{"id":85,"date":"2017-05-30T11:06:07","date_gmt":"2017-05-30T11:06:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=85"},"modified":"2023-03-24T17:24:47","modified_gmt":"2023-03-24T10:24:47","slug":"vai-ngo-nhan-ve-albert-einstein","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/vai-ngo-nhan-ve-albert-einstein\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00e0i ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Albert Einstein"},"content":{"rendered":"

V\u00c0I NG\u1ed8 NH\u1eacN V\u1ec0<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/h1>\n

ALBERT EINSTEIN<\/span><\/h1>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1ed7i c\u1eadu h\u1ecdc sinh tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 G\u00f6ttingen c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc b\u1ed1n chi\u1ec1u c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n Einstein. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1ebf Einstein l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng\u00a0 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc.<\/span><\/p>\n

David Hilbert<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/strong>. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Albert Einstein. Tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng, nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 g\u00e1n gh\u00e9p, nh\u00e1i gi\u1ecdng v\u0103n \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lan truy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 do ch\u00ednh Einstein n\u00f3i. V\u00e0o c\u00e1c qu\u00e1n chay Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y trong danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c danh nh\u00e2n \u0103n chay tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 Einstein. Ho\u1eb7c Einstein l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1eadn tay tr\u00e1i. Nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. Einstein ch\u1ec9 \u0103n ki\u00eang theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u00e1c s\u0129 trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fac \u00f4ng b\u1ec7nh c\u1ea7n ki\u00eang c\u1eef, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0103n chay tr\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, n<\/span><\/em>h\u01b0ng \u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n chay.C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n cho r\u1eb1ng Einstein l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1eadn tay tr\u00e1i. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5m \u1ea3nh n\u00e0o Einstein c\u1ea7m b\u00fat tay tr\u00e1i c\u1ea3, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea5m \u1ea3nh cho th\u1ea5y Einstein c\u1ea7m b\u00fat tay ph\u1ea3i.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng trong b\u00e0i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn <\/span><\/em>hai s\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn l\u1edbn. M<\/span><\/em>\u1ed9t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nghi v\u1ea5n cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc David Hilbert c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc, hay c\u00f9ng l\u00fac v\u1edbi Einstein, trong cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1915. V\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u201cr\u1ea5t Einstein\u201d v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 cho l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Einstein. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang, nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y.
\n<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

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(I) <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

Tranh c\u00e3i quy\u1ec1n \u01b0u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng <\/em><\/span><\/h2>\n

gi\u1eefa Einstein v\u00e0 Hilbert<\/span><\/h2>\n

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Hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o hi\u1ec3u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng) l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ma l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Albert Einstein<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng (field equations) c\u1ee7a Einstein l\u00e0 cao \u0111i\u1ec3m, v\u00e0 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 Einstein \u0111\u00e3 mi\u1ec7t m\u00e0i \u0111i t\u00ecm t\u1eeb 1907-1915. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ra d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng theo l\u00f4 g\u00edc t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ea7y g\u1eadp gh\u1ec1nh xen l\u1eabn \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Einstein b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00fac 28 tu\u1ed5i, khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u201cchuy\u00ean gia\u201d \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n \u1edf S\u1edf S\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf Bern, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u1edf Berlin 8 n\u0103m sau, l\u00fac \u00f4ng 36 tu\u1ed5i, khi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc Ph\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

(<\/span>Thuy\u1ebft T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, t\u1eeb H\u1eb9p t\u1edbi R\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/i>, theo J\u00fcrgen Renn [3])<\/span><\/p>\n

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D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, ai t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i sau khi Einstein c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin hay <\/span>mu\u1ed1n<\/span><\/i> tin r\u1eb1ng, v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat cu\u1ed1i Einstein \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u2018v\u1ea5p ng\u00e3\u2019, v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p Hilbert, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, qua m\u1eb7t \u00f4ng. Ho\u1eb7c: th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ai l\u00e0 cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng, Einstein, hay Hilbert, hay c\u1ea3 hai?<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, Einstein \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 (1913), chung v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u00f4ng, Marcel Gro\u00dfmann, <\/span>Entwurf<\/span><\/i> (Ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o) c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec m\u1ed9t suy lu\u1eadn (Suy lu\u1eadn l\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng, <\/span>hole argument<\/span><\/i>, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t), n\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf nguy\u00ean l\u00fd hi\u1ec7p bi\u1ebfn chung (general covariant principle). N\u0103m 1915, \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
\nT\u1edd 20L c\u1ee7a S\u1ed5 tay ghi ch\u00e9p Zurich c\u1ee7a Albert Einstein <\/span><\/i>(trong [3])<\/span><\/p>\n

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Theo c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, David Hilbert \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng <\/span>\u00edt nh\u1ea5t 5 ng\u00e0y <\/span><\/i>tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o c\u00e1o k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a Einstein v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 11 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Hilbert, \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 11, nh\u01b0ng xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 3, 1916, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn hi\u1ec7p bi\u1ebfn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh trong b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Einstein. V\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u00edt nh\u1ea5t Hilbert c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cc\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n\u201d trong thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng. Hay c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi ng\u1edd Einstein \u0111\u00e3 \u201cc\u00f3p\u201d Hilbert.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u0103m 1997, Vi\u1ec7n Max Planck nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Berlin, trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c GS J\u00fcrgen Renn, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt quy m\u00f4 v\u00e0o kho t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Hilbert \u1edf G\u00f6ttingen \u2013 may m\u1eafn thay ch\u00fang v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n sau chi\u1ebfn tranh! \u2212 v\u00e0 m\u1edb c\u00e1c \u201cb\u00f4ng\u201d (galley proofs, b\u1ea3n in th\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 xem l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tu ch\u1ec9nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Hilbert t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nay ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd.<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi (Corry, Renn, Stachel, [1]). S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ly v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n b\u00f4ng n\u00e0y v\u1edbi hai phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Hilbert m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Einstein v\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn t\u1eeb 1913 \u0111\u1ebfn 1915 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, cho ph\u00e9p nh\u00f3m Corry, Renn v\u00e0 Stachel d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong th\u00e1ng 11, 1915, v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng Einstein \u201c\u0111\u1ea1o v\u0103n\u201d c\u1ee7a Hilbert. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf di\u1ec5n ra ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i: <\/span>ch\u00ednh Hilbert m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tu ch\u1ec9nh phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng<\/span><\/i> sau khi bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Einstein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3<\/span><\/i>. V\u00e0 Hilbert c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Einstein.<\/span><\/p>\n

Chi ti\u1ebft: Th\u00e1ng 11, 1915 l\u00e0 th\u00e1ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Einstein c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 4 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o, trong khi \u00f4ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1edbi Hilbert. Ng\u00e0y 15. 11 \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Hilbert m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cS\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u00f4i quan t\u00e2m gh\u00ea g\u1edbm, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb khi t\u00f4i n\u1eb7ng \u00f3c \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb.\u201d \u00d4ng xin Hilbert m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n sao, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i l\u1eddi m\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Hilbert \u0111i G\u00f6ttingen \u0111\u1ec3 nghe Hilbert tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 18.11 sau khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o m\u00e0 Hilbert s\u1ebd c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 s\u1edbm, Einstein \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1ecdng. Einstein t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 y\u00eau s\u00e1ch \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Hilbert: \u201cH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng (ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh) \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra, trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00f9ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong nh\u1eefng tu\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9p cho H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n\u201d. T\u1ee9c ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec m\u1edbi m\u1ebb c\u1ea3. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau s\u00e1ch quy\u1ec1n \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, Einstein gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho Hilbert, r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u201cch\u1ec9 xem c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7p bi\u1ebfn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 ba n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc.\u201d \u00d4ng c\u0169ng n\u00f3i b\u00f3ng gi\u00f3 r\u1eb1ng Hilbert kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y n\u00eau l\u00ean:<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7p bi\u1ebfn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t cho g\u00b5v<\/i><\/sub><\/em><\/span>; \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a tenx\u01a1 Riemann. C\u00e1i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a, v\u00e0, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Newton.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sau c\u00f9ng, Einstein th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho Hilbert bi\u1ebft c\u00f9ng ng\u00e0y \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed9p cho H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n (ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 11):<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i suy ra t\u1eeb thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1eadn nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Sao Th\u1ee7y (Mercury) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 b\u1edfi Le Verrier. Kh\u00f4ng thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn n\u00e0o cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Einstein l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00fang trong ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u00f4ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m cho \u00f4ng c\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 tin.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n sau, <\/span>ng\u00e0y 25.11<\/span><\/i>, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y ghi nh\u1edb, Einstein n\u1ed9p b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u201cv\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai\u201d, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n ng\u00e0y <\/span>2 th\u00e1ng 12<\/span><\/i>, 1915 (h\u00e3y ghi nh\u1edb) t\u1ea1i H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n Ph\u1ed5 \u1edf Berlin (<\/span>K\u00f6niglich- Preu\u00dfische Akademie der Wissenschaften<\/span><\/i>). \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 Hilbert <\/span>d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0<\/span><\/i> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 <\/span>ng\u00e0y 20<\/span><\/i> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1ng <\/span>ch\u00e9o<\/span><\/i>, l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong b\u00e0i b\u00e1o Hilbert n\u1ed9p ng\u00e0y 20 n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 3, 1916, trong b\u00e1o <\/span>G\u00f6ttingen Nachrichten<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc G\u00f6ttingen. Ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t ra nghi v\u1ea5n. Nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi m\u00e0, trong ghi ch\u00fa \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u00f4ng, Hilbert n\u00f3i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tham kh\u1ea3o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Einstein, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ng\u00e0y 25? B\u1ea3n b\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Hilbert cho th\u1ea5y l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 \u00f4ng n\u1ed9p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean <\/span>kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/i> c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7p bi\u1ebfn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, v\u00e0 <\/span>kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/i> ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng d\u1ea1ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng (explicit form) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng. ([1] ho\u1eb7c [5]) Ch\u00fa \u00fd: th\u1eddi gian gi\u1eefa n\u1ed9p b\u00e0i, ng\u00e0y 20. 11.1915, v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 b\u00e0i, ng\u00e0y 31. 3.1916 c\u1ee7a Hilbert l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n b\u1ed1n th\u00e1ng, l\u00e2u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng! R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, Hilbert c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 tu ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, trong khi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Einstein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n <\/span>ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n<\/span><\/i> sau khi n\u1ed9p.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 trong <\/span>b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o g\u1ed1c<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a Hilbert, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u1ee7a Hilbert t\u1ea1i G\u00f6ttingen n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta <\/span>kh\u00f4ng <\/span><\/i>t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng Einstein. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 Hilbert \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tu ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0o b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y 20 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 20 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n in sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0<\/span>kh\u00f4ng ghi ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng tu ch\u1ec9nh<\/span><\/i> v\u1ec1 sau. Trong <\/span>phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n in<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m sau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y Hilbert \u0111\u00e3 th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u00fd v\u1ec1 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng (<\/span>ng\u00e0y 25.11<\/span><\/i>) c\u1ee7a Einstein, v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Einstein: \u201c<\/span>C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh vi ph\u00e2n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf (trong b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u00e0y) c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u00e0, theo \u00fd t\u00f4i, kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Einstein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7 trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sau c\u00f9ng.<\/span><\/i>\u201d ([1]) hay ([2], ho\u1eb7c xem \u1ea2nh s\u1ed1 2 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y)<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5: Ban \u0111\u1ea7u Hilbert kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra d\u1ea1ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng; r\u1ed3i sau khi Einstein c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Hilbert \u0111\u00e3 tu ch\u1ec9nh b\u00e0i \u00f4ng cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Einstein ([5]). N\u1ebfu Hilbert ch\u1ec9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u00f2ng ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: \u201cn\u1ed9p ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 11, 1915, tu ch\u1ec9nh ng\u00e0y (m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 sau ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 12, 1915, l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i b\u00e1o k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Einstein)\u201d th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n \u01b0u ti\u00ean di\u1ec5n ra. ([4]) Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i quy\u1ec1n \u01b0u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft th\u00fac: <\/span>Einstein ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 thai ngh\u00e9n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1907<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Einstein vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i<\/p>\n

\"eq.du
\n(tenx\u01a1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 cong kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian) = h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 x (tenx\u01a1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 kh\u1ed1i-n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng)<\/span><\/p>\n

(Trong \u0111\u00f3, R\u00b5v<\/i><\/sub><\/em> <\/span>l\u00e0 tenx\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed9 cong,<\/span> g\u00b5v<\/sub><\/em><\/span><\/i> <\/i>l\u00e0 tenx\u01a1 metric t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, T\u00b5v<\/i><\/sub><\/em><\/span><\/i> l\u00e0 tenx\u01a1 (\u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t-) n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, cho bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong kh\u00f4ng gian. <\/span>R<\/span><\/i> l\u00e0 v\u1ebft (trace), hay s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1ng ch\u00e9o, t\u1ed5ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o c\u1ee7a g\u00b5v<\/sub><\/em><\/i> R\u00b5v<\/i><\/sub><\/em><\/span>. V\u1ebf th\u1ee9 hai b\u00ean tr\u00e1i c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tenx\u01a1 Einstein, k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u E\u00b5v<\/i><\/sub><\/em><\/span>.)<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ng\u00e0y <\/span>25 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1915<\/span><\/i> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 <\/span>ng\u00e0y ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Einstein. Ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 11, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 Zangger, b\u1ea1n \u00f4ng, r\u1eb1ng \u201cl\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p ngo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1ng. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 <\/span>m\u1ed9t <\/span><\/i>ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u201cc\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n\u201d trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4n ngoan.\u201d \u00d4ng \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 Hilbert. \u0110\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 12, 1915, t\u1ee9c kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng sau, v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n ba tu\u1ea7n sau khi b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c in ra (trong khi b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Hilbert th\u00ec v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n), c\u00f3 l\u1ebd vui m\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng m\u1ef9 m\u00e3n, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi bao s\u1ef1 lo l\u1eafng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1m n\u0103m tr\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Einstein \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbu xu\u1ed1ng khi\u1ebfn Einstein \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i:<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ef1c b\u1ed9i gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang ta, m\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00eam. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c cay \u0111\u1eafng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. T\u00f4i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn \u00f4ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00e2n \u00e1i kh\u00f4ng suy gi\u1ea3m, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i xin \u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc n\u1ebfu hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u00ecnh ra kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u01b0 x\u1ea5u n\u00e0y, l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i ni\u1ec1m vui cho nhau.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Einstein th\u1eadt ra \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 Hilbert r\u1ea5t cao. M\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1915, Einstein \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m G\u00f6ttingen, kinh \u0111\u00f4 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, theo l\u1eddi m\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Hilbert sau khi Hilbert b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. Einstein l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 6 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 7, v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t s\u00e1u b\u00e0y gi\u1ea3ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng, nh\u01b0 Felix Klein, khoa tr\u01b0\u1edfng khoa to\u00e1n, Emmy Noether, nh\u00e0 n\u1eef to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i. \u00d4ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m cho v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u1edf kinh \u0111\u00f4 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 vui m\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: \u201c\u1ede G\u00f6ttingen t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t vui m\u1eebng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn chi ti\u1ebft. T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t th\u00edch th\u00fa v\u1ec1 Hilbert. M\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan tr\u1ecdng. T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t t\u00f2 m\u00f2 v\u1ec1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u201d \u00d4ng \u201cc\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c Hilbert v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng\u201d v\u00e0 khen Hilbert l\u00e0 \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cao trong m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9.\u201d ([6] v\u00e0 [2]) \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng trong to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, so v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 c\u1ee7a Einstein h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eadt v\u1eadt, v\u00e0 \u0111ang quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadt l\u00fd, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qua m\u1eb7t \u00f4ng trong nh\u1eefng gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh ch\u00f3t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hilbert \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u201cM\u1ed7i c\u1eadu h\u1ecdc sinh tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 G\u00f6ttingen c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc b\u1ed1n chi\u1ec1u c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n Albert Einstein. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1ebf, Einstein l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc.\u201d ([7], 69)<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong l\u00e1 th\u01b0 g\u1eedi cho Arnold Sommerfeld ng\u00e0y 9.12, Einstein vi\u1ebft: \u201c\u00d4ng h\u00e3y xem n\u00f3 \u0111i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi t\u00f4i.\u201d (Xem th\u00eam [7] v\u00e0 [8])<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Albert
\nAlbert Einstein \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 36 khi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng n\u0103m 1915<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

\"David
\nDavid Hilbert kho\u1ea3ng c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi gian<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
\nTrang \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1edb b\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Hilbert,
\n<\/span><\/i>v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tu ch\u1ec9nh vi\u1ebft tay c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Hilbert <\/i>(\u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Einstein \u0111\u01b0a ra\u201d)
\nv\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con d\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 in, \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 12, 1915
\n<\/span><\/i>(\u1ea2nh c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n Max Planck nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Berlin).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\"\"<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Minh h\u1ecda Hilbert v\u00e0 Einstein trong cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua<\/span><\/i> (Gutfreund v\u00e0 Renn, [4], 32)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\"\"<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Trang th\u1ee9 12 c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Hilbert, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft, \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng:
\n<\/span><\/i>\u201cC\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh vi ph\u00e2n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf (trong b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u00e0y) c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u00e0, theo \u00fd t\u00f4i,
\n<\/span><\/i>kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Einstein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7 trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sau c\u00f9ng.\u201d
\n<\/i>(\u1ea2nh c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n Max Planck nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Berlin)<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1936, Einstein m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cL\u00fd thuy\u1ebft\u2026gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch tinh t\u1ebf (c\u00e1nh tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh), nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u01a1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p (c\u00e1nh ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh). C\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111em l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.\u201d (Gutfreund v\u00e0 Renn, [4], 103)<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ra \u0111\u1eddi r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng. L\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng bao tr\u00f9m r\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c, t\u1eeb v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf, s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed7 \u0111en, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 ch\u1ec9 sau n\u00e0y m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn? L\u00e0m sao Einstein c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n (criteria) cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng x\u00e1c l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p? L\u00e0m sao \u00f4ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t khung h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 (heuristic) \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft gian kh\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t cho Einstein. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng b\u1ecb ki\u1ec7t qu\u1ec7 (<\/span>ziemlich kaputt<\/span><\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Einstein c\u00f2n l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng h\u01a1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0a ra nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1 l\u00e0m n\u00ean l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u0110\u1ee9c Karl Schwarzschild, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n. Ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 12, 1915, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng ba tu\u1ea7n sau khi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng Einstein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1, t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Nga \u00f4ng g\u1eedi v\u1ec1 cho Einstein nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng quay. Einstein r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed7i ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u00edch th\u00fa. Nh\u01b0ng Schwarzschild m\u1ea5t ngay n\u0103m sau (!) ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi 43 tu\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ec sao v\u1ee5t s\u00e1ng r\u1ed3i v\u1ee5t t\u1eaft. Nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1 Schwarzschild sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ed7 \u0111en, v\u00e0 cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y v\u1eadt l\u00fd thi\u00ean v\u0103n c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng. Th\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xin n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 n\u0103m 1916. C\u00f3 hai vi\u1ec7c. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, Einstein ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u00eam 17 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch <\/span>Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/i> d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 <\/span>S\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn<\/span><\/i> (Approximative Integration of the Fields of Gravitation), v\u00e0 hai c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 <\/span>thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/span><\/i>, \u201cEmission and Absorption of Radiation in Quantum Theory\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cOn the Quantum theory of Radiation\u201d, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng laser, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 suy ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a Planck. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. \u201cM\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p thu v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1\u2026M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 suy ra (derivation) \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 <\/span>s\u1ef1 suy ra<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c Planck\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cDo \u0111\u00f3, (t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t) quanta c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng xem nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp\u201d, nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00e0o h\u1ee9ng trong m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 cho Besso. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m, \u00f4ng thai ngh\u00e9n m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o <\/span>v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/i> (cosmological considerations) v\u1edbi h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 lambda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a th\u00eam v\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ngay \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1917. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1ea3o, 1916 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t annus mirabillis<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Einstein l\u00e0 phi th\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i di\u1ec5n ra trong l\u00fac chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111ang t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Einstein \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00ec \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean \u00e1n c\u00f4ng khai cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n khi h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng g\u00e3y \u0111\u1ed7, v\u00e0 hai con \u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Zurich c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Mileva.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 hai, sau khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng, Einstein li\u1ec1n b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch cho \u201c\u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang\u201d v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 h\u1eb9p. Th\u00e1ng 1, 1916, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft cho b\u1ea1n \u00f4ng Besso: \u201cS\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u00e0m cho t\u00f4i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng. T\u00f4i \u0111ang xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai g\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ham mu\u1ed1n ch\u00e1y b\u1ecfng, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m th\u1ebf, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Einstein ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o th\u00e1ng 12, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch <\/span>Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/i>, \u00dcber die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativit\u00e4tstheorie, (vi\u1ebft cho \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn. T\u1eeb 1917 \u2013 1922, s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in 14 l\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c. Sau khi \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn n\u0103m 1919, quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Anh v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng kh\u00e1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Hoa (1921 v\u00e0 1922).<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Czech n\u0103m 1923 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch, Eintein nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7y k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i Prague:<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i vui m\u1eebng khi th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y…s\u1ebd ra m\u1eaft b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 thai ngh\u00e9n t\u1eeb 1908 [\u00f4ng nh\u1ea7m v\u1edbi 1907]. Trong nh\u1eefng c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng y\u00ean t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n V\u1eadt l\u00fd L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c Prague \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Vinicna, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng (equivalence principle) c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tia s\u00e1ng g\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch…T\u1ea1i Prague t\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ea1ch quang ph\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ecf…<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 (analogy) gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc (mathematical foundation) c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (theory of surfaces) c\u1ee7a Gauss ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00f4i n\u0103m 1912 sau khi t\u00f4i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Zurich, m\u00e0 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Riemann, Ricci v\u00e0 Levi-Civita t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e2y cho t\u00f4i \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n Grossmann c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. ([4], 9)<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Einstein kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201c<\/span>nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/i>\u201d. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, sau chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 sau khi thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi, Einstein c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u201c<\/span>nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c<\/span><\/i>\u201d. Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 uy t\u00edn, \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c h\u00fat, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m chuy\u1ec7n \u1ea5y ngo\u00e0i Einstein. (Xem th\u00eam [7])<\/span><\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch <\/span>Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/i> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t classic c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2014, b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ra m\u1eaft, t\u1ee9c sau g\u1ea7n 100 n\u0103m \u201cl\u1ec7ch gi\u1edd\u201d (xem \u1ea3nh). \u00c2u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a VN. (Xem <\/span>L\u1eddi d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/i> trong [8])<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1m \u01a1n.<\/i><\/b> T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00e1m \u01a1n GS Ph\u1ea1m Xu\u00e2n Y\u00eam, TS Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u1ecdng Hi\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 GS J\u00fcrgen Renn c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n Max Planck nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Berlin \u0111\u00e3 cho nh\u1eefng g\u00f3p \u00fd v\u00e0 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u qu\u00fd b\u00e1u.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

[1] Leo Corry, J\u00fcrgen Renn, John Stachel, <\/span>Belated Decision in the Hilbert-Einstein Priority Dispute<\/span><\/i>, trong <\/span>Science<\/span><\/i> 14 Nov 1997, vol. 278, Issue 5341, pp. 1270-1273.<\/span><\/p>\n

[2] Jean Eisenstaedt, <\/span>The Curious History of Relativity<\/span><\/i>. How Einstein\u2019s Theory of Gravity Was Lost and Found Again. Princeton Press, 2006.<\/span><\/p>\n

[3] J\u00fcrgen Renn, <\/span>Learning from Einstein: Innovation in Science<\/span><\/i>. Trong Peter L. Galison, Gerald Holton, Silvan S. Schweber (eds), <\/span>EINSTEIN for the 21<\/span><\/i>st<\/span><\/i> Century<\/span><\/i>. His legacy in science, art, and modern culture. Princeton University Press, 2008.<\/span><\/p>\n

[4] Hanoch Gutfreund v\u00e0 J\u00fcrgen Renn, <\/span>The Road to Relativity<\/span><\/i>. <\/span>The History and Meaning of Einstein\u2019s \u201cThe Foundation of General Relativity\u201d<\/span><\/i>. Princeton University Press, 2015.<\/span><\/p>\n

[5] Leo Corry, J\u00fcrgen Renn, John Stachel, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0i l\u1ea1i trong John Stachel (ed), <\/span>Einstein from \u2018B\u2019 to \u2018Z\u2019<\/span><\/i>. Einstein studies, Volume 9. Birkh\u00e4user 2002. Trang 339-346.<\/span><\/p>\n

[6] John Stachel (ed), <\/span>Einstein from \u2018B\u2019 to \u2018Z\u2019<\/span><\/i>. Einstein studies, Volume 9. Birkh\u00e4user 2002.<\/span><\/p>\n

[7] Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh, <\/span>EINSTEIN<\/span><\/i>. NXB T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, 2016.<\/span><\/p>\n

[8] Albert Einstein, <\/span>Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/i>. Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft l\u1eddi d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp. NXB T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, 2014.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(II)<\/span> <\/b><\/h2>\n

M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Einstein<\/span><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9 hai xoay quanh m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Einstein m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y tr\u00edch qua tr\u00edch l\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi tr\u00edch n\u00e0y l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i trong (khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5) m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai: n\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc; n\u00f3 bao tr\u00f9m c\u1ea3 hai ph\u1ea7n, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u00e2m linh; n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m khao kh\u00e1t mu\u1ed1n tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u00e2m linh, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u00fd ngh\u0129a. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u1ecd th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2014, GS Cao Huy Thu\u1ea7n \u1edf Paris \u201cb\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d cho t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Perry Garfinkel, <\/span>Buddha or Bust<\/span><\/i>, nxb Harmony, 2007, trang 15. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Anh \u1edf \u0111\u00f3:<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\"Buddha<\/p>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Garfinkel \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00ean ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch <\/span>The Human Side<\/span><\/i> m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eeb l\u00e2u. Quy\u1ec3n <\/span>The Human Side<\/span><\/i> g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4i v\u00e0 Thu Tr\u00e0 d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean <\/span>Albert Einstein,<\/span><\/i> M\u1eb7t Nh\u00e2n B\u1ea3n<\/span><\/i><\/a>, Nxb T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p TP H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o n\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y:<\/span><\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Perry Garfinkel l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00f4 danh, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft cho nhi\u1ec1u t\u1edd b\u00e1o l\u1edbn, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 <\/span>New York Times<\/span><\/i>. Quy\u1ec3n <\/span>Buddha or Bust<\/span><\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u tr\u00ean trang b\u00eca l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cNational Bestseller\u201d, v\u00e0 b\u00ean trong c\u00f3 tr\u00edch l\u1eddi khen c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Dalai Lama, Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Th\u00edch Nh\u1ea5t H\u1ea1nh, c\u1ee7a t\u1edd The Boston Globe, v\u00e0 v\u00e0i nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c. \u0110o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch d\u1eabn tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c ra kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1eddi khen c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh t\u1eb7ng. Nh\u01b0ng ai \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e2u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Einstein c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1nh. S\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang th\u1eadt n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c lan t\u1ecfa, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch d\u1eabn n\u00f3i tr\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00f9ng s\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch v\u1edf vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Einstein, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec3n Max Jammer, <\/span>Einstein and Religion<\/span><\/i>, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng tuy\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Einstein c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung gi\u1ed1ng hay t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi Kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef Albert Einstein c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hebrew \u1edf Jerusalem l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin phong ph\u00fa nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u0169ng cho bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Einstein. Quy\u1ec3n\u00a0<\/span>Einstein and Buddha: The Parallel Sayings<\/span><\/em> c\u1ee7a hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Thomas J. McFarlane<\/span> v\u00e0 <\/span>Wes Nisker <\/span>l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 phong ph\u00fa nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Einstein v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Einstein ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch <\/span>Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y<\/span><\/i>\u00a0c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 sau, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng\u201d cho \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a Garfinkel:<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 mang t\u00ednh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Schopenhauer \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y cho ch\u00fang ta. C\u00e1c thi\u00ean t\u00e0i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi t\u00ednh t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 (cosmic religiosity), t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u hay m\u1ed9t Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1c theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/span><\/i><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

(B\u00e0i <\/span>T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/i>)<\/span><\/p>\n

Ho\u1eb7c trong <\/span>M\u1eb7t Nh\u00e2n B\u1ea3n<\/span><\/i>, tr. 73:<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m cho kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi trong nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3. Ai m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng vui s\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y? Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng, ch\u1ec9 tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng th\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai sinh ra c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cao qu\u00fd lu\u00f4n x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1 cao h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra ch\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00e1c quan\u2026. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ecbu \u01a1n nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, Moses v\u00e0 Jesu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i c\u00f2n cao h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 \u00f3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 gi\u1eef cho s\u1ed1ng m\u00e3i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u00eang li\u00eang n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 trao t\u1eb7ng ch\u00fang ta, n\u1ebfu nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1, s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i y\u00ean b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m vui trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. <\/span><\/i>(1937)<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t mong, ai t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o n\u00f3i tr\u00ean xin vui l\u00f2ng x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn gi\u00f9m, nh\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n tr\u00edch d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, Einstein \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u trong d\u1ecbp n\u00e0o, hay trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft cho ai, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng n\u0103m n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy l\u1ea1i trong <\/span>The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein<\/span><\/i>. Cho t\u1edbi l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng tr\u00edch d\u1eabn tr\u00ean, hay nh\u1eefng tr\u00edch d\u1eabn c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc, l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00fang s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m g\u00ec h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u00ecm v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac, t\u00f4i xin k\u1ec3 th\u00eam \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. V\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, Greg Whitefield, c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Rangjung Yeshe Institute \u1edf Nepal, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1eeb 2002 b\u1edfi v\u1ecb lama T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng Tulku Chokyi Nyima Rinpoche. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft:<\/span> \u201cT\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a l\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00ec n\u00f3 d\u1ef1a l\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3.\u201d<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i v\u1ebf th\u1ee9 hai. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n-qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5y ng\u00e0n n\u0103m. Nh\u01b0ng trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c y h\u1ecdc, thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 m\u1edbi th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n trong cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i do Louis Pasteur v\u00e0 Robert Koch d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1880, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 150 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f4i, khi hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1u do c\u00e1c vi sinh v\u1eadt nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 g\u00e2y ra m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y. C\u00f3 m\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh m\u1edbi sinh ra b\u1ec7nh (Koch), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 vi sinh v\u1eadt m\u1edbi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u00ean men, hay th\u1ed1i r\u1eefa (Pasteur). H\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1t m\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0 b\u1ec7nh than, b\u1ec7nh lao, d\u1ecbch t\u1ea3, d\u1ea1i, b\u1ea1ch h\u1ea7u v.v. c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a <\/span>thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/span><\/i> trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ecdi t\u01b0 bi\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n b\u00ed. Xin xem chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng y h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch s\u1eafp t\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u201c<\/span>Pasteur-Koch. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecd s\u1ee9c gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi sinh v\u1eadt<\/span><\/i>\u201d c\u1ee7a NXB T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ng 5, 2017<\/span><\/p>\n

-B\u00e0i ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Einstein \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

http:\/\/hoangnamgiao.blogspot.com\/2017\/06\/vai-ngo-nhan-ve-albert-einstein-nguyen.html<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/thuvienhoasen.org\/a27911\/vai-ngo-nhan-ve-albert-einstein<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.dieungu.org\/p13341a38407\/vai-ngo-nhan-ve-albert-einstein<\/a><\/p>\n

-S\u00e1ch Pasteur-Koch \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111\u1eddi th\u00e1ng 10, 2017:<\/p>\n

Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch Louis Pasteur \u2013 Robert Koch<\/i><\/a><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u00c0I NG\u1ed8 NH\u1eacN V\u1ec0 ALBERT EINSTEIN Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh   M\u1ed7i c\u1eadu h\u1ecdc sinh tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 G\u00f6ttingen c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc b\u1ed1n chi\u1ec1u c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n Einstein. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1ebf Einstein l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng\u00a0 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. David Hilbert   L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[4],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/85"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=85"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/85\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9343,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/85\/revisions\/9343"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=85"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=85"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=85"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}