{"id":8471,"date":"2023-01-23T18:09:44","date_gmt":"2023-01-23T11:09:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=8471"},"modified":"2023-01-23T18:46:49","modified_gmt":"2023-01-23T11:46:49","slug":"bai-5-khi-phat-minh-tam-co-bi-quen-lang-vi-bom-nguyen-tu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/bai-5-khi-phat-minh-tam-co-bi-quen-lang-vi-bom-nguyen-tu\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u00e0i 5: Khi ph\u00e1t minh t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 b\u1ecb qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng v\u00ec… bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed"},"content":{"rendered":"

KHI PH\u00c1T MINH T\u1ea6M C\u1ee0 B\u1eca QU\u00caN L\u00c3NG V\u00cc …<\/span><\/h1>\n

BOM NGUY\u00caN T\u1eec<\/span><\/h2>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1948, ch\u1ec9 \u00edt l\u00e2u sau khi Bell Labs th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o ph\u00e1t minh transistor ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Bardeen v\u00e0 Brattain [1] \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c tin t\u1ee9c kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng lo ng\u1ea1i t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c hai nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Herbert Matar\u00e9 v\u00e0 Heinrich Welker \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t minh s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u0169ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn germanium c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 transistron.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u1eefng\u00a0s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p t\u00ecnh c\u1edd<\/span><\/h4>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 transistron c\u1ee7a Matar\u00e9 v\u00e0 Welker c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf gi\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n y chang th\u1eadm ch\u00ed g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 sinh \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi transistor c\u1ee7a Bardeen v\u00e0 Brattain. C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i th\u00eam l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3 Matar\u00e9 v\u00e0 Welker \u0111\u00e3 tham gia c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n rada c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3. Sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eafng cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, th\u1ea9m v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Paris c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

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\n<\/a>\n

Ph\u00e1t minh\u00a0poin-contact\u00a0<\/em>transistor \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/em>\u00a0c\u1ee7a Bardeen v<\/em>\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0Brattain, th\u00e1ng 12.<\/em>1947. Ngu\u1ed3n \u1ea3nh\u00a0t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 transistron l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Bell Labs h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c lo l\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 Bell Labs \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 Alan Holden \u0111ang \u0111i ngh\u1ec9 \u1edf Anh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5.1949 gh\u00e9 qua Paris \u0111\u1ec3 tham quan ph\u00e1t minh transistron c\u1ee7a Matar\u00e9 v\u00e0 Welker. Trong b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 g\u1eedi Shockley \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y 14.5.1949, Holden \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf \u00fd ho\u00e0i nghi vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf Paris \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra transistron. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft \u201c\u2026 th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u transistron c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/em>\u2026\u201d.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y sau, B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u01b0u ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang v\u00e0 ca ng\u1ee3i ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u201cm\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p\u2026 Ch\u1ec9 4 n\u0103m sau WWII, m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh t\u1eeb n\u01a1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n d\u1ea5u t\u00edch t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh<\/em>\u00a0\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

Trong b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 sau chuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn tham quan n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, Holden vi\u1ebft \u201c\u2026\u00a0H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1ecf, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1ed3i t\u00e0n nh\u01b0 t\u1ed5 chu\u1ed9t \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i, x\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t forma<\/em>t<\/em>, trong nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 Paris. H\u1ecd to\u00e0n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t h\u0103ng h\u00e1i\u2026<\/em>\u201d[2]<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u1edf M\u1ef9, trong th\u1eddi gian WWII c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong rada v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n so v\u1edbi M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc phe \u0110\u1ed3ng minh. C\u1ea3 Matar\u00e9 v\u00e0 Welker \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n rada c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3. Tuy nhi\u00ean h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a g\u1eb7p nhau c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nhau trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/p>\n

Matar\u00e9 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi th\u1ea1c s\u1ef9 \u1edf M\u1ef9) b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tham gia ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n rada c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c \u1edf Berlin t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1939 khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Hitler \u0111ang t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Ba Lan. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u1ef9 \u00a0\u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Technical University of Berlin (TU Berlin) n\u0103m 1942.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng rada c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng ng\u1eafn d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u00e1y bay v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nh\u1ecf. L\u00fd do l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u rada c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng ng\u1eafn). \u00a0Matar\u00e9 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a rada.<\/p>\n<\/a>\n

T\u1eeb tr\u00e1i sang: William Shockley, Walter Brattain v\u00e0\u00a0John Bardeen, ba nh\u00e0 khoa hoc ph\u00e1t minh ra transistor \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00f9ng nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u1eadt L\u00fd n\u0103m 1956. Ngu\u1ed3n:\u00a0Getty Images<\/em><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf Matar\u00e9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ham th\u00edch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u radio v\u00e0 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (v\u1ed1n di c\u01b0 t\u1eeb B\u1ec9 sang \u0110\u1ee9c) m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc radio nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghe c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1t thanh l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Trong chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u00e0i t\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u1eadu b\u00e9 Matar\u00e9 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ea9u b\u00e1n d\u1eabn silicon nh\u1ecf x\u00edu. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ai hi\u1ec3u g\u00ec v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb. Sau n\u00e0y, khi Matar\u00e9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n rada cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3, c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 V\u1eadt l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Walther Schottky l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho h\u00e3ng Siemens \u1edf Munich \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a rada.<\/p>\n

Khi c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u00e1c li\u1ec7t, gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c cho t\u1eadp trung nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng rada c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng ng\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u00e1y bay phe \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng rada \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u00e1y bay gi\u00fap ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u00a0trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft x\u1ea5u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n b\u1ecf ngo\u00e0i tai sau c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Hermann G\u00f6ring v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phi c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1eddi WWI cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c Aryan l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c tr<\/a>\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 do nh\u1edd c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed m\u00f9 m\u1edd kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u. G\u00f6ring t\u1eebng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u201cc\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e1y chi\u1ebfu phim tr\u00ean m\u00e1y bay<\/em>\u201d. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1943 khi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay n\u00e9m bom Sterling c\u1ee7a Anh b\u1ecb b\u1eafn r\u01a1i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c sau khi ki\u1ec3m tra x\u00e1c chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay nhanh ch\u00f3ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 rada c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu so v\u1edbi phe \u0110\u1ed3ng minh.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6ring y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch k\u1ef9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng rada c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00e0 cho tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt vi\u00ean t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1eadp trung ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng rada m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ebfn m\u00f9a h\u00e8 1943 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng rada m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. V\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed3ng minh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng rada g\u1eafn tr\u00ean m\u00e1y bay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00a0t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kh\u00e1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t l\u1edbn cho qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i di chuy\u1ec3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh bom, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n

\"German<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t m\u00e1y bay n\u00e9m bom c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II. Ngu\u1ed3n:\u00a0Wikipedia<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang n\u0103m 1944, c\u01a1 s\u1edf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Matar\u00e9 ph\u1ea3i di chuy\u1ec3n qua Wroclaw (Ba lan) \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh bom. Ch\u00ednh trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 khi \u0111\u1eb7t hai m\u1ea9u kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch nhau kho\u1ea3ng 100 micron tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn germanium. Matar\u00e9 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c d<\/a>\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ea9u b\u00e1n d\u1eabn germanium nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1.1945, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ph\u00eda T\u00e2y c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1, nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a\u00a0 Matar\u00e9 ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay qu\u00e2n Li\u00ean X\u00f4. T\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c, nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Matar\u00e9 v\u1eeba m\u1edbi b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i M\u1ef9 chi\u1ebfm th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 cho gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Matar\u00e9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u1edf Kassel, \u0110\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Matar\u00e9 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1944 n\u00f3i tr<\/a>\u00ean r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf point-contact (ti\u1ebfm x\u00fac \u0111i\u1ec3m) transistor m\u00e0 Bardeen v\u00e0 Brattain ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12.1947 sau \u0111\u00f3. C\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Bell Labs v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1945-1947, Matar\u00e9 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1944 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed5i c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u1eadt v\u1eadt m\u00e3i v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft trong b\u00e0i Transistor \u2013 v\u00e0 Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng tin h\u1ecdc<\/a><\/em>, t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 5.1945 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 12.1947, sau h\u01a1n hai n\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u00a0Bardeen v\u00e0 Brattain c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. \u00a0M\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 12.1945 sau khi Bardden t\u00ecm ra hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e2y ch<\/a>\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 khuy\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ec h\u1ecd m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 transistor \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh.<\/p>\n<\/a>\n

\u1ea2nh Matar\u00e9 (ch\u1ee5p 1946) v\u00e0 Welker (1970). \u1ede gi\u1eefa l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh chi\u1ebfc transsitron. Ngu\u1ed3n:\u00a0IEEE Spectrum<\/em><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p t\u00ecnh c\u1edd kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng th\u00fa v\u1ecb. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p transistor \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh b\u1edfi hai nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Bell Labs, m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, ph\u00e1t minh ra transistor \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u0169ng do h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

Matar\u00e9 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, c\u00f2n nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kia l\u00e0 Welker, ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u1eddi gian chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf Munich. \u00a0Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Welker c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Bardeen m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Bardeen, Welker \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1930 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t minh ra transistor. Ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac chi\u1ebfn tranh, Welker b\u1eaft\u00a0<\/a>\u0111\u1ea7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng khuy\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u00e1t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn silicon v\u00e0 germanium.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1945, Welker \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda ra \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khuy\u1ebfch\u00a0<\/a>\u0111\u1ea1i d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 \u2018hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u2019 (field effect) m\u00e0 Shockley \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng sau \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3.1945 c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Welker v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. G\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1945 c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Shockley v\u00e0 Bratain d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Sau c\u00e1c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m n\u00f3i tr\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 do vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfn tranh k\u1ebft th\u00fac, Welker quay sang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng si\u00eau d\u1eabn \u2013 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p th\u00fa v\u1ecb n\u1eefa v\u00ec nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf b\u00e0i Transistor \u2013 v\u00e0 Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng tin h\u1ecdc<\/a><\/em> , Bardeen sau n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft si\u00eau d\u1eabn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel n\u0103m 1972 v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft mang t\u00ean \u00f4ng va hai \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c (BCS Theory).<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1946, Welker b\u1ecb th\u1ea9m v\u1ea5n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u rada c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3. \u00a0Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (R & D) \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 Paris v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u b\u00e1n d\u1eabn germanium cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng trong n\u0103m n\u00e0y, Matar\u00e9 \u0111ang d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng b\u1ecb th\u1ea9m v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00e0 Welker m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c. V\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p (gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb B\u1ec9) Matar\u00e9 nhanh ch\u00f3ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1edbi. Hai nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd tr\u1ebb ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 30 nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 b\u1ecf hoang \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 Paris n\u0103m 1946.<\/p>\n

Welker thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t x\u01b0\u1edfng tinh ch\u1ebf tinh th\u1ec3 germanium d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng h\u1ea7m, Matar\u00e9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c tr\u00ean t\u1ea7ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1946 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 cho ra l\u00f2 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng. T\u1ea7ng tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf. Matar\u00e9 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng t\u1ec9nh gi\u1ea5c v\u00ec ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u00e0n violin c\u1ee7a Welker vang l\u00ean t\u1eeb ph\u00f2ng b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Transistor\u00a0ph\u1ea3i \u2018nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7\u2019 cho… bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed<\/span><\/h4>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1947 khi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, Welker quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng y\u00eau th\u00edch l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng si\u00eau d\u1eabn, trong khi Matar\u00e9 l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m d\u1edf dang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 khuy\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed d\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn germanium m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1944.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1948, Matar\u00e9 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tuy v\u1eady, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o khuy\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n khi cho hai thanh kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch nhau kho\u1ea3ng 100 micron tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn germanium. B\u1ebf t\u1eafc, Matar\u00e9 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi Welker \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a Welker \u2013 l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 tinh ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tinh th\u1ec3 germanium, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tinh th\u1ec3 germanium c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 tinh ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6.1948, \u00a0Matar\u00e9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u00f4 c\u00f9ng vui s\u01b0\u1edbng, Matar\u00e9 v\u00e0 Welker g\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho \u00f4ng Eug\u00e8ne Thomas, B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ed9 B\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u01b0u ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, B\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3n c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng ngi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Thomas d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qu\u00ean. C\u0169ng n\u00ean nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng, 6 th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 Bardeen v\u00e0 Brattain \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u01b0ng m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 30.6.1948, Bell Labs m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t minh ra transistor v\u00e0 ngay ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1edd\u00a0New York Times<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0a tin tr\u00ean trang nh\u1ea5t, ca ng\u1ee3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t minh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1.<\/p>\n<\/a>\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i tr\u00ean t\u00e0u thu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Ngu\u1ed3n \u1ea3nh t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Sau th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Bell Labs, \u00f4ng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Thomas l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1eadn m\u1eaft ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a Matar\u00e9 v\u00e0 Welker t\u1ea1i ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u00d4ng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ee5c hai nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh s\u1edbm \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 khuy\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean transistron nghe g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng t\u00ean transistor c\u1ee7a Bell Labs.<\/p>\n

Hai nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0 n\u1ed9p v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 13.8 n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o th\u00e1ng 5.1949 Matar\u00e9 v\u00e0 Welker \u0111\u00e3 cho tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m transistron c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean l\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. B\u00e1o ch\u00ed Ph\u00e1p ca ng\u1ee3i hai nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh \u201cThe farther of transistron\u201d kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfc l\u1eddi. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, so v\u1edbi point-contact transistor c\u1ee7a Bell Labs th\u00ec transistron c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd t\u1ecf ra \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau, n\u0103m 1950, khi Brattain v\u00e0 Shokley \u0111\u1ebfn tham quan ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf Paris,\u00a0 Matar\u00e9 \u0111\u00e3 cho h\u1ecd xem h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi \u0111i Algieri \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng\u00a0 transistron. Shockley kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u201cc<\/a>\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1ng n\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5y\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u\u00a0<\/a>\u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u th\u00f4i. \u00a0Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf b\u00e0i\u00a0Transistor – ph\u00e1t minh c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng tin h\u1ecdc<\/em>,<\/span> transistor do Bardeen v\u00e0 Brattain ph\u00e1t minh ra \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (12.1947) r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m transistor c\u1ee7a Bell Labs th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o junction transistor do Shockley ph\u00e1t minh \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1948 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1950 m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5.1951. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m\u00a0Shockley th\u0103m Paris n\u00f3i tr\u00ean (5.1950) transistron c\u1ee7a Matar\u00e9 v\u00e0 Welker qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n so v\u1edbi transistor do Bardeen v\u00e0 Brattain ph\u00e1t minh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 transistron c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh ra mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n point-contact (ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u0111i\u1ec3m) transistor c\u1ee7a Bell Labs kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eeda n\u0103m, nh\u01b0ng b\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a transistron c\u00f3 v\u1ebb th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1950\u00a0 transistron \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p sang t\u1eadn Angieri th\u00ec m\u00e3i sau 1951 junction (ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i) transistor do Shockley ph\u00e1t minh m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0i n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u00e1t minh transistron nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Ph\u00e1p qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng.<\/p>\n<\/a>\n

V\u1ee5 th\u1eed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 t\u00ean m\u00e3 l\u00e0 Gerboise Bleue (hay Blue Gerboise – Gerboise xanh lam) di\u1ec5n ra l\u00fac 7 gi\u1edd 04 s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 13.2.1960. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch n\u1ed5 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e1p cao, qu\u1ea3 bom c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 60-70 kiloton, m\u1ea1nh g\u1ea5p 4 l\u1ea7n qu\u1ea3 bom Little Boy n\u00e9m xu\u1ed1ng Hiroshima. Ngu\u1ed3n \u1ea3nh t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u<\/em><\/p>\n

Theo nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft s\u1eed v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Micheal Riordan c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stanford th\u00ec l\u00ed do l\u00e0 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950 gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat \u201cnh\u01b0 b\u1ecb m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c\u201d v\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. Sau khi M\u1ef9 th\u1ea3 hai qu\u1ea3 bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed xu\u1ed1ng hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Hiroshima v\u00e0 Nagasaki c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i\u00a0 WWII, th\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng d\u1ed1c to\u00e0n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a phe \u0110\u1ed3ng minh th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn trong WWII ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, sau nh\u1eefng gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat h\u00e2n hoan ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng Ph\u00e1p, ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u sau kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y ai quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn transistron n\u1eefa. C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a transistron l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean l\u1ea1c vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, v\u00ec v\u1eady vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng, kh\u00e1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1edf M\u1ef9\u00a0 l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 AT&T l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, hai n\u0103m sau ph\u00e1t minh ra transistron, s\u1ef1 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ebfp theo gi\u1ea3m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Matar\u00e9 v\u00e0 Welker kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf Ph\u00e1p n\u1eefa v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t minh, hai s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn<\/span><\/h4>\n

N\u0103m 1951 Welker nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a h\u00e3ng Siemens \u1edf Erlangen (\u0110\u1ee9c) v\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u00ean phong ph\u00e1t minh ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i b\u00e1n d\u1eabn m\u1edbi (th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 III-V semiconductors) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o laser, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed (optoelectronics). N\u0103m 1969, Welker \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Siemens. \u00d4ng v\u1ec1 h\u01b0u n\u0103m 1977 v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1981.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1952, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Jakob Michael m\u1ed9t doanh nh\u00e2n gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, Matar\u00e9 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ra c\u00f4ng ty Intermetall \u1edf D\u00fcsseldorf (\u0110\u1ee9c), s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u v\u00e0 transistor germanium d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf Ph\u00e1p. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc radio b\u00e1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1edfi Intermetall n\u0103m 1953 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ai kh\u00e1c, s\u1edbm h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u0103m so v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc radio c\u1ee7a Texas Instruments (TI) b\u00e1n \u1edf M\u1ef9 n\u0103m 1954 v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 49.95 USD nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft \u1edf b\u00e0i\u00a0T<\/em>ransistor – ph\u00e1t minh c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng tin h\u1ecdc<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/a>\n

\u1ea2nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Intermetall \u0111ang tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chi\u1ebfc radio b\u00e1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u0103m 1953. Ngu\u1ed3n:\u00a0IEEE Spectrum<\/em><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1955 doanh nh\u00e2n Jakob Michael b\u00e1n Intermetall cho Clevite Corp – m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty \u1edf Cleveland (Ohio, M\u1ef9) v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, cho d\u1eebng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 b\u00e1n d\u1eabn. C\u0169ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t transistor non tr\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u m\u1ea5t d\u1ea7n s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd Bell Labs \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t transistor k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i do Shockley ph\u00e1t minh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp x\u00fdc \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Intermetall. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u00a0s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a transistor silicon (10.1955) c\u1ee7a TI \u1edf Texas v\u00e0 chip b\u00e1n d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Fairchild Semiconductor \u1edf California cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1958 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u1eb7t d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m h\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 transistor c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u do kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u1edf M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n

Qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng, Matar\u00e9 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 di c\u01b0 qua M\u1ef9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1n d\u1eabn \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng cho pin m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. \u00d4ng m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 2011.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0, d\u00f9 ph\u00e1t minh transistron mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n transistor c\u1ee7a Bell Labs kho\u1ea3ng 6 th\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng do Bell Labs gi\u1eef k\u00edn \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd ph\u00e1t minh.\u00a0 V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. V\u1eady t\u1ea1i sao trong khi Bell Labs v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1t minh transistor th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u1ed9t m\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3? Theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u00e0i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 sau.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0\u00a0\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Bell Labs \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 hi\u1ebfm n\u01a1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Bell Labs – \u00f4ng Kelly – \u0111\u00e3\u00a0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u00e1n d\u1eabn t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1936 v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00ednh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u1ed9 khuy\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i thay th\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e8n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111ang l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ee9c nh\u1ed1i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a AT&T. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn v\u1eeba m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, \u00f4ng Kelly \u0111\u00e3 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 giao cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, ban l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Bell Labs c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn xa hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, do kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, Bell Labs m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00e1 xa v\u1eddi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a Shockley d\u00f9 sau bao nhi\u00eau th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ki\u00ean tr\u00ec theo \u0111u\u1ed5i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i t\u1eeb 1936 cho \u0111\u1ebfn 1950. Ngay c\u1ea3 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh th\u1eddi gian th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1939 \u0111\u1ebfn 1945), th\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. Do vai tr\u00f2 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u00e0 Bell Labs \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0\u00a0\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee7<\/em>\u00a0cho s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a transistor Bell Labs, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Bell Labs c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf Ph\u00e1p l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u transistor c\u1ee7a Bell Labs ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Shockley v\u00e0 Bardeen.<\/p>\n

Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Matar\u00e9 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u00f2 m\u1eabm, m\u00e3i v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1edbi Welker. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft b\u00e1n d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Welker c\u0169ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n v\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111ang theo \u0111u\u1ed5i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c. Matar\u00e9 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng sau khi \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 khuy\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn germanium, Matar\u00e9 v\u00e0 Welker tranh c\u00e3i nhau kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u v\u1ec1 l\u00ed do v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t minh.<\/p>\n

Matar\u00e9 cho r\u1eb1ng Welker kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00ec Welker ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft si\u00eau d\u1eabn. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Bardeen trong c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t minh transistor c\u1ee7a Bell Labs th\u00ec Matar\u00e9 m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Welker c\u00f3 l\u00fd. Ngay c\u1ea3 Welker c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Bardeen.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, nh\u1edd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 Bell Labs nhanh ch\u00f3ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i transistor ti\u1ebfp theo nh\u01b0 transistor ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Shockley c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 transistor silicon, chip b\u00e1n d\u1eabn… Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ebfp theo nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Bell Labs m\u00e0 transistron c\u1ee7a Matar\u00e9 v\u00e0 Welker c\u0169ng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u1edf M\u1ef9 l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (R&D) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ngi\u1ec7p transistor v\u00e0 chip b\u00e1n d\u1eabn \u1edf M\u1ef9 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u d\u00f9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 nh\u01b0ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 r\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 sau WWII. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u1edf M\u1ef9, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng quan tr\u1ecdng tung ra \u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 (\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 transistor c\u1ee7a Bell Labs) th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 transistor silicon v\u00e0 chip b\u00e1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1edfi Texas Instruments v\u00e0 Fairchild Semiconductor, Intel vv \u1edf California v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Trong ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp theo ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111i v\u00e0o\u00a0nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 b\u00e1n d\u1eabn \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty v\u1edbi v\u1ed1n 20 t\u1ef7 USD c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp…<\/em><\/p>\n

Nguy<\/strong>\u1ec5n Trung D<\/strong>\u00e2n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

New York, th\u00e1ng<\/em>\u00a09.2022<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

___________<\/p>\n

T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o:<\/em>\u00a0M<\/em>. Riordan \u201cH<\/em>ow Europe missed the transistor\u201d,<\/em>\u00a0www.spectrum.ieee.org November 2005.<\/em><\/p>\n

[1] https:\/\/nguoidothi.net.vn\/transistor-phat-minh-co-anh-huong-lon-nhat-toi-cuoc-cach-mang-tin-hoc-37168.html<\/em><\/p>\n

[2]\u00a0<\/em>Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n: \u201cThey have little groups in all sorts of rat holes, farm houses, cheese factories, and jails in the Paris suburbs. They are all young and eager.\u201d<\/p>\n

\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 25 n\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf Italy, \u0110\u1ee9c, Nh\u1eadt\u00a0\u00a0v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 (t\u1eeb 1998).\u00a0L\u00e0 Associate Research Professor c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Arizona cho \u0111\u1ebfn 2017 chuy\u1ec3n sang l\u00e0m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u vi\u00ean cao c\u1ea5p t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao, \u0111a qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ea1i New York, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c Vi\u1ec5n Th\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed\u00a0v\u00e0 M\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1eef c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ngo\u00e0i bi\u00ean ch\u1ebf (Adjunct Professor) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Arizona. L\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n\u00a0\u201cModeling and design photonics by examples using Matlabs\u201d<\/a>\u00a0\u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf M\u1ef9.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/strong>: B\u00e0i c\u1ee7a TS Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean b\u00e1o Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4 Th\u1ecb<\/em>, nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng rosetta.vn. Xin ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3m \u01a1n t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

KHI PH\u00c1T MINH T\u1ea6M C\u1ee0 B\u1eca QU\u00caN L\u00c3NG V\u00cc … BOM NGUY\u00caN T\u1eec Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n   V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1948, ch\u1ec9 \u00edt l\u00e2u sau khi Bell Labs th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o ph\u00e1t minh transistor ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Bardeen v\u00e0 Brattain [1] \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c tin t\u1ee9c kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng lo ng\u1ea1i t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8471"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8471"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8471\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8619,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8471\/revisions\/8619"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8471"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8471"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8471"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}