{"id":8447,"date":"2023-01-23T17:56:46","date_gmt":"2023-01-23T10:56:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=8447"},"modified":"2023-01-23T18:43:47","modified_gmt":"2023-01-23T11:43:47","slug":"bai-3-transistor-silicon-va-su-ra-doi-cua-silicon-valley","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/bai-3-transistor-silicon-va-su-ra-doi-cua-silicon-valley\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u00e0i 3: Transistor silicon v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Silicon Valley"},"content":{"rendered":"

PH\u00c1T MINH TRANSISTOR SILICON <\/span><\/h1>\n

v\u00e0<\/em> S\u1ef0 RA \u0110\u1edcI C\u1ee6A SILICON VALLEY<\/span><\/h2>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1955, Bell Labs \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng cho h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n transistor silicon v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 chip b\u00e1n d\u1eabn sau n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t minh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i x\u1ea3y ra c\u00e1ch xa Bell Labs h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n c\u00e2y s\u1ed1…<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1t minh transistor silicon\u00a0– b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t\u00a0l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span><\/h4>\n

to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed<\/span><\/h4>\n

Tho\u1ea1t ti\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t minh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c transistor v\u00e0 chip b\u00e1n d\u1eabn l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ty Texas Instruments (TI), Dallas (Texas), v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty non tr\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, Fairchild Semiconductor \u1edf Mountain View (California) thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn ph\u00eda nam th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 San Fransisco, n\u01a1i sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Silicon Valley. Th\u1ef1c ra, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u mua quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1t minh transistor germanium c\u1ee7a Bell Labs, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u transistor silicon c\u1ee7a TI v\u00e0 Fairchild \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eeb Bell Labs m\u00e0 ra c\u1ea3. Do v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1eeb Bell Labs \u00a0\u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (nh\u01b0 SONY v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, \u0110\u00e0i Loan…)<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\n

Th\u00e1ng 10.1955, t\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed cho ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Dayton, Ohio (M\u1ef9), gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a TI, \u00f4ng Gordon Teal t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. \u00d4ng th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o TI \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng transistor silicon. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e1 h\u1ed1c v\u00ec s\u1eedng s\u1ed1t, kh\u00f4ng tin n\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng Teal m\u00f3c trong t\u00fai \u00e1o m\u1ed9t con transistor nh\u1ecf x\u00edu, \u00f4ng b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc b\u00e0n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i \u00e2m thanh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o. \u00d4ng m\u1edf toang b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn khuy\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u00fang b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f3\u00a0 transistor germanium v\u00e0o c\u1ed1c d\u1ea7u n\u00f3ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u00e2m thanh trong ph\u00f2ng h\u1ecdp ch\u1ebft l\u1ecbm ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. \u00d4ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng l\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfc transistor c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh thay cho chi\u1ebfc transistor germanium b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng kia, \u00e2m thanh l\u1ea1i vang l\u00ean d\u00f9 chi\u1ebfc transistor m\u1edbi v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m trong c\u1ed1c d\u1ea7u n\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n<\/a>\n

B\u1ea3n ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1954 c\u1ee7a Morton Jones v\u1ec1 b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn silicon \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a TI (b\u00ean tr\u00e1i) v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o transistor silicon c\u1ee7a Texas Instruments nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf. Ngu\u1ed3n:\u00a0Texas Instruments, Inc.<\/em><\/p>\n

\n

D\u1eabu ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a Teal v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf TI kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Bell Labs nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e1t minh ra transistor silicon m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u1edf b\u00e0i\u00a0Transistor – ph\u00e1t minh c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng tin h\u1ecdc<\/em><\/a>, Gordon Teal \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf Bell Labs v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Morgan Sparks) ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfc transistor germanium do Shockley thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1953\u00a0 Gordon Teal n\u1ed9p h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 xin l\u00e0m cho TI sau khi bi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y \u0111ang c\u1ea7n tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 transistor.<\/p>\n

Ngay sau s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t minh transistor silicon n\u0103m 1955 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, Bell Labs v\u00e0 TI t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o transistor d\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn silicon. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn germanium l\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, transistor d\u00f9ng germanium ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n 75 C. Silicon th\u00ec ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n, tuy nhi\u00ean khi b\u1ecb n\u1ea5u ch\u1ea3y silicon l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u chung quanh g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho vi\u1ec7c tinh ch\u1ebf tinh th\u1ec3 silicon \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra transistor.<\/p>\n

Ngay t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u silicon lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o transistor, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o transistor silicon tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1955 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Th\u1ef1c ra th\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Bell Labs c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng transisor silicon t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 1.1954, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 TI m\u1ea5y th\u00e1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Bell Labs kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng l\u1eafm v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

Morris Tenenbaum ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf ra chi\u1ebfc transitor silicon \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i: \u201cTho\u1ea1t ti\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1t minh. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m ch\u00fang t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1t minh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tinh th\u1ec3 silicon \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00e1c. Th\u1ee9 hai, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ea3n su\u1ea5t\u201d. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, thay v\u00ec \u0111\u0103ng k\u00ed ph\u00e1t minh s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf transistor silicon \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Bell Labs ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u0103ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u00ean\u00a0T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed<\/em>\u00a0Applied Physics<\/em>.<\/p>\n

L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u transistor silicon c\u1ee7a Bell Labs do Shockley l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111ang t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u2018khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n\u2019 (diffusion). Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n transistor silicon trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\"William<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc William Shockley. Ngu\u1ed3n: Computer History Museum<\/em><\/p>\n

Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn silicon \u1edf Bell Labs l\u1ea1i r\u1ebd sang h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to l\u1edbn trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4.1954, Bell Labs th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng pin m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi (solar battery) l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u silicon. Tuy v\u1eady, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 pin m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n. N\u0103m 1979 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 Carter cho l\u1eafp 32 t\u1ea5m pin m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi tr\u00ean n\u00f3c nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1eafng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng. Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m pin m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1edd ph\u00e1t minh quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00f3i tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Bell Labs v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1955.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1955, Shockley \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u1edbi ban l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Bell Labs. \u00d4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u00edch v\u1ebb vang c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang \u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m do \u00f4ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. M\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1955 Shockley v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u transistor b\u00e1n d\u1eabn, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1t c\u1ea5t nh\u1eafc m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i b\u00e1o quan trong trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c b\u00e1n d\u1eabn.<\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ng 3.1955, Shockley quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eddi b\u1ecf Bell Labs \u2013 v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t transistor c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, Shockley \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u2018khuy\u1ebfch t\u00e1n\u2019 silicon, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c \u00f4ng c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Morris Tenenbaun c\u1ee7a Bell Labs \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c transistor silicon l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 Shockley bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e1i ra ti\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Shockley<\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh ch\u1ee5p c\u00f4ng ty b\u00e1n d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Shockley n\u0103m 1955. Ngu\u1ed3n: The Electrochemical Society Interface 2007.<\/em><\/p>\n

K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Shockley l\u00e0 k\u00e9o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Bell Labs l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng ty m\u1edbi, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Morris Tenenbaun v\u00e0 Morgan Sparks, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng junction transistor \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i. Shockley \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y xu\u00f4i ch\u1ea1y ng\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn tuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean cho c\u00f4ng ty m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. V\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u1ebb c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc, tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi ch\u01b0a qu\u00e1 28.<\/p>\n

Trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u1ebb Jean Hoerni, ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t minh ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi khai sinh ra c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 chip b\u00e1n d\u1eabn. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 Robert Noyce v\u00e0 Gordon Moore sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra c\u00f4ng ty Intel n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Shockley tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chip b\u00e1n d\u1eabn l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3 n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty b\u00e1n d\u1eabn ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh Silicon Valley<\/span><\/h4>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 9.1955, Shockley ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c r\u1eddi Bell Labs c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u1eadp ra Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory \u1edf Mountain View (California) l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y \u0103n tr\u00e1i n\u1eb1m v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 San Francisco. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Sillicon Valley l\u1eebng danh hay c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean quen thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u2018Thung l\u0169ng Silicon\u201d hay \u201cThung l\u0169ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed\u2019.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 California m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i New Jersey hay New York v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd? New Jersey l\u00e0 n\u01a1i g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Thomas Edison l\u1eebng danh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Bell Labs c\u1ee7a Alexander Graham Bell. Ngo\u00e0i ra, xung quanh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng (Harvard, MIT, Princeton, Yale, Colombia, NYCU, Chicago, Penn State \u2026), m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean ho\u00e0n c\u00e1c khu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty l\u1edbn n\u1eb1m kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c ra, l\u00fd do Shockley ch\u1ecdn Mountain View, California c\u0169ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u00f4i. N\u0103m 1913 khi gia \u0111\u00ecnh Shockley di c\u01b0 t\u1eeb London sang M\u1ef9, l\u00fac c\u1eadu b\u00e9 William Shockley m\u1edbi 3 tu\u1ed5i, b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a c\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn Palo Alto (California) ngay s\u00e1t campus c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stanford l\u00e0m n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Shockley l\u1edbn l\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi sang l\u00e0m ti\u1ebfn s\u1ef9 \u1edf H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Massachusetts (Massachusetts Institute of Technology – MIT) t\u00edt t\u1eadn mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc xa x\u00f4i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n

Khi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eddi b\u1ecf Bell Labs \u1edf New Jersey, \u00f4ng ngh\u0129 ngay \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u2018qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 hai\u2018 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea1i gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111ang sinh s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<\/a>\n

Ti\u1ec7c m\u1eebng Shockley \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u0103m 1956. Shockley ng\u1ed3i gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u00ednh. Ngu\u1ed3n: The Electrochemical Society Interface 2007<\/em><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5y th\u00e1ng sau khi Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, ng\u00e0y 1.11.1956 ni\u1ec1m vui t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean tr\u1ebb khi hay tin \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel v\u1ec1 V\u1eadt l\u00fd do c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t minh s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra transistor \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c h\u00f3a ra kh\u00f4ng su\u00f4n s\u1ebb nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn t\u01b0\u1edfng. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1957, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o theo phong c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Shockley. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ai hi\u1ec3u l\u00ed do l\u00e0 Shockley \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00ednh ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o transistor silicon b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u2018khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n\u2019 (diffusion). Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c, th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i transistor c\u00f3 4 l\u1edbp b\u00e1n d\u1eabn c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

Hai nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u1ebb Robert Noyce v\u00e0 Gordon Moore (sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 hai nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra c\u00f4ng ty Intel n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb Shockley ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i transistor c\u00f3 ba l\u1edbp \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u01a1n. Theo h\u1ecd, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i cho s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m transistor c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty ra \u0111\u1eddi s\u1edbm \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecd l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1i transistor 4 l\u1edbp d\u00f9 r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e1 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 sau n\u00e0y nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ebfp. Shockley kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ecf ngo\u00e0i tai c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t transistor 4 l\u1edbp. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ri\u00eang ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n t\u00edn, khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5.1957. Trong m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch s\u1eafp t\u1edbi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty, Shockley b\u1ed7ng d\u01b0ng n\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3a, b\u1eadt d\u1eady qu\u00e1t to v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, \u0111\u1ea1i \u00fd:\u00a0N\u1ebfu \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec t\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y theo t\u00f4i \u0111i l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c<\/em>.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i xong, Shockley b\u1ecf ra kh\u1ecfi ph\u00f2ng h\u1ecdp. Tr\u1edb tr\u00eau thay kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty b\u1ecf ra theo \u00f4ng. V\u00e0i th\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfp theo c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t r\u1eddi b\u1ecf c\u00f4ng ty, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec nh\u00f3m 8 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 Shockley g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00f3m t\u00e1m th\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i\u201d \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ee7a Shochkley, khi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ty g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 sau \u0111\u00fang 2 n\u0103m th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 sau v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y r\u1eddi b\u1ecf c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ee7a Shockley, t\u00e1m nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n kia nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 1,38 tri\u1ec7u USD t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ty b\u00e1n d\u1eabn Fairchild Semiconductor ra \u0111\u1eddi, c\u00f4ng ty b\u00e1n d\u1eabn th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1edf Palo Alto, g\u1ea7n campus c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stanford. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Faichild c\u0169ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft li\u1ec5u c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f4ng ty Shockley Semiconductor Laboratories.<\/p>\n<\/a>\n

\u1ea2nh ch\u1ee5p 1960 “t\u00e1m nh\u00e0 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n” v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra Fairchild Semiconductor. T\u1eeb tr\u00e1i sang ph\u1ea3i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Gordon Moore c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 Robert Noyce sau n\u00e0y s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra Intel. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t minh ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chip b\u00e1n d\u1eabn \u00a0Hoerni th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec t\u1eeb ph\u1ea3i. Tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Fairchild. Ngu\u1ed3n The Electrochemical Society Interface 2007.<\/em><\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ee7a Shockley, Fairchild nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o transistor theo c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac 3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tung ra th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t. T\u00e1m nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 c\u1ef1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a Shockley \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb Shockley, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n \u2018diffusion\u2019 m\u00e0 Shockley l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong. Ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 5.1958 Fairchild \u0111\u00e3 tung ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c transistor silicon, v\u00e0 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c c\u00e1c transistor n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a IBM d\u00f9ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00e1y bay n\u00e9m bom B-70 do Boeing s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Ngay trong n\u0103m 1958 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n 500 ng\u00e0n USD do b\u00e1n ra c\u00e1c transistor silicon \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Shockley v\u1eabn v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o transistor 4 l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo, Fairchild nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 NASA c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang trong n\u0103m 1964, NASA \u0111\u00e3 mua h\u01a1n 100.000 chip b\u00e1n d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Fairchild. S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc c\u1ee7a Fairchild \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng vang, l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m c\u00f4ng ty \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y \u0103n tr\u00e1i.<\/p>\n

\u2018Thung l\u0169ng \u0110i\u1ec7n t\u1eed\u2019 hay Silicon Valley \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Shockley \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m tan r\u00e3 nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u00e1n d\u1eabn l\u1eebng danh c\u1ee7a Bell Labs, v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ai kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. D\u1eabu v\u1eady, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, Shockley l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u00a0\u2018Cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a Silicon Valley\u2019 (The Father of Silicon Valley).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2018B\u1ea7u tr\u00ed quy\u1ec3n\u2019 c\u1ee7a Silicon Valley<\/span><\/h4>\n

Th\u1ef1c ra, vi\u1ec7c ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Silicon Valley l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc\u00a0Stanford v\u1edbi 86 gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel (t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn 2022) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng khoa h\u1ecdc danh gi\u00e1 kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u00f2 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i s\u1ea3n sinh ra c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec3m qua v\u00e0i c\u1ef1u h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ee7a Stanford nh\u01b0 Bill Hewlett v\u00e0 David Packard s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra c\u00f4ng ty HP t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1939, \u0111\u1ebfn Jerry Zhang (s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra Yahoo), Larry Page v\u00e0 Sergey Brin (s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra Google),\u00a0Morris Chang (ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra TSMC) c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y PhD \u1edf Stanford,\u00a0Jensen Huang (\u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 CEO c\u1ee7a NVDIA)… c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ea5y vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Stanford trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n<\/a>\n

\u1ea2nh ch\u1ee5p khung c\u1ea3nh c\u1ed5ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc\u00a0Stanford. Ngu\u1ed3n: Divulga\u00e7\u00e3o<\/em><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00f4 c\u1edb m\u00e0 GS. Frederick Terman, Hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng K\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stanford c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Shockley \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi \u00a0nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u2018Cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a Silicon Valley\u2019. GS. Terman c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean k\u00eau g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 m\u1edf c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty ri\u00eang, \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

GS. Terman c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Stanford Indusstrial Park (n\u0103m 1951) sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Stanford Science Park, qui t\u1ee5 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 HP, General Electric, Lockheed, Eastman Kodak\u2026 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edf c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty start-up ngay trong khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t huy \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stanford. (C\u0169ng xin n\u00f3i th\u00eam \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat l\u00e0 khi m\u1edbi sang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf M\u1ef9, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc cho t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 n\u00e0o thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c ngh\u00e0nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stanford m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i multi-millionairs).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/a>\n

GS. Frederick Terman khi ngh\u1ec9 h\u01b0u. \u1ea2nh ch\u1ee5p\u00a0n\u0103m\u00a01965. Ngu\u1ed3n: Gillmor<\/em><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Shockley m\u1edf c\u00f4ng ty b\u00e1n d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng (9.1955), nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda nam San Francisco t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1940 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i M\u1ef9 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb. Ch\u1ec9 m\u00e3i sau n\u00e0y khi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty b\u00e1n d\u1eabn, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Shockley sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Fairchild v\u00e0 Intel v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n transitor silicon v\u00e0 chip b\u00e1n d\u1eabn th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t ti\u1ec3n b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 kinh t\u1ebf, ban \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eadp trung v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c b\u00e1n d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh r\u1ed3i sau n\u00e0y c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 tin h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh m\u00e0 Silicon Valley qui t\u1ee5 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0 Apple, Google (Alphabet Inc), Facebook (Meta Platform), Intel, Cisco, Yahoo, Ebay, Uber, HP, Nvdia, Netflix, Tesla (m\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n qua Texas 2021) v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ty n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u0169ng m\u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c chi nh\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 TSMC – c\u00f4ng ty s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chip b\u00e1n b\u1eabn l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan, hay nh\u01b0 SONY, Hitachi c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt, Samsung c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c…\u00a0 M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00ed do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf ho\u1eb7c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf Sillicon Valley l\u00e0 v\u00ec n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3\u00a0m\u1ed9t b\u1ea7u tr\u00ed quy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c<\/em>. N\u00f3i n\u00f4m na l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n h\u00edt th\u1edf trong\u00a0b\u1ea7u tr\u00ed quy\u1ec3n<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn t\u00e0u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00e1c, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n SONY v\u00e0 “chuy\u1ebfn t\u00e0u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7” v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 b\u00e1n d\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp…<\/em><\/p>\n

Nguy<\/strong>\u1ec5n Trung D<\/strong>\u00e2n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

New York, th\u00e1ng<\/em>\u00a09.2022<\/em><\/p>\n

___________<\/p>\n

* T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 25 n\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf Italy, \u0110\u1ee9c, Nh\u1eadt\u00a0\u00a0v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 (t\u1eeb 1998).\u00a0L\u00e0 Associate Research Professor c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Arizona cho \u0111\u1ebfn 2017 chuy\u1ec3n sang l\u00e0m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u vi\u00ean cao c\u1ea5p t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao, \u0111a qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ea1i New York, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c Vi\u1ec5n Th\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed\u00a0v\u00e0 M\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1eef c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ngo\u00e0i bi\u00ean ch\u1ebf (Adjunct Professor) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Arizona. L\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n\u00a0\u201cModeling and design photonics by examples using Matlabs\u201d<\/a>\u00a0\u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf M\u1ef9.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/strong>: B\u00e0i c\u1ee7a TS Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean b\u00e1o Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4 Th\u1ecb<\/em>, nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng rosetta.vn. Xin ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3m \u01a1n t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

PH\u00c1T MINH TRANSISTOR SILICON v\u00e0 S\u1ef0 RA \u0110\u1edcI C\u1ee6A SILICON VALLEY Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n   C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1955, Bell Labs \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng cho h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n transistor silicon v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 chip b\u00e1n d\u1eabn sau n\u00e0y. Tuy<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8447"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8447"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8447\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8615,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8447\/revisions\/8615"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8447"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8447"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8447"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}