{"id":9685,"date":"2023-06-24T17:27:52","date_gmt":"2023-06-24T10:27:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=9685"},"modified":"2025-04-22T17:51:19","modified_gmt":"2025-04-22T10:51:19","slug":"cach-mang-cong-nghiep-hay-tieu-vong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/cach-mang-cong-nghiep-hay-tieu-vong\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hay ti\u00eau vong"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #008000\">C\u00c1CH M\u1ea0NG C\u00d4NG NGHI\u1ec6P\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #808000\"><em>hay <\/em><\/span><span style=\"color: #008000\">TI\u00caU VONG<\/span><\/h1>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>Industrial Revolution or Perish<\/em><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080;font-size: 14pt\"><strong>Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080;font-size: 14pt\"><strong>(2011-2012)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2021\/03\/picture-7.png?resize=74%2C48&amp;ssl=1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;color: #000080\">Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t thung l\u0169ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb l\u1ea1 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong>\u2014 Francis Bacon<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;color: #000080\">C\u00f9ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ea3n sinh ra nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e0i v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee3 d\u1ec7t v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh v\u1ea3i len s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o \u1edf m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c b\u1ecb coi nh\u1eb9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000080\">\u2014 David Hume<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;color: #000080\">Ch\u1ec9 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o, s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1ec7 sinh v\u00e0 m\u00f9 ch\u1eef, c\u1ee7a m\u00ea t\u00edn, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen l\u00e0m u m\u00ea, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean bao la tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh phung ph\u00ed, c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau\u2026Ng\u00e0y nay ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00e1m ph\u1edbt l\u1edd khoa h\u1ecdc? \u0110\u00e2u \u0111\u00e2u ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc\u2026T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ai l\u00e0 l\u00e0m b\u1ea1n v\u1edbi n\u00f3.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong> \u2014 Jawaharlal Nehru<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng Ngh\u1ec7 &amp; Khoa H\u1ecdc, qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n gi\u1eef v\u1eefng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh tri th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00e0y.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong>\u2014 Ti\u1ec1n H\u1ecdc S\u00e2m (Qian Xuesen)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">(Cha \u0111\u1ebb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecfa ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;color: #000080\">M\u1ee4C L\u1ee4C (Contents)<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">[1] M\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">[2] Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">[3] Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Khoa h\u1ecdc C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 (KHCN)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">[4] Trung Qu\u1ed1c (ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c)\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">[5] M\u1ed9t ch\u00fat chuy\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">[6] Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">[7] Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">[8] K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><em><span style=\"color: #000080\">T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;font-size: 14pt\"><strong><em>L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em><\/strong><\/span>. B\u00e0i n\u00e0y t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u201c\u00d4n c\u1ed1 tri t\u00e2n\u201d n\u0103m 2011 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a TQ v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c <em>paradigm v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/em> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn hai k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c \u1edf hai th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, \u0111\u1ea7u 20. <em>C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> l\u00e0 b\u00e0i to\u00e1n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho m\u1ed7i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i giai c\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ph\u1ed3n vinh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an ninh. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh (determinants), ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nh\u00ecn chung, \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c latecomers \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u1eafm trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1, s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi b\u1ed1n ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m qua. V\u1ec1 \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c t\u00f4i c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ri\u00eang.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, <em>do or die<\/em>. T\u01b0\u1edbng Park Chung Hee khi n\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n 1961, trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ng\u1eb7c ngh\u00e8o, \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ngay s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh khi n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n c\u0169ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ngay ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u201cB\u1ed1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cho th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Trung Qu\u1ed1c, khi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u00f4i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, \u0111\u1ea7u 1980, \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng quay l\u1ea1i di ch\u00fac c\u1ee7a <em>Phong tr\u00e0o Ng\u0169 T\u1ee9<\/em> 1919 m\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tinh hoa c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra: Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 <em>khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7<\/em> m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0111ang r\u1ec7u r\u00e3. H\u1ecd t\u1eadp trung v\u1ebf th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u1ebf th\u1ee9 hai. Xem th\u00eam b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 Phong tr\u00e0o ng\u0169 t\u1ee9, ph\u1ea7n Trung Qu\u1ed1c (III):<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"3b56rUEj1b\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/francis-bacon-fukuzawa-yukichi-va-viet-nam\/\">Francis Bacon &#8211; Fukuzawa Yukichi v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Francis Bacon &#8211; Fukuzawa Yukichi v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam&#8221; &#8212; B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh\" src=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/francis-bacon-fukuzawa-yukichi-va-viet-nam\/embed\/#?secret=U8fgyCEgmU#?secret=3b56rUEj1b\" data-secret=\"3b56rUEj1b\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111i sau cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Anh qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, Hoa K\u1ef3, Anh qu\u1ed1c, \u0110\u1ee9c, Ph\u00e1p\u2026, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i t\u00ecm khai minh c\u1ee7a <em>S\u1ee9 \u0111o\u00e0n Iwakura <\/em>n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd g\u1eedi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i h\u1ecdc kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, sang c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia h\u1ecd t\u1eebng xem l\u00e0 \u201cman di\u201d v\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ebd c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Napoleon t\u1eebng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed7 Anh qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Kinh t\u1ebf gia \u0110\u1ee9c Friedrich List (1789-1846), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Karl Marx, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i k\u00eau g\u1ecdi, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111i sau n\u00ean h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn cho t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp, catch up, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi bao v\u00e2y, hay t\u1ea9y chay, hay ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111i sau, ngay c\u1ea3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. C\u00e0ng mu\u1ed1n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh, c\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i ra s\u1ee9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt th\u00fa nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng khai, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 nay h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5. Ch\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1ng x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5, nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd n\u00f3i, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u1edbi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y g\u1ee3i ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong>Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong> <\/span>21\/5\/2023<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;color: #000080\"><strong>[1]<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">M\u1ede\u00a0\u0110\u1ea6U<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>N\u0103m 2011 ch\u00fang ta hay nghe gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u00f3i: doanh nghi\u1ec7p h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 (KHCN), &#8220;\u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng&#8221; cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 qu\u1ef9 th\u1eddi gian cho ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n bao nhi\u00eau t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed1c th\u1eddi gian 2020, trong khi \u0111\u01b0a khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh. C\u1ee9 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n th\u00f4 hay s\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u00ec n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf y\u1ebfu \u1edbt l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 KHCN m\u1edbi \u0111em l\u1ea1i &#8216;gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0&#8217;, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng GDP m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Innovation, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi cho s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, hay \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng minh c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n. C\u1ea1nh tranh kinh t\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n. Cty n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, kh\u00f4ng s\u1edbm th\u00ec mu\u1ed9n c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i ra kh\u1ecfi cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i. Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a c\u0169ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<p>T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c <em>ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7<\/em>, c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn capital goods (thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t), ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 c\u00e1c n\u0103ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y <em>tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/em> th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 <em>c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu. Kinh t\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf Malthus (1766\u00a0\u2013 1834), ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p. S\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ec1n-c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0 \u201ct\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng Smith\u201d, d\u1ef1a l\u00ean s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh (commerce-based), l\u00e2n ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng cho hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 l\u00ean t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p>Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, 19 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed <em>trung t\u00e2m<\/em> c\u1ee7a <em>c\u1ed5 m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c<\/em> t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecf chi\u1ebfc c\u00e0y c\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5 tr\u00ean c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, tri th\u1ee9c. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 <em>kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> m\u1edbi d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u1ecfi nguy c\u01a1 n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Malthus. N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh l\u00e0 th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia ti\u00ean phong \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed7ng ch\u1ed1c bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p to l\u1edbn v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n th\u1ee3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. N\u0103m 1820 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o di chuy\u1ec3n hay th\u00f4ng tin nhanh h\u01a1n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u1ef1a, v\u1eady m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 30 n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, sau m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn tsunami m\u00e1y m\u00f3c qu\u00e9t qua ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1ee1i xe l\u1eeda v\u00e0 g\u1eedi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111i h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m d\u1eb7m.<\/p>\n<p>Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, v\u00e0 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y th\u00ec c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u201cL\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng\u2026Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y\u201d (Robert E. Lucas, Jr, gi\u1ea3i Nobel kinh t\u1ebf 1995). N\u1ebfu t\u00ednh cho hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp theo t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1800, th\u00ec thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng 10 l\u1ea7n, trong khi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 6 l\u1ea7n, ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a thu nh\u1eadp.\u201d Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Maltus. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c, khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ng\u00e0nh h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t, t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng.<\/p>\n<p>Cu\u1ed9c <em>c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> (c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n) tr\u1ea3i qua hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 li\u1ec1n, 18 v\u00e0 19, v\u1eabn gi\u1eef v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1edd c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t minh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd sau n\u0103m 1850 nh\u01b0 t\u00e0u h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, xe l\u1eeda, m\u00e1y n\u1ed5 n\u00e9n, m\u00e1y ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n, r\u1ed3i \u00f4 t\u00f4, h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed\u2026. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhanh h\u01a1n, m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p>X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t <em>tinh th\u1ea7n<\/em> hay tri\u1ebft l\u00fd, cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o <em>khai s\u00e1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> (industrial enlightenment) t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, 17, m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ti\u00ean phong c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ai kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 Francis Bacon (1561 \u2013 1626), nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00f4ng. Gi\u1edbi tinh hoa, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, kinh doanh, th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, k\u1ef9 s\u01b0, nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng <em>tri th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/em>, r\u1eb1ng tri th\u1ee9c, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o s\u1ebd gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean, l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ee9c ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf khai s\u00e1ng (enlightened economy). Tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng (useful knowlegde). H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n Anh, Royal Society, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c tri th\u1ee9c h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh. H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Leibniz c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. Kant tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u1ec1 Khai s\u00e1ng (Khai minh) l\u00e0 \u201cd\u00e1m bi\u1ebft\u201d. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3, nh\u01b0 Davis Hume b\u1ea3o, \u201ctinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ed7 \u00f9 l\u00ec c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ecd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 d\u1eady men\u2026\u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn trong m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc.\u201d Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng. <em>Minh tri\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi kia<\/em>. \u0110\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i (ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch thu\u1ebf m\u00e1, ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n\u2026), c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a khai s\u00e1ng l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd tri th\u1ee9c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng cho to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Francis Bacon g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 tri th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng <em>ng\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u00f4n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng <\/em>(merchants of light), b\u1edfi tri th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y sang ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia, lan t\u1ecfa trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. H\u00e0 lan l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Nh\u01b0ng vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n sang Anh l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c <em>c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Anh \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c m\u1edbi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft \u201cinward-looking\u201d, \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00ednh, t\u1ef1 ng\u1eafm m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7. Trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c n\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Napoleon, n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Wilhelm III, n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga th\u1eddi Peter, r\u1ed3i n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt th\u1eddi Minh tr\u1ecb, l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1ea5y s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u1ea5y uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111e do\u1ea1, n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ra tay can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n<p>Tri th\u1ee9c h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 qua \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u2018chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t\u2019. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1eabn \u201cl\u1eebng l\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean\u201d cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kinh vi\u1ec7n, gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00ednh (empiricism, rationalism).<\/p>\n<p>Chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, chi\u1ebfc xe l\u1eeda, chi\u1ebfc \u00f4t\u00f4 (n\u0103m 2011 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u0103m k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 125 n\u0103m ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc xe h\u01a1i ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean), r\u1ed3i m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eebng di\u1ec5n ra 3 tr\u0103m n\u0103m qua \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh h\u00f4m nay, v\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, \u201cgeneral-purpose engine (technology)\u201d, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0nh d\u1ec7t, khai th\u00e1c m\u1ecf, giao th\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh g\u00ec c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u1ea1n n\u0103ng. \u0110\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 m\u00e1y cung c\u1ea5p l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh g\u1ea5p 10 l\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf Ph\u00e1p. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5t, innovation c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n<p>X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, hay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i: \u201cC\u00e1i c\u1ed1i xay tay cho ra m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa phong ki\u1ebfn, c\u00e1i c\u1ed1i xay h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p\u201d nh\u01b0 Karl Marx n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00f4n ngoan, khai minh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u201cc\u1ea3i l\u00e3o ho\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng\u201d cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;color: #000080\"><strong>[2]\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">NH\u1eacT B\u1ea2N<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng KHCN \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. \u014ckubo Toshimichi (1830-1878), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t sau khi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc \u201ct\u00e0u \u0111en\u201d c\u1ee7a Commodore Perry nh\u1ea3 kh\u00f3i ch\u1ea1y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bu\u1ed3m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Uraga n\u0103m 1853: \u201cR\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c <em>c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 <em>d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7<\/em> c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n; cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u2018ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n mu\u1ed9n\u2019 (<em>late-developing<\/em>). Trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hai; do \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u2018n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn\u2019 (<em>advanced<\/em>).\u201d Gi\u1edbi v\u00f5 s\u0129 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy c\u01a1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 M\u1ea1c Ph\u1ee7 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a vua Minh Tr\u1ecb tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i l\u00ean, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a \u2018t\u1eeb tr\u00ean\u2019. Gi\u1edbi tinh hoa Nh\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng xem nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 \u2018chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m\u2019 m\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eb7t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00ean tr\u00ean h\u1ebft. H\u1ecd \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng <em>danh d\u1ef1<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o<\/em> c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111ang b\u1ecb th\u1eed th\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n<p>Th\u1ef1c ra, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi H\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, 17. Nh\u01b0ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd quan ni\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 <em>t\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f3a <\/em>\u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi <em>Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a<\/em> m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang ch\u00e1n gh\u00e9t. Cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m li\u1ec1n, \u201c\u0111u\u1ed5i b\u1ecdn man di\u201d ra kh\u1ecfi n\u01b0\u1edbc (nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee1i g\u01b0\u01a1m s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i). Cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1853 khi \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a Commodore Perry oanh k\u00edch c\u1ea3ng Tokyo \u0111\u00f2i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n m\u1edf c\u1eeda th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, gi\u1edbi samurai v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nguy c\u01a1 m\u1ea5t tr\u1eafng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd m\u1edf c\u1eeda ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i. Perry \u0111\u01b0a cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt xem c\u00e2y s\u00fang Colt g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc xe l\u1eeda mini ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t d\u1eb7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng. V\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i kia, nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang th\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng nh\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1n! Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u00f2 m\u00f2 t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh. H\u1ecd h\u1ecfi ngay Perry ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc kia. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean Perry tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3, do m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ean Fulton. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 linh c\u1ea3m ngay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 n\u1ea3y sinh ngay c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y cho b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u1ea5y. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng s\u1ebd v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p>Cu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u qu\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh\u201d (<em>fukoku ky\u014dhei<\/em>), \u201cv\u0103n minh v\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng\u201d (bunmei-kaika), t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (<em>seisanryoku kakuj\u016b<\/em>), khu\u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u (<em>yushutsu shink\u014d<\/em>). \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ea1nh, s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c cao. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a, xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c sinh \u0111\u1ebb ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u1eddi M\u1ea1c Ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t phong ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u0169ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 Mori Arinori (1847-1889), m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao, t\u1eebng du h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Anh c\u00e1c m\u00f4n to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadt l\u00fd, t\u1eebng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, Trung Hoa v\u00e0 Anh Qu\u1ed1c, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Humboldt c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5 h\u01a1n n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Mori c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cHumboldt c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n\u201d, trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p cho c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec3u, trung v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00ednh \u1edf c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 tr\u1ecdng n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc nhanh ch\u00f3ng. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7y tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c \u00c2u M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ngang b\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u00f5 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u00f9 Tang. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng \u201cQu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng may, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn c\u00f2n xa m\u1edbi ngang b\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd [ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y] ,\u2026 nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u0111u\u1ed5i theo h\u1ecd trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea1nh tranh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\u2026Nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c cho th\u1ea5y, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c ch\u00fang ta b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o. S\u1ef1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nguy c\u01a1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng.\u201d M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a Mori l\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng minh c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00ean ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c. Mori c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Fukuzawa v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. \u00d4ng mu\u1ed1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c. \u201cC\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n, gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n (\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng)\u201d. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i: \u201c<em>n\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 gi\u00e3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0nh ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng th\u00ec ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n s\u1ebd b\u1ecb giao ph\u00f3 cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ngu d\u1ed1t<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Tinh th\u1ea7n t\u00f2 m\u00f2 mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong gi\u1edbi samurai Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c, nhi\u1ec1u thanh ni\u00ean samurai Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 li\u1ec1u ch\u1ebft t\u1ef1 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i sang ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, ngay c\u1ea3 trong th\u1eddi gian c\u00f2n b\u1ecb M\u1ea1c Ph\u1ee7 c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c samurai tr\u1ebb Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n li\u1ec1u m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ed1n ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi M\u1ea1c Ph\u1ee7. L\u00f2ng \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 danh d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. H\u1ecd bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111ang l\u00e2m nguy b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t li\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c c\u0169 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u0103m thanh ni\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 <em>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u00e2u Ng\u0169 Ki\u1ec7t<\/em>\u00a0c\u1ee7a phi\u00ean Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u00e2u (<em>Ch\u014dsh\u016b<\/em><em> Five<\/em>; Ch\u014dsh\u016b b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Satsuma l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng phi\u00ean (d\u00f2ng) samurai sau n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn l\u00ean nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Minh Tr\u1ecb) m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m tr\u1ed1n l\u00ean t\u00e0u (l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m xu\u1ea5t ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1634) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sang Anh h\u1ecdc, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Ito Hirobumi sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean; Masaru Inoue sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft; Kaoru Inoue sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0m b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ed9 ngo\u1ea1i giao. M\u1ed9t Fukuzawa Yukichi v\u00e0 Katsu Kaish\u016b \u0111i Hoa K\u1ef3 tr\u00ean t\u00e0u Kanrin-maru\u2026V\u00e0 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u0169 ki\u1ec7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111u\u1ed5i k\u1ebb x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c. Khi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i h\u1ecd m\u1ee5c k\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00e0ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9i t\u00e0u h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra ngay nguy c\u01a1 r\u00f5 h\u01a1n: Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a; n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi cung c\u1ea5p nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9692\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/05\/Truong-chu-ngu-kiet.jpg?resize=553%2C465&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"553\" height=\"465\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u00e2u Ng\u0169 Ki\u1ec7t<\/em> v\u1edbi t\u00f3c ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 com l\u00ea gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ban<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">nh\u1ea1c Rock th\u1eddi nay, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u201ct\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a\u201d b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">H\u00e0ng sau t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i: Endo Kinsuke, Masaru Inoue, Hirobumi Ito<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">H\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i: Karoru Inoue, Yozo Yanao<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">(Ngu\u1ed3n: Gavin Weightman)<\/p>\n<p>Khi h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb s\u00fang c\u00e0 n\u00f4ng \u1edf Anh trong x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u, h\u1ecd c\u00e0ng h\u1ea1 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m \u0111i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a cho b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec1n n\u00e1t Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn samurai d\u00f2ng Satsuma r\u1ea5t ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi n\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb kem \u1edf H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean cao \u0111\u1ed9 khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng xe l\u1eeda d\u1ecdc theo k\u00eanh Suez. Mori Arinori ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eadt k\u00fd: \u201cH\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda nh\u00f3m ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e0i ngo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng khi h\u1ecd b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean b\u1edd Malta t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eebng t\u1ec9nh t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc\u201d. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m h\u1ecd. Ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh ni\u1ec1m s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 k\u00edch th\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u s\u1eaft, th\u1ea5y h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 xe v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ef1a k\u00e9o), ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng xe l\u1eeda n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p cotton kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y ng\u00e0nh khai th\u00e1c m\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y c\u01a1 kh\u00ed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh; ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 dao \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ebfp ki\u1ec3u T\u00e2y c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0m h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed7i ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 \u201c\u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n\u201d (<em>messhi h\u014dk\u014d<\/em>), \u201ctrung qu\u00e2n \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c\u201d (<em>ch\u016bkun aikoku<\/em>) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Mu\u1ed1n b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ea5p thu nhanh ch\u00f3ng tinh hoa h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. C\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. Gi\u1edbi samurai \u0111i ti\u00ean phong trong cu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00f4i k\u00e9o d\u00e2n ch\u00fang l\u00e0m theo. Trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu thu\u1ed9c qu\u1ed1c doanh, nh\u01b0 Cty luy\u1ec7n th\u00e9p Yawata Seitetsu (sau n\u00e0y h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Fuji Iron \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Nippon Steel Corporation), Mitsubishi Denki (\u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00ed), Ishikawajima (\u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u, ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 IHI).<\/p>\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, t\u1eeb t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ea7u xe l\u1eeda, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean hai m\u01b0\u01a1i d\u1eb7m n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n Yokohama \u2013 Tokyo do Anh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng), m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c trang b\u1ecb cho x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p cotton, v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u s\u1eaft th\u00ec do n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. Nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea5y. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m n\u0103m m\u1edf c\u1eeda, nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1y xe l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf t\u1ea1o to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean gia Anh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fac Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u1ec9 sau h\u01a1n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m, t\u1ee9c cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1890, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u.<\/p>\n<p>Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1910, sau h\u01a1n 30 n\u0103m, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kinh ng\u1ea1c, v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 vang d\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Nga trong tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn tranh Nga-Nh\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed 1904\/05. N\u01b0\u1edbc Nga trong c\u00f9ng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u0169ng \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng sang ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu. Trong tr\u1eadn th\u1ee7y chi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u1edf eo bi\u1ec3n Tsushima n\u0103m 1905 h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t nhanh ch\u00f3ng h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i Baltic \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a Nga ho\u00e0ng Nicholas II, ph\u00eda Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t \u00edt, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n Nga, qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed1n \u201cx\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh n\u00fai, m\u00e1u ch\u1ea3y th\u00e0nh s\u00f4ng\u201d m\u1edbi gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. T\u1edd <em>Times<\/em> c\u1ee7a Anh vi\u1ebft sau tr\u1eadn h\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn Tsushima: \u201cNh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n trong c\u1ea3 v\u0103n minh n\u1eefa.\u201d Th\u1eadt ra m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ra qu\u00e2n th\u1eed s\u1ee9c trong trong tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u01b0 h\u00f9ng Nh\u1eadt-Thanh (1894\/95), v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng vang d\u1ed9i tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho nh\u00e0 Thanh nhanh ch\u00f3ng s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. Hai th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n to l\u1edbn l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng g\u00e2y cho \u00c2u ch\u00e2u s\u1ef1 lo ng\u1ea1i. Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p qu\u1eb7ng m\u1ecf t\u1eeb Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n<p>Hai chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 Thanh v\u00e0 Nga ho\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng cho c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ea9y hai qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n, ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00f3? \u0110\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1c T\u014dg\u014d Heihachir\u014d (1848-1934), ch\u1ec9 huy h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt trong tr\u1eadn h\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t samurai 16 tu\u1ed5i khi ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn Anh oanh t\u1ea1c Kagoshima th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m 1863 l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng 1.500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c khi \u00f4ng l\u0103n \u0111\u00e1 cho s\u00fang c\u00e0 n\u00f4ng c\u0169 k\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 b\u1eafn. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 s\u1ec9 nh\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Anh. N\u0103m 1871, sau khi M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7 b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5, n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf c\u1eeda, T\u014dg\u014d sang Anh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc h\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn b\u1ea3y n\u0103m v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t s\u0129 quan tu nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u sinh vi\u00ean Nh\u1eadt kh\u00e1c. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103m nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Anh v\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t trong ba chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t mua. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1eefa Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Trung Hoa v\u00ec l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0110\u00e0i Loan n\u0103m 1878, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn th\u00eam cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Nh\u1eadt-Thanh 1894\/95.<\/p>\n<p>Trong khi c\u00e1c t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Nga \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ea1i Nga, l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu v\u00e0 ng\u1ed1n than r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, th\u00ec ph\u00eda Nh\u1eadt, c\u00e1c t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u; c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u Kure v\u00e0 Yokosuka ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u l\u1edbn sau 1905 v\u00e0 1906. Chi\u1ebfc so\u00e1i h\u1ea1m <em>Mikasa<\/em> c\u1ee7a T\u014dg\u014d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng t\u1eeb Anh theo thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb Anh, s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c, Ph\u00e1p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a v\u0169 kh\u00ed g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Anh, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 li\u1ec1n. C\u00f2n b\u1ed9 binh c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t theo c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb hai qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1890 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i <em>hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> t\u1eeb trang b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y; c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn, chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t, v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u0169 kh\u00ed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c cho ph\u00e1o binh, b\u1ed9 binh.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00fang m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn tranh Nga-Nh\u1eadt, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Napoleon t\u1ea1i Trafalgar n\u0103m 1805 v\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng t\u1ea1i Waterloo n\u0103m 1815, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng v\u0169 trang qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng minh, cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng. Napoleon t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch c\u00f4 l\u1eadp Anh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u2018h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba\u2019 l\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c. N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Napoleon \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed1i h\u1ea3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;color: #000080\"><strong>[3]\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">TRUNG QU\u1ed0C <em>v\u00e0<\/em> C\u1ea2I C\u00c1CH KHOA H\u1eccC C\u00d4NG NGH\u1ec6 (KHCN)<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u1edbn m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u1eebng ch\u00e2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t. Ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u khi Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng n\u1eafm ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n 1949, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 TQ. C\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o <em>T\u1ef1 C\u01b0\u1eddng<\/em> cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 <em>Ng\u0169 T\u1ee9<\/em> \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y <em>khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7<\/em> l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng Mao \u0111i theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4, r\u1ed3i l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 \u2018giai c\u1ea5p ti\u00ean phong\u2019, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 to\u00e0n gi\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u2018h\u1ed3ng\u2019 v\u00e0o ph\u00e1 h\u1ecfng KHCN n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1. \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh khi l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1ed1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a: hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7, khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, th\u00f3at ra kh\u1ecfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Mao T\u0110, \u0111\u01b0a KHCN v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng KHCN v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dd mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 do, c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb d\u00e2n ch\u00fang r\u1ed9 l\u00ean nh\u01b0 sau c\u01a1n m\u01b0a thu. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n qu\u00e1 khao kh\u00e1t, qu\u00e1 ch\u00e1n ng\u00e1n Mao. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edf c\u1eeda l\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c khe kh\u1eaft \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1edbi l\u1ecfng. Sinh vi\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc \u201cNotes on Mathematics\u201d c\u1ee7a Karl Marx \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4 nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c. \u0110\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee5c m\u00e0u xanh bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. B\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed nh\u1eb9 th\u1edf h\u01a1n. Ngay n\u0103m 1979, t\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau khi \u0110\u1eb7ng TB l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n, gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m sinh nh\u1eadt th\u1ee9 100 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Einstein r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 khao kh\u00e1t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1y l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc TQ sau th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 b\u1ecb \u00e1p ch\u1ebf, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qua \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n g\u1eedi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i: c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00f3p m\u00e9o, h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ee3 l\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng Trung Hoa \u00a0\u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu so v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c1 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, r\u1eb1ng kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u1ea5p r\u00fat l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1eb7ng TB trong b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n KHCN n\u0103m 1987 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">Trung Qu\u1ed1c qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u00e0i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb d\u1eabm ch\u00e2n, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac ch\u00fang ta h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn\u2026Trong m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc KHCN ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00e0 \u2018s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c\u2019. Ch\u00fang ta gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00fd lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ngu xu\u1ea9n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. V\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda, b\u00e1m theo l\u1ed1i m\u00f2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n\u2026. Cho n\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1ed1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i tinh th\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i\u2026. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00ec m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfa ti\u1ec5n t\u1eeb Hoa K\u1ef3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 TQ Ti\u1ec1n H\u1ecdc S\u00e2m (Qian Xuesen) ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n TQ (CAS) tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1987 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u1ed1c gia: \u201cTrong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a CNKH, qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n gi\u1eef v\u1eefng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.\u201d B\u1edfi KHCN l\u00e0 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf, n\u00ean \u00f4ng Ti\u1ec1n ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n: \u201c<em>\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh tri th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00e0y<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>N\u0103m 1985, Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng CSTQ v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng KHCN \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi KHCN trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1eeb gi\u1ea3 h\u1eb3n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn sang m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<p>T\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea3ng th\u1ee9 XIII n\u0103m 1987, m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tinh hoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1eb7ng TB \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi. C\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y nh\u1eafm t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cho nh\u00f3m c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7ng TB. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c <em>chuy\u00ean gia<\/em> v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed <em>t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n<\/em> trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c c\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u1edf ch\u00f3p bu. C\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay thu\u1ed9c th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t giai t\u1ea7ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean <em>\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng<\/em>, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p, tri th\u1ee9c, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7, tr\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, th\u1ea9m tra, ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ecdn nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u1ef1a thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay tr\u00ean quan h\u1ec7, gia \u0111\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n h\u1eefu, m\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t. Trung Hoa tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. H\u1ecd k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p hai ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed (selection v\u00e0 election). Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a TQ \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u00f3a cao \u0111\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a quan h\u1ec7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n h\u1eefu, huy\u1ebft t\u1ed9c. V\u00e0 t\u00ednh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao, c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u201cki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng\u201d (checks and balances).<\/p>\n<p>Th\u00e1ng N\u0103m, n\u0103m 1977 \u0110\u1eb7ng TB l\u00fd lu\u1eadn:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra trong \u0110\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 sai l\u1ea7m l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n<p>Th\u00e1ng S\u00e1u, 1986, Ph\u00f3 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Wan Li (V\u1ea1n L\u00fd), nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh th\u00eam \u00fd \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o (ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb), l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean vi\u1ec7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. M\u1ed7i c\u01a1 quan l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u00fd th\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 ra, r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. \u201cScientific decision making\u201d, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. \u0110\u1eb7ng TB \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0 quy\u1ebft s\u00e1ch duy \u00fd ch\u00ed, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia, s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u201cV\u1eeba h\u1ed3ng v\u1eeba chuy\u00ean\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 <em>chuy\u00ean<\/em>, v\u1ec1 <em>tri th\u1ee9c<\/em>, t\u00ednh chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u2018h\u1ed3ng\u2019. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng vai tr\u00f2 khoa h\u1ecdc trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a, \u201cNh\u00f3m l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o khoa h\u1ecdc &amp; c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7\u201d, STLG, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a STLG l\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch KHCN d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 nh\u1eafm nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c KHCN then ch\u1ed1t trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1eaft b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0i h\u00f2a khu v\u1ef1c KHCN d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u00f3a v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u1ebfu Mao \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ebb g\u00e3y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh quan li\u00eau b\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecd ra, th\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, \u0110\u1eb7ng TB kh\u00f4n ngoan h\u01a1n, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y, v\u1edbi quy ch\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 CAS (H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n TQ v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, khoa h\u1ecdc \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7), CASS (H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n TQ v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i). C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean n\u00e0y c\u0169ng gi\u00fap l\u00e0m h\u00f2a d\u1ecbu c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 quan h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n<p>T\u1eeb 1980 tr\u1edf \u0111i, nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 quan, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0 ERC, Trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kinh t\u1ebf; TERC, Trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kinh t\u1ebf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt; Trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3; NRCSTD, Trung t\u00e2m qu\u1ed1c gia nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7; ETSRC, Trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kinh t\u1ebf, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; CAS, H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 CAST, Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i TQ v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc &amp; c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u201cm\u1ecdc l\u00ean nh\u01b0 n\u1ea5m\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>N\u0103m 1983, Giang Tr\u1ea1ch D\u00e2n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u TERC l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u00e0i h\u01a1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u2018TQ \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2000\u2019. H\u01a1n 400 chuy\u00ean gia t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c hai n\u0103m li\u1ec1n v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 13 quy\u1ec3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o, ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u0103m n\u0103m l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y. CAST v\u1edbi h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m chi nh\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 tham gia ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, d\u1ec7t may.<\/p>\n<p>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quy\u1ebft s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ra tr\u01a1n tru. Th\u00e1ng 5, 1986 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean b\u00e1o <em>Liaowang<\/em> (Li\u1ec7u V\u1ecdng) ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u1edf TQ \u0111\u00edch danh:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u1ea3 thi c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n v\u00e0 th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng ra c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e1 th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb hay gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n, v\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u1ea3 thi.<\/p>\n<p>Ph\u00f3 th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng V\u1ea1n L\u00fd (Wan Ly) th\u00e1ng b\u1ea3y sau \u0111\u00f3, trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n, khen ng\u1ee3i c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ea5y quy\u1ebft s\u00e1ch trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m qua, nh\u01b0ng than phi\u1ec1n:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">Ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t cho vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft s\u00e1ch; c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o cho m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p th\u1eed n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hay kh\u00f4ng; v\u00e0 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft s\u00e1ch sai l\u1ea7m. Ngay c\u1ea3 h\u00f4m nay, th\u00f3i quen d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft s\u00e1ch v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n<p>Gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi nhanh ch\u00f3ng nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 s\u00e2u xa t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Li\u00ean x\u00f4, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean x\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a TQ. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m dai d\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u KHCN ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean theo h\u00e0ng d\u1ecdc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i h\u00e0ng ngang v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n theo c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1c b\u00ean. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc hay h\u00e0n l\u00e2m c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau. Tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Li\u00ean x\u00f4 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh. Ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y (t\u1ee9c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Humboldt) nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1949. N\u0103m 1985 Tri\u1ec7u T\u1eed D\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u201cv\u00f4 s\u1ed1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i h\u1eefu c\u01a1 gi\u1eefa nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n v\u00e0 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i khoa h\u1ecdc, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1edbi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c quan tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u1ea3ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 xem khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng <em>m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng<\/em> nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 gi\u00e1, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ed5i theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u00fd h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o th\u00eam v\u1ed1n cho c\u01a1 quan, gi\u1ea3m chi cho ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn d\u1ea7n l\u00ean t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. <em>Li\u00ean minh<\/em> m\u1edbi gi\u1eefa khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf ra \u0111\u1eddi. T\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e1ng Ba n\u0103m 1985 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n KHCN v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, h\u01a1n 3.200 \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 1.120 tri\u1ec7u nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n t\u1ec7. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c TQ c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao \u00fd th\u1ee9c cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua kh\u1ecfi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao h\u01a1n l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cho s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. T\u00e2m l\u00fd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t theo ki\u1ec3u bao c\u1ea5p th\u1eddi Mao d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Li\u00ean x\u00f4 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<p>Cu\u1ed9c th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n ra. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u201cc\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi\u201d c\u1ee7a TQ nh\u1eb1m r\u00fat ng\u1eafn kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa TQ v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. V\u00e0 TQ qu\u1ea3 \u0111ang r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft tham gia v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i <em>h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn tranh ki\u1ec3u m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc &amp; c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7<\/em> m\u00e0 Ti\u1ec1n H\u1ecdc S\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n<p>Trong cu\u1ed9c \u2018chi\u1ebfn tranh\u2019 n\u00e0y Trung Qu\u1ed1c mu\u1ed1n r\u00fat ng\u1eafn kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft mua c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, mua \u0111\u1ee9t hay li\u00ean doanh. TQ c\u0169ng \u00e0o \u1ea1t g\u1eedi sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 tu nghi\u1ec7p n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n<p>Trong su\u1ed1t chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7ng TB \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1979, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn cho cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u00f4ng b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 du nh\u1eadp c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Hoa K\u1ef3 cho ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1ed1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a. Theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111i tham quan c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y l\u1eafp r\u00e1p xe Ford t\u1ea1i Hapeville, Georgia; cty ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 Hughes \u1edf Houston (s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u0169i khoan d\u1ea7u), v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u00e1y bay Boeing \u1edf Atlanta v\u00e0 Seattle. T\u1ea1i Trung t\u00e2m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 Johnson \u1edf Houston, \u00f4ng \u0110\u1eb7ng ng\u1ed3i v\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u con thoi r\u1ea5t th\u00edch th\u00fa m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n r\u1eddi. \u00d4ng l\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 h\u0103m h\u1edf c\u1ee7a TQ \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. N\u0103m 1978, h\u00e3ng Boeing \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n cho nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a TQ lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y bay 747, v\u00e0 h\u00e3ng Coca-Cola c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh s\u1ebd m\u1edf nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 80 c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 c\u00e1c <em>ch\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7<\/em> \u0111\u1ea7y ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua k\u1ebb b\u00e1n. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u mua g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 trong c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Thi\u00ean T\u00e2n, B\u1eafc Kinh, V\u0169 H\u00e1n, Th\u1ea9m D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Tr\u00f9ng Kh\u00e1nh, \u0110\u1ea1i Li\u00ean, H\u00e0ng Ch\u00e2u, T\u00e2y An v\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00f4 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c ch\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. H\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf B\u1eafc Kinh th\u00e1ng n\u0103m, n\u0103m 1985, \u0111em l\u1ea1i 1.500 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng giao d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb 8.6 t\u1ec9 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n t\u1ec7 (2.7 t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9). H\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 d\u00e2n d\u1ef1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 2000 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty v\u1ed1n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia li\u00ean doanh v\u1edbi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 TQ \u0111\u1ec3 tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7.<\/p>\n<p>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng KHCN \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c Trung t\u00e2m KHCN t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n (\u2018d\u00e2n l\u1eadp\u2019). Nam Kinh ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 210 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, c\u00f3 4.600 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf to\u00e0n hay b\u00e1n th\u1eddi gian, v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u cho gi\u1edbi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn KHCN c\u0169ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c cty d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 con ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n<p>Ai c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn cao h\u01a1n, s\u1ebd th\u1eafng trong c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1eeba m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00e2n n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf. Tri\u1ec7u T\u1eed D\u01b0\u01a1ng trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch 5 n\u0103m th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1982 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: \u201cKHCN s\u1ebd ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh\u201d. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean <em>H\u1ed3ng K\u1ef3<\/em> n\u0103m 1979 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau b\u1eadt l\u00ean:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">S\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd k\u00edch th\u00edch s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh, n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, gia t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Cho n\u00ean c\u1ea1nh tranh s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p th\u1eed cho t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c bu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3i th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n, do \u0111\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<p>CAS, h\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n, b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u0103m 1986 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c CAS \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp h\u01a1n 100 Cty ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. C\u00e1c cty n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c \u201cchuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a\u201d, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp li\u00ean doanh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p trong c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh nhau m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 cho \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 cho c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kinh doanh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp li\u00ean doanh nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3. Tri\u1ec7u T\u1eed D\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m 1982 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. TQ \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stanford, Harvard v\u00e0 M.I.T, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 <em>\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc-k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. Qu\u1ef9 Khoa h\u1ecdc TQ \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1986 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 qu\u1ef9 th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng qua m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh. T\u1eeb 1981, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ph\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a CAS \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1edfi tr\u00f3i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, \u2018h\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3i\u2019 v\u00e0 qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n. Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 kinh doanh, m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. N\u1ebfu khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, th\u00ec nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, k\u1ef9 s\u01b0, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f3at kh\u1ecfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00e1m r\u1ec5 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;iron-rice-bowl&#8221;, &#8220;b\u00e1t c\u01a1m (b\u1eb1ng) s\u1eaft\u201d: C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u1eeb trung \u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m g\u00ec c\u1ea3, c\u1ee7a tr\u1eddi cho, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft qu\u00fd, v\u00ed\u00a0nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1t c\u01a1m\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng s\u1eaft, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0xem tr\u1ecdng\u00a0nh\u01b0 b\u00e1t s\u1ee9&#8230;H\u01a1n n\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 r\u1edbt m\u1ea5y l\u1ea7n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ee1, v\u00ec l\u00e0 &#8216;b\u00e1t c\u01a1m s\u1eaft&#8217;, c\u00f3 l\u00e0m l\u1ed7i g\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c. Cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7ng TB \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eadp v\u1ee1 &#8216;b\u00e1t c\u01a1m s\u1eaft&#8217; n\u00e0y, m\u1edf c\u1eeda cho th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ee3 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n b\u1ecb l\u00f9i b\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 thu h\u1eb9p kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch KHCN gi\u1eefa TQ v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, TQ \u00e0o \u1ea1t nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn. Trung qu\u1ed1c nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 h\u01a1n 70% t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c, Ph\u00e1p, Anh, Nh\u1eadt, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb Hoa K\u1ef3, kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y khi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p duy nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Hoa K\u1ef3 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n d\u00f9ng vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 Hoa -Trung. TQ mua c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u1eeb tr\u00ean 40 qu\u1ed1c gia, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u, v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n qua \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. T\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc TQ \u0111i t\u1eeb mua thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a trao tay chuy\u1ec3n sang mua b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, r\u1ed3i mua c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7; t\u1eeb mua thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u00e1y m\u00f3c chuy\u1ec3n sang mua c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m h\u00e0ng nh\u00e1i. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd t\u1eeb nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n sang nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu; t\u1eeb nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng thay th\u1ebf nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u, ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u.<\/p>\n<p>Mu\u1ed1n cho cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng KHCN th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t l\u00fac: lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng tri th\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khoa h\u1ecdc, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, du nh\u1eadp thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u00e1y m\u00f3c c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao, t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt nh\u1eadp th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadp b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, r\u1ed3i nh\u1eadp c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7; gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0103n h\u00f3a thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho KHCN, s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho th\u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng. V\u00e0 h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do.<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a KHCN. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a KHCN c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i l\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa KHCN, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n<p>TQ m\u1edf c\u1eeda k\u00eanh xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 xem \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho to\u00e0n n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 ti\u00eau, t\u1ef1 t\u00fac, TQ chuy\u1ec3n sang n\u00ean kinh t\u1ebf xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft kinh doanh v\u1edbi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p>Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a TQ c\u0169ng t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai trong m\u1ecdi khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u0103n h\u00f3a tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3i nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng tri th\u1ee9c KHCN v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u01b0u ti\u00ean s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a. C\u1ea3 gi\u1edbi tinh hoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p theo \u0111\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<p>N\u1ed9i trong n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u sau khi \u2018b\u1ecdn b\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u2019 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, 16 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb h\u00e0n l\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cho chuy\u00ean gia KHCN. Ngay th\u00e1ng 3, 1978, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0110\u1eb7ng TB c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ph\u00f3 th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, TQ \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb khoa h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c gia, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 g\u1ed3m 6.000 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt gia v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a KHCN v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. \u0110\u1eb7ng TB c\u00f3 b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u quan tr\u1ecdng, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u01b0u ti\u00ean trong c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1eafp t\u1edbi. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u1eadt m\u00ecnh d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc khi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 cung t\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p, t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c. Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i chung s\u1ee9c t\u1ea1o ra. M\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia hay \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia hay \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, t\u1eeb khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n<p>Th\u1eddi gian ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia r\u1ed7ng tu\u1ebfch v\u1ec1 KHCN, duy \u00fd ch\u00ed, c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, c\u00e1o chung. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n cho\u00e1ng ch\u1ed7, l\u00e0m thay, quy\u1ebft thay cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n<p>Chi\u1ebfn tranh Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o TQ v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a KHCN v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh tan m\u1ecdi huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. \u201cCh\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1950-51\u201d, v\u1edbi h\u01a1n n\u1eeda tri\u1ec7u l\u00ednh thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n KHCN.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;color: #000080\"><strong>[4]<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">TRUNG QU\u1ed0C (<em>ti\u1ebfp <span style=\"font-size: 18pt\">t\u1ee5c<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt\"><a style=\"color: #000080\" href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\"><strong>[1]<\/strong><\/a>)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c \u0111i cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u201cm\u00e0n hai\u201d r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u2018ph\u1ee5c th\u00f9\u2019, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t ra s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ch\u01b0a \u0111o\u00e1n h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh c\u0169 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1i di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00eda sau v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh kh\u1ea9n. \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh khi th\u0103m Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u0103m 1978 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u1edf c\u1eefa th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u201cb\u1ed1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e1\u201d \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn trong cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o c\u00f4ng khai r\u1eb1ng &#8220;Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t ngh\u00e8o. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4t r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u00f2n d\u00e0i ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc&#8221; v\u00e0 &#8220;Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i th\u00fa nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 th\u00e2m th\u1ee5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.&#8221; Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u2018khi\u00eam cung\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018c\u1ea7u th\u1ecb\u2019 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tranh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Nh\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00fap Trung Qu\u1ed1c canh t\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t (c\u0169ng qua \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u2018n\u1ee3 m\u00e1u x\u01b0\u01a1ng\u2019 ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a m\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra).<\/p>\n<p>V\u1edbi \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh, khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 \u0111i v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy \u00fd ch\u00ed, quan li\u00eau, n\u00f3i su\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng. T\u1eeb sau chi\u1ebfn tranh Nh\u1eadt-Thanh khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c s\u00e1ch trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng m\u00e3i gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n Prometheus trong cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea3ng th\u1ee9 XIII n\u0103m 1987 \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a B\u1ed1n Hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tinh th\u00f4ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i hay qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nhanh c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao.<\/p>\n<p>Khi bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc s\u1eafp s\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0110\u1eb7ng TB t\u1eadp trung ngay v\u00e0o \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong danh s\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc: Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 <em>khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m ngay. Th\u00e1ng s\u00e1u n\u0103m 1978 khi Frank Press, c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Jimmy Carter, d\u1eabn ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ea5p cao sang th\u0103m Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0110\u1eb7ng TB \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb Hoa K\u1ef3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ngay <em>b\u1ea3y tr\u0103m sinh vi\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em>, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nh\u1eadn th\u00eam v\u00e0i v\u1ea1n trong \u00edt n\u0103m sau. \u0110\u1eb7ng c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a g\u1ea5p r\u00fat \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4ng Press ph\u1ea3i g\u1ecdi ngay T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Jimmy Carter l\u00fac ba gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng khi \u00f4ng n\u00e0y c\u00f2n ng\u1ee7, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn ngay c\u1ee7a Carter: b\u1ea3y tr\u0103m sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ea7u, chuy\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp theo sau trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m. Trong n\u0103m n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u, kho\u1ea3ng 19.000 sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng (Vogel). \u00d4ng \u0110\u1eb7ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 h\u01a1n ai h\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n. \u00d4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y bao t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c con h\u1ed5 ch\u00e2u \u00c1 g\u1ea7m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 h\u1ed5 Nh\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng &#8216;x\u00e9 x\u00e1c&#8217; Trung Hoa v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;color: #000080\"><strong>[5]<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">M\u1ed8T CH\u00daT CHUY\u1ec6N L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, hai s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, \u2018th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\u2019, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 v\u0169 b\u00e3o, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, \u00edt t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m c\u00e1c l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u00c1 ch\u00e2u, Phi ch\u00e2u, \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9, Trung Hoa b\u1edfi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. N\u0103m 1800 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u chi\u1ebfm ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t 35% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u0103m 1987 con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y t\u0103ng l\u00ean 67%, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1914 qu\u00e1 84%! Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia duy nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4n ngoan th\u00f3at kh\u1ecfi: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Gi\u1edbi v\u00f5 s\u1ec9 v\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3m ho\u1ea1, v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m b\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi gi\u00e1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc nhanh nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. Trung Hoa \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng d\u1eabn tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15 (J. Needham), nh\u01b0ng khi hai b\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u nhau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, th\u00ec c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u00fang c\u1ee7a TH \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu \u0111i v\u00e0i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 so v\u1edbi v\u0169 kh\u00ed ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y! L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfn tranh, bao g\u1ed3m chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y sau c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7. Cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c kh\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t giai t\u1ea7ng tinh hoa l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u201cb\u1ed9 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c\u201d kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 tin v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, tin v\u00e0o s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a KHCN. Gi\u1edbi tinh hoa l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, b\u1edfi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m nh\u1ee5c b\u1edfi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n. Gi\u1edbi tinh hoa m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c, \u00fd th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n b\u1ecb khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c. Gi\u1edbi tinh hoa ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, danh d\u1ef1 v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0ng tinh th\u1ea7n \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. C\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tham v\u1ecdng. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi. Tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00e1i m\u1edbi trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai s\u00e1ng, c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng cung c\u1ea5p cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tri th\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng cao, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong m\u1ecdi ng\u00e0nh. Ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t <em>v\u0103n h\u00f3a khai s\u00e1ng khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em>, \u0111\u01b0a ni\u1ec1m tin ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n KHCN m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh v\u00e0 an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia. Nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vay ti\u1ec1n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i. Chi ph\u00ed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5p. C\u00e1c ng\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1ch m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho quan li\u00eau, tham nh\u0169ng, ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch chi ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 l\u0169ng \u0111o\u1ea1n. Quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh b\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh (d\u1ef1a theo W.W. Rostow).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">Xem th\u00eam:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/can-mot-van-hoa-khoa-hoc-de-phat-trien\/\">C\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Ph\u00e1p, qu\u1ed1c gia n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin l\u00e0nh huguenot, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u tinh hoa c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t; hay Ho\u00e0 Lan l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u0103m 1688 (C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng vinh quang, Glorious Revolution), v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 khoan dung t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, v\u1edbi tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 b\u00f4ng v\u1ea3i, k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 than, s\u1eaft, m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.<\/p>\n<p>N\u0103m 1786, Cty s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e9p n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a hai anh em ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Wilkinson (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u2018Iron Mad\u2019 Wilkinson) cung c\u1ea5p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e9p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 b\u01a1m n\u01b0\u1edbc cho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Paris. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc kia c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng n\u00f2ng s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c m\u00e0 Cty Wilkinson c\u0169ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cho h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Anh \u0111ang chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nghi ng\u1edd, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ed1ng th\u00e9p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u00e1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m n\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Anh! C\u00e1c n\u00f2ng s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c tr\u00ean t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p. Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed3i, khi khai ho\u1ea3 th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f2ng s\u00fang c\u0169ng v\u1ee1 theo gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9i x\u1ea1 th\u1ee7! M\u1ed9t trong hai anh em Wilkinson (John) sau n\u00e0y ra ri\u00eang v\u00e0 c\u00f2n ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0u b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Nga c\u0169ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u2018mua \u0111\u1ee9t\u2019 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Anh \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng, xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu thu\u1ebf, chi ph\u00ed c\u1ea3ng trong v\u00f2ng 10 n\u0103m. M\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, hay nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi. Anh qu\u1ed1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh mecca c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p>Adam Smith (1723-1790) c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u201cthi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t l\u1edbn\u201d, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, khi trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m <em>S\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t minh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t minh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu l\u00fac \u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Smith \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u2018k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng\u2019, skills, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ebf th\u00f4i. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m <em>S\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u0103m 1776, tu ch\u1ec9nh n\u0103m 1790 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 James Watt \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u00ec trong th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, bi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u00d4ng ch\u1ec9 khuy\u00ean nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong \u00edt vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi l\u00fd do duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00ec gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp l\u1ea1i t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng cho t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n<p>X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i TH \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 TQ. B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c: T\u1eeb sau 1600, t\u1ee9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o TH v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cha d\u00f2ng T\u00ean truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 TH \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp thu v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc \u00edt ai \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc TH tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u00ean v\u0103n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00fang (Sivin). Nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0 duy v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u0169 nh\u01b0 \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khoa c\u1eed, ti\u1ebfn th\u00e2n v\u00e0 danh v\u1ecdng v\u1eabn nh\u01b0 c\u0169. Gi\u1edbi tinh hoa ti\u1ebfp thu c\u00e1i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa. Gi\u1edbi tinh hoa \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1ea5n \u00e1t c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi b\u1ecf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y \u0111ang tan r\u00e3. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 TH xem m\u1ecdi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1ch quan kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh minh tri\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c hay m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi tinh hoa \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e2n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gian t\u1ef1 do cho khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi th\u1eddi Kh\u00e1ng c\u00e1ch (Reformation) v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea3n-Kh\u00e1ng c\u00e1ch. \u201cN\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta \u0111i t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, \u0111i t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u1ea5y ng\u00e0n n\u0103m c\u1ee7a TH, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi h\u1eadu b\u00e1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00edt hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1m v\u00edu v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169 m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.\u201d (Sivin)<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf Anh v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng, d\u1ef1a l\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o s\u1eafp t\u1edbi phi\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u Phi v\u1eeba gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ebf, s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia \u201cc\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7\u201d \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00f3n tay, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u1eabn r\u1edbt l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1i b\u1eaby ngh\u00e8o. \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111ang b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn. V\u0103n h\u00f3a, phong t\u1ee5c? Thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch,<em> character<\/em> d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c? Thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n <em>\u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/em> v\u1ec1 <em>gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m<\/em> c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tinh hoa v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o (nh\u01b0 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n). Thay v\u00ec \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec nay \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf ngo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1ng. Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o ra ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 l\u00fd do s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n l\u00e0 <em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/em> nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do ngang b\u1eb1ng. M\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u00edch k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafm tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u00edch l\u0169y t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m, s\u1ebd thi\u1ebfu s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 <em>ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em> (Hegel, Fukuyama).<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o <em>Tin l\u00e0nh<\/em> c\u00f3 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd khoan dung v\u00e0 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n h\u01a1n n\u00ean ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a ch\u0103ng (Max Weber)? R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Trung Hoa, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. C\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y mang trong m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf, k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t khi c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o t\u1eeb ngo\u00e0i qua s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian t\u1ef1 do c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho kinh t\u1ebf, khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, t\u01b0 duy khoa h\u1ecdc (Fukuyama). Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf cho kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng (<em>market institutions<\/em>) m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, th\u00ec kinh t\u1ebf c\u0169ng s\u1ebd nh\u1ea1t nh\u1ebdo, phai m\u1edd. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng khi\u1ebfn cho Samuel Huntington cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u201cxung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a\u201d (<em>civilizational clash<\/em>) trong \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1edfi \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7, m\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u0103n h\u00f3a. \u00dd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 cho th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 v\u00ec b\u1ecb \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 k\u1ebft tinh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Nh\u01b0ng mu\u1ed1n cho v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u00e1t huy c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, hay x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t l\u00ean. V\u0103n h\u00f3a s\u1ebd b\u1ecb t\u00ea li\u1ec7t khi b\u1ecb \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 hay ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i. V\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 giao l\u01b0u v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u00eam cho n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng dung h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n<p>Ngo\u00e0i ra Francis Fukuyama c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng \u2018l\u00f2ng tin x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u2019 (<em>social trust<\/em> hay <em>social capital<\/em>) c\u0169ng s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 t\u1ea1o ra ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed1t cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p: \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tin x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ea1nh, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m \u0103n l\u1edbn v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, l\u00e0m \u0103n s\u1ebd manh m\u00fang, v\u00e0 c\u01a1 nghi\u1ec7p sau v\u00e0i th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 s\u1ebd tan r\u00e3 (v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Hoa). Thi\u1ebfu d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, t\u1ef1 do? N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, th\u00f4ng tho\u00e1ng; trong khi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 l\u00e0 <em>ph\u1ea3n th\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/em>: ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c (Fukuyama 2011) l\u00e0: x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t <em>nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/em> <em>m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/em>, \u0111\u1ec1 ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng <em>ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tham v\u1ecdng<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf nhanh; th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean s\u1ef1 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111em l\u1ea1i <em>t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh danh<\/em> cho ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00eam n\u1ec1n ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00eam s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng li\u00ean ho\u00e0n. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111ang c\u00f3, v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9693\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/05\/South-Korea.jpg?resize=672%2C368&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"672\" height=\"368\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">(<em>Ngu\u1ed3n<\/em>: Fukuyama 2011)<\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;color: #000080\"><strong>[6]<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">VI\u1ec6T NAM<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf VN d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, m\u1ed9t l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 tham v\u1ecdng cho cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u cho nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. Kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3, \u2018c\u1ee9u nguy\u2019 \u0111\u1ec3 ra kh\u1ecfi c\u01a1n kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi bao c\u1ea5p, ch\u01b0a chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sang kinh t\u1ebf \u2018ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng\u2019 v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1. Gi\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 tinh hoa ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0o s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a KHCN m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vang d\u1ed9i tr\u00ean bao nhi\u00eau ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf VN l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u2018phi khoa h\u1ecdc\u2019. Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u201crent-seeking\u201d, \u0111i t\u00ecm \u0111\u1eb7c l\u1ee3i b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00fa ch\u1ea1y \u00e1p phe, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n l\u00f2ng v\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ph\u00e1t minh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, k\u1ef9 s\u01b0, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. \u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf VN sau 20 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea1n d\u1ea7n. H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u00ec \u1ea1ch. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb VN th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u2018phi khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7\u2019, cho n\u00ean k\u00e9o theo hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n: y\u1ebfu \u1edbt v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng. Trong khi VN s\u1ed1ng trong v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 <em>c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 kinh t\u1ebf<\/em> cao nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi: Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, \u0110\u00e0i Loan, H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng, Singapore, r\u1ed3i Trung Qu\u1ed1c; v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn nhanh. Nh\u01b0ng VN kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ecbu \u2018c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng\u2019 t\u1eeb <em>t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3<\/em> n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p>N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2n b\u1eaby kh\u00f4n ngoan, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1i b\u1eaby ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu c\u00f2n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, r\u1ed3i 20, b\u1ecb hao m\u00f2n sau 1975. Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, nh\u01b0 Nietzsche n\u00f3i, bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed1i nguy c\u01a1 xu\u1ed1ng d\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. \u1ede VN, ni\u1ec1m kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n phai \u0111i. Kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng n\u00e0y t\u1eebng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi VN \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n qu\u00ean \u0111i ni\u1ec1m kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 <em>tr\u00e1c vi\u1ec7t<\/em> n\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Kinh t\u1ebf, khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o VN c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4i khao kh\u00e1t, th\u00f4i m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 cam ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. VN t\u1eebng \u201cn\u1ed5i\u201d bao nhi\u00eau trong chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u th\u00ec ng\u00e0y nay c\u00e0ng \u201cch\u00ecm\u201d b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau trong th\u1eddi b\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi VN t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c s\u1ed1ng trong s\u00e1ng, s\u1ed1ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n s\u1ed1ng cho m\u00ecnh, th\u00ec gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1ng \u00edch k\u1ef7 cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi VN kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u tr\u00e1c vi\u1ec7t cho l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1eebng k\u1ebft \u00e1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m n\u00ean m\u1ed9t <em>Duy t\u00e2n<\/em> nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfc nu\u1ed1i. Nh\u01b0ng h\u00f4m nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi VN bi quan, m\u1ea5t ni\u1ec1m tin h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 xung quanh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 x\u01b0a m\u00e0 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c t\u00edch l\u0169y. C\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111i l\u00ean v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o, danh d\u1ef1, \u00fd ch\u00ed, quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Ph\u1ed5, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, \u0110\u00e0i Loan, Singapore, Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3, Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi d\u01b0 d\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng. VN c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed oai h\u00f9ng: l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m \u0111\u00e1ng kh\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ecbch s\u1eed oai h\u00f9ng \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t huy h\u00f4m nay? D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u0169ng th\u00f4ng minh, c\u1ea7n c\u00f9, hi\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c xung quanh, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i? C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c1 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u1ea1i sao h\u1ecd h\u00f3a r\u1ed3ng c\u00f2n VN th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng? Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m, l\u00e0m cho l\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng oai h\u00f9ng, \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3m gi\u00e1, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a VN kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t huy. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00f4ng d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;color: #000080\"><strong>[7]<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">Y\u1ebeU T\u1ed0 V\u0102N H\u00d3A<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a tuy l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c ph\u1ea7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 gh\u00ea g\u1edbm. M\u1eb7t tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 <em>th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t<\/em> c\u1ee7a <em>ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c <\/em>(<em>seiky\u014d itchi<\/em>), hay n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a <em>b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u00f3a<\/em>. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ch\u1ee9a <em>t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a<\/em> nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 <em>d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7<\/em>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e3 ng\u00e3 r\u1ebd gi\u1eef Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea5t th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng, c\u1ed7 xe h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n m\u1ea5t th\u1eafng, khi\u1ebfn lao nhanh v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, g\u00e2y tai ho\u1ea1 cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. <em>Seiky\u014d itchi<\/em> d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 <em>\u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh<\/em>; t\u1ee9c tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u2018gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh (tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m) \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c\u2019, <em>moral accountability<\/em>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. Trung Qu\u1ed1c ng\u00e0n n\u0103m th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc xung quanh c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5, ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c \u1edf ngay trung t\u00e2m ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m cho tin t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i c\u1ee9 b\u1ecb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1. C\u1ed7 xe Trung qu\u1ed1c ng\u00e0y nay c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nguy c\u01a1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 <em>moral accountability<\/em>, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, <em>political accountability<\/em>, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y (Francis Fukuyama).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;color: #000080\"><strong>[8]<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">K\u1ebeT LU\u1eacN<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>T\u00f4i xin k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u00e0i n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n <em>kh\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft<\/em> c\u1ee7a Francis Bacon <em>b\u1ed1n tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc <\/em>v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam suy ng\u1eabm h\u00f4m nay:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9a con c\u1ee7a Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n uy. V\u00e0 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u0129 nh\u1ee5c cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3, tinh t\u00fa trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c soi s\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c th\u00ec l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb b\u00f3 h\u1eb9p trong c\u00e1i g\u00f3c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5.<\/p>\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ebft \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, hi\u1ec3u h\u1ebft chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n khai s\u00e1ng, ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc VN v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t leo l\u00e9t, ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2m d\u1ea7u cho n\u00f3 b\u1eebng s\u00e1ng. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n, mu\u1ed1n cho kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec qu\u00fd h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ef1 do\u201d c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft l\u00fd sinh t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u00e1o ng\u1eef, \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;color: #000080\"><em>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/em>:<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>S. Ashton, <em>The Industrial Revolution<\/em>. Oxford University Press 1997.<\/li>\n<li>Francis Bacon, <em>Das Neue Organon<\/em>. by Manfred Buhr. Akademie Verlag 1982.<\/li>\n<li>Lenard R. Berlanstein (ed), <em>The Industrial Revolution and Work in Nineteenth Century Europe<\/em>. Routledge 1992.<\/li>\n<li><em>The Cambridge History of Japan.<\/em> John W. Hall, Marius B. Jansen, Madoka Kanai and Denis Twitchett. Volume 5 The Nineteenth Century. Cambridge University Press 1989.<\/li>\n<li>Deng Xiaoping\u2019s <em>Speech at the Special Session <\/em>of the U.N. General Assembly 1974. http:\/\/www.marxists.org\/reference\/archive\/deng-xiaoping\/1974\/04\/10.htm<\/li>\n<li>P. Dore, <em>Education in Tokugawa Japan<\/em>. University of California Press 1965.<\/li>\n<li>Benjamin A. Elman, <em>A Cultural History of Modern Science in China<\/em>. Harvard University Press 2006.<\/li>\n<li>Francis Fukuyama, <em>The End of History and The Last Man<\/em>. Avon Books New York 1993.<\/li>\n<li>Francis Fukuyama, <em>Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity<\/em>. Hamish Hamilton London 1995.<\/li>\n<li>Francis Fukuyama, <em>The Origins of Political Order<\/em>. From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution. Farrar, Straus and Giroux New York 2011.<\/li>\n<li>Francis Fukuyama and Zhang Weiwei, <em>China Model, A Dialogue<\/em>. New Perspectives Quarterly, Volume 28 #4, Fall 2011.<\/li>\n<li>Stephen Gaukroger, <em>The Emergence of a Scientific Culture<\/em>. Science and the Shaping of Modernity 1210-1685. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2006.<\/li>\n<li>Catherine Jami, <em>Western Mathematics in China<\/em>, Seventeenth Century and Nineteenth Century. Trong Patrick Petitjean, Catherine Jami v\u00e0 Anne Marie Moulin (eds), <em>Science and Empires<\/em>. Historical Studies about Scientific Development and European Expansion. Kluwer Academic Publishers 1992. Trang 79-88.<\/li>\n<li>Gibbons, Michael et al, <em>The New Production of Knowledge<\/em>. The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies. SAGE Publications 1995.<\/li>\n<li>H. Halsey, Jean Floud, and C. Arnold Anderson (ed), <em>Education, Economy and Society<\/em>. The Free Press 1966.<\/li>\n<li>Daniel R. Headrick, <em>The Tools of Empire<\/em>. Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century. Oxford University Press 1981.<\/li>\n<li>Nitobe Inazo, <em>Bushido<\/em>. The Soul of Japan. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Ng\u1ecdc Th\u1ea3o: <em>V\u00f5 S\u0129 \u0110\u1ea1o<\/em>. Linh H\u1ed3n C\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. NXB Th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i 2011.<\/li>\n<li>Henry Kissinger, <em>On China<\/em>. The Penguin Press 2011.<\/li>\n<li>Emil Lederer and Emy Lederer-Seidler, <em>Japan in Transition<\/em>. New Haven Yale Universtiy Press 1938.<\/li>\n<li>David C. Lindberg, <em>The Beginnings of Western Science<\/em>. The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical, Religious, and Institutional Context, Prehistory to A.D. 1450. The University of Chicago Press 2007.<\/li>\n<li>Joel Mokyr, <em>The Gifts of Athena<\/em>. Historical origins of the knowledge economy. Princeton University Press 2005.<\/li>\n<li>Joel Mokyr, <em>The Enlightened Economy. An Economic History of Britain<\/em> 1700-1850. Yale University Press, 2009.<\/li>\n<li>Kazuyuki Motohashi, <em>China\u2019s National Innovation System Reform and Growing Science Industry Linkage<\/em>. Asian Journal of Technology Innovation 14, 2 (2006), 49-65.<\/li>\n<li>Nichio Nagai, <em>Social Change in Postwar Japan<\/em>. The Developing Countries, Vol. 7, No. 4 (December 1969), 395-405.<\/li>\n<li>Manfred Pohl, <em>Geschichte Japans<\/em>. C.H.Beck 2005.<\/li>\n<li>Industrial Revolution: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Industrial_Revolution<\/li>\n<li>W. Rostow, <em>The Stages of Economic Growth<\/em>. A Non-Communist Manifest. Cambridge at the University Press 1969.<\/li>\n<li>S. Rousseau and Roy Porter (ed), <em>The Ferment of Knowledge<\/em>. Studies in the historiography of eighteent-century science. Cambridge University Press 1980.<\/li>\n<li>Denis Fred Simon, Merle Goldman (ed.), <em>Science and Technology in Post-Mao China<\/em>. Harvard Contemporary China Series: 5. Harvard University Press 1989.<\/li>\n<li>Nathan Sivin, <em>Why the Scientific Revolution Did Not Take Place in China \u2013 or Didn\u2019t It<\/em>? Revised version 24\/8\/2005. Trong http:\/\/ccat.sas.upenn.edu\/~nsivin\/scirev.pdf<\/li>\n<li>Michiya Shimbori, <em>The Academic Marketplace in Japan<\/em>. The Developing Countries, Vol. 7, No. 4 (December 1969), 617-639.<\/li>\n<li>V\u0129nh S\u00ednh, <em>Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n C\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i<\/em>. NXB TP HCM &amp; Khoa S\u1eed Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc S\u01b0 Ph\u1ea1m 1991.<\/li>\n<li>Darwin H. Stapleton, <em>The Transfer of Early Industrial Technologies to America<\/em>. American Philosophical Society 1987.<\/li>\n<li>Akira Uchino, <em>Technological Innovation in Postwar Japan<\/em>. The Developing Countries, Vol. 7, No. 4 (December 1969), 406-427.<\/li>\n<li>Ezra F. Vogel, <em>Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China<\/em>. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 2011.<\/li>\n<li>Gavin Weightman, <em>Industrial Revolutionaries<\/em>. The Making of the Modern World 1776-1914. Grove Press New York 2007.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u0110o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp theo n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n &amp; Trung Hoa c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 TQ.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>C\u00c1CH M\u1ea0NG C\u00d4NG NGHI\u1ec6P\u00a0hay TI\u00caU VONG Industrial Revolution or Perish Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh (2011-2012) &nbsp; Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t thung l\u0169ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb l\u1ea1 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c. \u2014 Francis Bacon C\u00f9ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9685"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9685"}],"version-history":[{"count":40,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9685\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13216,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9685\/revisions\/13216"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9685"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9685"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9685"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}