{"id":9651,"date":"2023-05-19T21:17:45","date_gmt":"2023-05-19T14:17:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=9651"},"modified":"2023-05-23T17:51:14","modified_gmt":"2023-05-23T10:51:14","slug":"tu-doc-sach-den-khai-minh-cua-nguoi-nhat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/tu-doc-sach-den-khai-minh-cua-nguoi-nhat\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn khai minh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u1eea \u0110\u1eccC S\u00c1CH \u0110\u1ebeN KHAI MINH C\u1ee6A NG\u01af\u1edcI NH\u1eacT[1]<\/strong><\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/h1>\n

Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/h3>\n

Di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb<\/em> ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 12, n\u0103m 2012 t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o “S\u00e1ch v\u00e0 Ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c”<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>Fukuzawa Yukichi<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em><\/span><\/strong>. Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c khi so s\u00e1nh n\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t khung quy chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kia. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. N\u0103m r\u1ed3i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecdc, tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng n\u00f3 l\u00ean t\u1eeb v\u1ecb tr\u00ed hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn, tuy \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i quan tr\u1ecdng. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m s\u1ed1t v\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 mu\u1ed1n \u0111i t\u00ecm v\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111i v\u1ec1 California m\u00e0 \u0111i v\u1ec1 B\u1edd \u0110\u00f4ng, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 ph\u00ed ho\u00e0i c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc, vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng h\u00e3y th\u1eed nh\u00ecn qua v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, ta s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c hi\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 k\u00e8m theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecdc ra sao trong c\u1ea3 m\u1ea5y th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa hai qu\u1ed1c gia “\u0111\u1ed3ng v\u0103n \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7ng” trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. B\u00e0i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng, v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi b\u1eaby thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia? Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang m\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh nguy hi\u1ec3m \u00edt ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ecdc, ch\u1ecbu h\u1ecdc, \u00edt ch\u1ecbu nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1n? V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecdc m\u00e0 th\u1ea5p th\u00ec l\u00e2y \u0111\u00e2u ra tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc?<\/p>\n

V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00f3i chung. Ham \u0111\u1ecdc, ham h\u1ecdc th\u00ec suy ngh\u0129 nhi\u1ec1u, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00e1i m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ee9c, Nh\u1eadt cho th\u1ea5y v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf. Ngay c\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng Thung l\u0169ng Silicon nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 kia c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/em> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n: v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/em>. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c “truy r\u00e8n” trong s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. \u0110\u00f3ng k\u00edn, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c khai s\u00e1ng, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 s\u1ebd tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9 n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb tha h\u00f3a, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c s\u00e1ch<\/em>.<\/p>\n

S\u1eafp t\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 t\u00fac th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, m\u1eddi anh ch\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ee7a S\u1ee9 \u0111o\u00e0n Iwakura<\/em><\/strong><\/span> 1871-73 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o quan ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Minh Tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u00ecm khai s\u00e1ng \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o n\u00e0y, gi\u00fap cho c\u1ea3 gi\u1edbi tinh hoa “m\u1edf m\u1eaft” v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft nh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0. H\u1ecd \u0111i \u0111\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng. H\u1ecd \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn, seeing is believing, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadn m\u1eaft DNA ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00e1ch quan, kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 s\u1eafc b\u00e9n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng samurai c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc<\/em>, h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m quan, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc khai ph\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung c\u1ed5, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t b\u00e0i b\u1ea3n, s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh 19\/5\/2023<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

DI\u1ec4N T\u1eea<\/span><\/h1>\n

Th\u01b0a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u, qu\u00fd Anh Ch\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c B\u1ea1n,<\/em><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft t\u00f4i xin c\u00f3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1m \u01a1n Ban t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o S\u00e1ch v\u00e0 Ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 cho t\u00f4i vinh d\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u tr\u00ean di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

N<\/span>h\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u1ec3 tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n 100 n\u0103m qua, n\u1ebfu t\u00ednh t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Nh\u1eadt-Thanh 1894-95. Sau th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c nh\u1ecf b\u00e9, t\u1eebng l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa, th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh m\u00ecnh, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u \u00c1, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Trung Hoa, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1edbi con m\u1eaft c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 n\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 kinh ng\u1ea1c. C\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c duy t\u00e2n Minh Tr\u1ecb ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y 30 n\u0103m m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1eb3n b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i phong ki\u1ebfn l\u00ean h\u00e0ng c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u00e0 Thanh suy y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. M\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m sau \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Nga c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu chung s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u1ec5m nhi\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c to\u1ea3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u \u00c1 c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u00eam t\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec sao<\/em> Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u1ea5y? Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecdc<\/em> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/em>. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i t\u00f4i xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

V<\/span>\u00e0o th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb, nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n ra h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec3n \u201cT\u1ef1 gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh\u201d (T\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 lu\u1eadn, Self-Help<\/em>) c\u1ee7a Samuel Smiles; quy\u1ec3n T\u1ef1 do lu\u1eadn<\/em> (On Liberty) c\u1ee7a John Stuart Mill, hay quy\u1ec3n T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 t\u00ecnh<\/em> c\u1ee7a Fukuzawa bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 kh\u1ee7ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 30 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb, Cty TNHH \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/em> ra \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 Cty nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 kinh doanh s\u00e1ch Maruzen<\/em> (ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng). S\u00e1ch l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00ean Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Darwin, t\u1ee9c \u201ckh\u00f4n s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebft\u201d n\u00f3i n\u00f4m na hay th\u00edch nghi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/em>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u khi v\u00e0o h\u1eadu b\u00e1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

K<\/span>h\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecdc<\/em> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt b\u1ed7ng d\u01b0ng b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb sau \u0111\u00eam d\u00e0i phong ki\u1ebfn m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 s\u00e2u xa t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Tokugawa 1600-1868, t\u1eeb l\u00fac d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00f5 s\u0129 tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1eeb l\u00fac th\u1ea7y tu kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n tra tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 thi th\u1ed1 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng t\u00ecm h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 300 n\u0103m Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 \u201ckh\u1ee7ng\u201d v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecdc, hai th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd nhau.<\/p>\n

Trong th\u1eddi v\u00e0ng son Genroku <\/em>(1688-1704) Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n s\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1edbn, nh\u00e0 minh ho\u1ea1 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i, v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch b\u00e1n ra th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 10.000 b\u1ea3n, m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 \u201ckh\u1ee7ng\u201d c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 300 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1eddi Tokugawa b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5, v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nhau: tr\u01b0\u1eddng M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, tr\u01b0\u1eddng bang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i danh, tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0nh cho th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o (terakoya, <\/em>do x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00f9a\u201d r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn), tr\u01b0\u1eddng g\u014dgaku<\/em> \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c shijuku<\/em> (privat academy) cho samurai l\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng chung cho th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 samurai b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c phi \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Humboldt \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

Khi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c duy t\u00e2n, c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 17.000 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc<\/em> \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i! H\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 kh\u1ee7ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. \u201cVi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc<\/em>\u201d nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Kh\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Dazai Jun <\/em>(1686-1747) vi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

V<\/span>\u00ec sao<\/em> c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 kh\u1ee7ng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 v\u00f5 s\u0129? N\u0103m 1615 t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n Tokugawa Ieyasu, sau khi b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u1ea7n ba tr\u0103m bang (han<\/em>), \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ec7nh cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i danh \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c bang (daimy\u014d<\/em>), v\u00e0 cho c\u00e1c v\u00f5 s\u0129<\/em> r\u1eb1ng (\u0110i\u1ec1u 1): \u201cBun<\/em> b\u00ean tay tr\u00e1i, Bu <\/em>b\u00ean tay ph\u1ea3i\u201d. Bun<\/em> l\u00e0 v\u0103n, c\u00f2n bu<\/em> l\u00e0 v\u00f5, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 bushi<\/em> l\u00e0 v\u00f5 s\u0129, bushido<\/em> l\u00e0 v\u00f5 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1o. T\u1ee9c \u201cquy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch b\u00ean tay tr\u00e1i, thanh g\u01b0\u01a1m b\u00ean tay ph\u1ea3i\u201d. V\u00e0 v\u0103n \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f5<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n. V\u00f5 s\u0129 l\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc<\/em>, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

M\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh tr\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u201cbig bang\u201d c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u01b0\u01a1ng cao v\u00e0 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i danh<\/em> ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc v\u0103n ho\u00e1, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i danh c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y<\/em>. \u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecd l\u1eadp ra c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c bang.<\/p>\n

Tokugawa l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 \u2018to\u1ea3 qu\u1ed1c\u2019 (sakoku<\/em>) su\u1ed1t 260 n\u0103m, sau khi h\u1ecd \u0111u\u1ed5i h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y 1640 (Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1630), ch\u1ec9 ch\u1eeba m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3ng nh\u1ecf Dejima \u1edf Nagasaki \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi H\u00e0 Lan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1ecf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u m\u00e0 h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u1ecd ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh trong hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn \u0111\u00f3, qua ng\u00f5 H\u00e0 Lan, gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018Lan h\u1ecdc\u2019 (Rangaku<\/em>), \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 trong cao tr\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh minh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, gi\u00fap cho Minh Tr\u1ecb nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

M<\/span>\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 th\u00fa<\/em> c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed: ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/em> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 11 v\u00e0 12 l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1eeba ra \u0111\u1eddi, th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/em> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda, gi\u00fap chuy\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy<\/em> ki\u1ec3u phong ki\u1ebfn Trung Hoa sang h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 nh\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m ph\u1ea7n nguy hi\u1ec3m, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 Lan h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 truy b\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia, r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc trong s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh<\/em>, nh\u01b0 b\u00e1c s\u0129 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Sugita Gempaku<\/em> (1733-1817) t\u1ef1 bi\u1ec7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o c\u00fa h\u00edch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho Lan h\u1ecdc<\/em> m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng Fukuzawa \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 r\u1ea5t cao.<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Minh Tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh<\/em>. N\u0103m 1882, t\u1ee9c 14 n\u0103m sau Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i Minh Tr\u1ecb, th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 2.170 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i Anh, Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. C\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Minh Tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc, tr\u01b0\u1edbc Kh\u1ed5ng h\u1ecdc sau T\u00e2y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng du h\u1ecdc \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. M\u1ea1c Ph\u1ee7 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi man di<\/em>, l\u00e0 c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 nh\u00ecn sang ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch v\u1edf nh\u1ea5t; nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh qua \u0111\u00f3, nhanh ch\u00f3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

C<\/span>\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u2018kh\u1ee7ng\u2019 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y: t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em> cao \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua s\u1ef1 hy sinh v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i gi\u00fap thanh ni\u00ean v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00f3 trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y hy sinh cho h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2, m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u ra tay gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00f4 v\u1ecb l\u1ee3i. Ho\u00e0ng gia Nh\u1eadt d\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn thu nh\u1eadp c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0nh; c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i danh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 tranh \u0111ua v\u1edbi nhau h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0nh, m\u00e0 xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia, nh\u00e0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t – t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p – \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c sinh vi\u00ean; c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c, b\u00e1c s\u0129, lu\u1eadt s\u01b0, c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, n\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tuy v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u201cnh\u01b0\u1eddng c\u01a1m x\u1ebb \u00e1o\u201d v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean. H\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hy sinh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/em> (Lafcadio Hearn).<\/p>\n

S<\/span>\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1eeb phong ki\u1ebfn sang x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/em> Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201ckhai m\u00f4ng\u201d (keim\u014d<\/em>). Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ecd kh\u00eau d\u1eady tinh th\u1ea7n \u201cv\u0103n minh v\u00e0 khai ho\u00e1\u201d (bummei-kaika<\/em>). Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi nh\u00f3m \u201cMinh l\u1ee5c x\u00e3\u201d (Meirokusha<\/em>) xung quanh c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng l\u1edbn Fukuzawa, Mori, Nishi, Kat\u014d, Tsuda, Nakamura, Kanda v\u00e0 Nishimura.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 hai, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i b\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfc c\u1ea7u s\u1ed1ng chung<\/em> gi\u1eefa Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i<\/em>, nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh kinh doanh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c Anh \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i<\/em>, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong b\u1eadc thang s\u0129, n\u00f4ng, c\u00f4ng, th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em> c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1c l\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh<\/em> cao qu\u00fd. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Tri th\u1ee9c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng chung v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 t\u00fac cho nhau.<\/p>\n

T<\/span>\u00f4i s\u1eafp k\u1ebft th\u00fac ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn l\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh sinh t\u1ed3n \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra gay g\u1eaft, khi \u0110o\u00e0n Iwakura<\/em> l\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f3 s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh \u0111i t\u00ecm khai s\u00e1ng cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u 1871-73 d\u1eebng ch\u00e2n th\u0103m n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c. Trong bu\u1ed5i chi\u00eau \u0111\u00e3i \u0111o\u00e0n ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1873 t\u1ea1i Berlin, Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Bismarck c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ecf ra th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 ph\u00e9p khi h\u1ecd giao ti\u1ebfp nhau, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb1ng sau l\u00e0 ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m s\u1ef1 m\u01b0u h\u1ea1i l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh \u01b0u th\u1ebf\u2026 <\/em><\/p>\n

Bismarck cho r\u1eb1ng, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u1ee9c hi\u1ebfp v\u00e0 b\u1eaft n\u1ea1t n\u01b0\u1edbc y\u1ebfu. Theo \u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ec9 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c t\u00ecnh y\u00eau qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f4i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng h\u1ea3o th\u00f4i. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Bismarck r\u00f3t \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o tr\u00e1i tim \u0111ang khao kh\u00e1t t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m s\u1eaft \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o samurai.<\/p>\n

Mori Arinori (1847-1889), B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Wilhelm von Humboldt c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh sinh t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111ang \u0111e d\u1ecda ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c<\/em> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/em> nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\u201cChi\u1ebfn tranh (sens\u014d) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh nhau b\u1eb1ng s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft nhau, m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia <\/em>ngay b\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a <\/em>k\u1ef7 n\u0103ng, k\u1ef7 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, tri th\u1ee9c. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00e0y. Thua cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ebd thua cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u1eb1ng s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n.\u201d <\/em><\/p>\n

\u00d4ng n\u00f3i th\u00eam:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u1ea1ng ba l\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u1ea1ng hai, r\u1ed3i h\u1ea1ng hai l\u00ean h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t; v\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Minh Tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh dung v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

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Th\u01b0a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 qu\u00fd Anh Ch\u1ecb,<\/em><\/p>\n

B<\/span>i\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb 300 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 ng\u1ee1 ng\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 ng\u1ea3 m\u0169 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u0103n ho\u00e1 n\u00e0y. Darwin n\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3, r\u1eb1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 quan th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 khai minh, v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean b\u1eb1ng thi\u00ean h\u1ea1. \u0110\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa. M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m sau h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u00f9, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ee3 v\u00f4 minh v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc. \u201cH\u00e3y bi\u1ebft k\u1ebb th\u00f9\u201d (T\u00f4n T\u1eed). H\u1ecd h\u1ecdc s\u1edbm v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n Trung Hoa l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u1ea3 tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd m\u00e0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec. H\u1ecd h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc, \u201ct\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y\u201d, trong khi Trung Hoa ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh sau nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng phi\u00eau l\u01b0u. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1eeda v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n Prometheus v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eafp s\u00e1ng c\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/em> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m qua. Kh\u00f4ng. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft c\u1ea7u th\u1ecb v\u00e0 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean thu\u1ed1c h\u1ed3i sinh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean thu\u1ed1c h\u1ed3i sinh cho m\u00ecnh \u1edf vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi Trung Hoa v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng s\u0129 di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

Xin c\u00e1m \u01a1n c\u00e1c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u, qu\u00fd Anh Ch\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c B\u1ea1n. <\/em><\/p>\n

Xin ch\u00fac \u201cH\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o S\u00e1ch v\u00e0 Ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\u201d th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/em><\/p>\n

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Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng:<\/p>\n

http:\/\/sgtt.vn\/Khoa-giao\/163725\/Nhat-Ban-mat-troi-moc-tu-nhung-trang-sach.html<\/span><\/p>\n

http:\/\/vietnamnet.vn\/vn\/van-hoa\/72043\/nhat-ban–mat-troi-moc-tu-nhung-trang-sach.html<\/span><\/p>\n

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R\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng xem th\u00eam b\u00e0i n\u00e0y v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft:<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt m\u00ea \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch?<\/a><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng nh\u01b0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh \u2013 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u2013 v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n

v\u00e0<\/em><\/p>\n

D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp s\u00e1ch Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Minh Tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Donald Keene <\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

[1]<\/a> B\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o \u201cS\u00e1ch v\u00e0 Ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\u201d t\u1ea1i TP HCM ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2012 do IRED (Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Gi\u1ea3n T\u01b0 Trung) ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi B\u1ed9 V\u0103n ho\u00e1, Th\u1ec3 thao & Du l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n