 1955 transistor silicon m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf th\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb n\u1eefa l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh ra transistor silicon \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho c\u00f4ng ty TI n\u0103m 1955, Gordon Teal c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng junction transistor c\u1ee7a Shockley t\u1ea1i Bell Labs n\u0103m 1948.<\/p>\n

Trong ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp theo ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n transistor silicon v\u00e0 chip b\u00e1n d\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 70-80 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh Silicon Valley hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018Thung l\u0169ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed\u2019.<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp…<\/em><\/p>\n

Nguy<\/strong>\u1ec5n Trung D<\/strong>\u00e2n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

New York, th\u00e1ng<\/em> 9. 2022<\/em><\/p>\n

___________<\/p>\n

* T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 25 n\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf Italy, \u0110\u1ee9c, Nh\u1eadt\u00a0\u00a0v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 (t\u1eeb 1998).\u00a0L\u00e0 Associate Research Professor c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Arizona cho \u0111\u1ebfn 2017 chuy\u1ec3n sang l\u00e0m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u vi\u00ean cao c\u1ea5p t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao, \u0111a qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ea1i New York, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c Vi\u1ec5n Th\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed\u00a0v\u00e0 M\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1eef c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ngo\u00e0i bi\u00ean ch\u1ebf (Adjunct Professor) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Arizona. L\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n\u00a0\u201cModeling and design photonics by examples using Matlabs\u201d<\/a>\u00a0\u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf M\u1ef9.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n
Ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/strong>: B\u00e0i c\u1ee7a TS Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean b\u00e1o Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4 Th\u1ecb<\/em>, nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng rosetta.vn. Xin ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3m \u01a1n t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

TRANSISTOR \u00a0PH\u00c1T MINH C\u00d3 \u1ea2NH H\u01af\u1edeNG L\u1edaN NH\u1ea4T T\u1edaI CU\u1ed8C C\u00c1CH M\u1ea0NG TIN H\u1eccC Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n Ba nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc g\u1ed3m William Shockley, John Bardeen v\u00e0 Walter Brattain \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel n\u0103m 1956 t\u1ea1i Stockhom cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t minh ra b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn (transistor) – \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8442"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8442"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8442\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8616,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8442\/revisions\/8616"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8442"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8442"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8442"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}