{"id":1781,"date":"2019-03-28T12:00:30","date_gmt":"2019-03-28T11:00:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/short\/?p=1781"},"modified":"2019-03-28T15:35:32","modified_gmt":"2019-03-28T14:35:32","slug":"karl-marx-va-tay-duc-thoi-hau-chien-dien-dan-khai-phong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/short\/2019\/03\/28\/karl-marx-va-tay-duc-thoi-hau-chien-dien-dan-khai-phong\/","title":{"rendered":"KARL MARX v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn \u00ab Di\u1ec5n \u0110\u00e0n Khai Ph\u00f3ng"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: T\u00f4n Th\u1ea5t Th\u00f4ng, CHLB \u0110\u1ee9c<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi n\u1ea1n th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 ba. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u1ea5y l\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 Marx<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u s\u1eafc<\/em>[1]<\/strong><\/em><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc Walter Euchner, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc G\u00f6ttingen.<\/em><\/p>\n

Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 nh\u01b0 Karl Marx. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 Karl Marx\u00a0d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Marx\u00a0\u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m phai nh\u1ea1t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to l\u1edbn n\u00f3i tr\u00ean[2]<\/strong><\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Karl Marx\u00a0sinh ng\u00e0y 5.5.1818 t\u1ea1i Trier, con c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt gia Heinrich Marx, m\u1ed9t t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o sang Tin L\u00e0nh. Karl Max theo h\u1ecdc m\u00f4n tri\u1ebft v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn Bonn, Berlin v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 n\u0103m 1841 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Jena v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0n c\u00e3i r\u1eb1ng, Karl Marx\u00a0l\u00e0 v\u1ecb h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 uy\u00ean th\u00e2m, tinh th\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u1eeb tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 y khoa. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ng\u1ed9t ng\u1ea1t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c, Karl Marx\u00a0c\u00f9ng v\u1ee3 l\u00e0 Jenny di d\u00e2n qua Ph\u00e1p, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u00f4ng k\u1ebft b\u1ea1n v\u1edbi Friedrich Engels\u00a0n\u0103m 1844 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t v\u00f4 nh\u1ecb k\u00e9o d\u00e0i su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. Engels\u00a0c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh l\u00fac gia \u0111\u00ecnh Marx\u00a0c\u00f3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.<\/p>\n

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Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng xi\u1ec1ng x\u00edch tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i. V\u00f4 s\u1ea3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u00e3y \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i[3]<\/strong><\/a>!<\/em>Karl Marx\u00a0(1818-1883)<\/p>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n: John Jabez Edwin Mayall \u2013 International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam, Netherland. T\u1ea3i t\u1eeb\u00a0commons.wikipedia.org<\/span>, v\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng.<\/em><\/td>\n

\"Karl_Marx<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Marx\u00a0l\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c mang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 Adam Smith,\u00a0John Maynard Keynes\u00a0v\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c trong tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, cho d\u00f9 Marx l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5u tranh binh v\u1ef1c gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng\u00a0ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p. D\u00f9 th\u1ebf, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Marx\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, trong m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ed1ng b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 cao \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1eadu b\u00e1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, c\u00f3 g\u1ea7n 1\/3 trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx. \u0110\u1ebfn nay th\u00ec th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m g\u00ec h\u1eefu \u00edch ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 d\u01b0 \u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ph\u1ed3n vinh \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y Marx\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 h\u1eb1ng h\u00e0 sa s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Karl Marx. Ki\u1ebfm t\u00ean \u00f4ng tr\u00ean Google, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n 20 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1. Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang tr\u00ean Amazon \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 8.000 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng n\u00f3i l\u00ean t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Karl Marx\u00a0l\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Khen c\u0169ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 ch\u00ea c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u00edt. V\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean vi\u1ebft th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn m\u1edbi trong h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u b\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3, m\u00e0 trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta th\u1eed n\u00eau l\u00ean v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Karl Marx\u00a0l\u00ean t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

Trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3 thi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf. L\u00fd do gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Karl Marx\u00a0kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 g\u00ec n\u1eefa trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Marx\u00a0v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n vinh, m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n qu\u00e1 s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm l\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i u ho\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, ch\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t th\u00ec Karl Marx\u00a0kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng trang tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

Karl Marx\u00a0c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng: \u201eC\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia ch\u1ec9 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi[4]<\/a>\u201c. Marx\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5\u00a0c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/em>. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef c\u00f3 t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng \u00f4ng c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn. Marx\u00a0c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n phong ch\u00e1y b\u1ecfng, cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0o lu\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111am m\u00ea c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, h\u1ecd \u0111i theo l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a Marx\u00a0nh\u01b0 nghe ti\u1ebfng c\u00f2i xung tr\u1eadn. Marx\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u00e2u s\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ch h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Karl Marx\u00a0c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u00f3c quan s\u00e1t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1eafc b\u00e9n, m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ea5u tranh l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m cao. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Marx\u00a0v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 th\u00f4i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do, g\u1ea5p r\u00fat \u0111i t\u00ecm gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u v\u00e3n s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra sau cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i suy tho\u00e1i 1930 ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ec5 l\u1eafm l\u00e0 trong ba th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf h\u1eadu b\u00e1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20.<\/p>\n

D\u00f9 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng khi th\u1eed l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c\u00a0c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/em>, Marx\u00a0tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n sai l\u1ea1c. Nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c John Maynard Keynes\u00a0ph\u1ea3i th\u1ed1t l\u00ean n\u0103m 1926: \u201eCh\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Marx\u00a0v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft thi\u1ebfu logic v\u00e0 nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng gh\u00ea g\u1edbm v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 l\u00ean tinh th\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed[5]<\/a>\u201c. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n sai l\u1ea1c, cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean t\u1ea1i sao h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Marx\u00a0kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Ch\u00fang ta th\u1eed n\u00eau l\u00ean v\u00e0i th\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n

Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t<\/em>,\u00a0 Karl Marx\u00a0cho r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra theo \u201equy lu\u1eadt l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n<\/em>\u201c. T\u1ea1i v\u00ec theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, vi\u1ec7c trang b\u1ecb th\u00eam m\u00e1y m\u00f3c t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m s\u1ebd k\u00e9o l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eadp trung l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t r\u1ebb, \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ecf \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n. Trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3, l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u1ec1n mua h\u00e0ng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y[6]<\/a>. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u; v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch thu\u1ebf kh\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u00e1i ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i thu nh\u1eadp \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4n ngoan, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung trong tay nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 h\u01a1n, l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 trong quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea5u tranh th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i t\u0103ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1 gi\u1edbi t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 Karl Marx\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi.<\/p>\n

Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 hai<\/em>, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 David Ricardo v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Karl Marx\u00a0\u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 duy nh\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t sinh ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u201es\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m\u201c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 gi\u1edd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3[7]<\/a>. Ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fang cho th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, nh\u01b0ng trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ec\u00a0s\u1ed1 gi\u1edd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trung b\u00ecnh<\/em>kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1edbi nhau: ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n m\u00e1y m\u00f3c h\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, quy tr\u00ecnh trong chu\u1ed7i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v.v\u2026 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 Marx\u00a0th\u00ec l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f4-la, trong l\u00fac ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i tr\u0103m ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0i ng\u00e0n \u0111\u00f4-la c\u0169ng trong th\u1eddi gian nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf cho m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ed1ng nhau? \u0110i\u1ec1u c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a th\u1eadt l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb:\u00a0gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/em>\u00a0th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf s\u1ea3n sinh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng cao hay th\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh l\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, v\u00e0 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 ba<\/em>, trong th\u1eddi cao \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian t\u00f4n vinh Marx\u00a0nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng ti\u00ean tri. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Marx. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o khi quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? S\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y t\u1ecf ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m l\u1edbn lao trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i[8]<\/a>. Hi\u1ec7n nay, \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f2n n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n? Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 th\u00ec l\u1ea5y g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng? V\u1eady th\u00ec ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Marx\u00a0v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Marx\u00a0v\u1ed1n d\u0129 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd x\u1ea3y ra, ngay c\u1ea3 h\u01a1n 130 n\u0103m sau khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t. Ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n sai l\u1ea1c th\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao Karl Marx\u00a0l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf? Ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea5y h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Marx\u00a0l\u00e0m kim ch\u1ec9 nam, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u thanh ni\u00ean tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y xem Marx\u00a0l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh, b\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd, b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 duy tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx\u00a0tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u, nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn c\u1edd \u0111\u1ecf, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u00e1nh ca, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed, m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o, kinh th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Robert Wesson[9]<\/a>\u00a0nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng \u201eMarx\u00a0c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5ng ti\u00ean tri \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng chuy\u1ec7n tr\u00f2 v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa\u2026 \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng ti\u00ean tri, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf gia; h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Marx\u00a0l\u00e0 k\u1ebb d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba Jerusalem m\u1edbi. Tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Marxist ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft [xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb con tim h\u01a1n l\u00e0 tr\u00ed \u00f3c][10]<\/a>\u201c.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n\u00a0T\u01b0 B\u1ea3n Lu\u1eadn (Das Kapital)<\/em>\u00a0kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m\u00a0Tuy\u00ean Ng\u00f4n \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n (Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei \u2013 Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels)<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1848, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a Karl Marx \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0i tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi 50 trang, th\u1ebf m\u00e0 Marx v\u00e0 Engels ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u0103m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00eam t\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y Marx v\u00e0 Engels coi tr\u1ecdng n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u d\u00e0nh cho cho nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn kinh t\u1ebf, th\u00ec Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn d\u00e0i d\u00f2ng, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi hi\u1ec7u tri\u1ec7u ba qu\u00e2n, s\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u00e2u ch\u1eef trong tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u00f4 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Mark Skousen k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 sau v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Marx: Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 trung ki\u00ean, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 ra kh\u1ecfi c\u01a1n ghi\u1ec1n Marxist. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra cho Robert Heilbroner, Mark Blaug, Whittaker Chambers, v\u00e0 David Horowitz. Ngay c\u1ea3 sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u1edf Rollins College c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, d\u00f9 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean sau khi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx\u00a0coi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft. Trong l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, x\u00ea-mi-na kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn, t\u00f4i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed7i sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t c\u1eadu sinh vi\u00ean ch\u1ecdn\u00a0Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n<\/em>. Sau khi \u0111\u1ecdc xong c\u1eadu \u1ea5y g\u1eb7p t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch chi ch\u00edt nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00fa v\u00e0 th\u1ed1t l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng: \u201cTh\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c! T\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y\u201c. Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1. Trong gi\u1edd gi\u1ea3ng, t\u00f4i c\u1ed1 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Marx, nh\u01b0ng v\u00f4 \u00edch. C\u1eadu \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ngay trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n b\u00e0n v\u1ec1\u00a0t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n<\/em>, Marx \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng chinh ph\u1ee5c tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y t\u1ef1 h\u00f3a th\u00e2n v\u00e0o t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y b\u1ed7ng nhi\u00ean ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng, m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 phi l\u00fd, b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c trong xi\u1ec1ng x\u00edch c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft Marx l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t v\u0103n phong ch\u1eafc n\u1ecbch, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef m\u1edbi m\u1ebb ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe: \u201cL\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p[12]<\/a>\u201c. Ch\u1ea5m h\u1ebft. Nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i \u0111i theo sau kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1eefa. T\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u01a1i d\u1eady v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p. V\u00e0 Marx, Engels\u00a0c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00f2n g\u00ec sung s\u01b0\u1edbng h\u01a1n khi c\u00f3 v\u1ecb h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 uy\u00ean th\u00e2m n\u00f3i thay ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh? H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c 16-gi\u1edd-m\u1ed7i-ng\u00e0y v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1ng trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng u \u00e1m c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, \u201ekhi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t trong x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o t\u00fai, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0o v\u00f4 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfp: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 thu\u00ea, ch\u1ee7 ti\u1ec7m bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n l\u1ebb, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho vay c\u1ea7m c\u1ed1 v.v\u2026[13]<\/a>\u201c. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u01b0u sinh, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f3c r\u00f2ng khi nghe nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i nh\u1ea3y v\u00e0o l\u1eeda theo l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5ng ti\u00ean tri. Theo Marx\u00a0v\u00e0 Engels, kh\u00f4ng ri\u00eang g\u00ec gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c cao c\u1ea5p c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t: \u201eGiai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1 b\u1ec7 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ed1n d\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdng v\u1ecdng t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng. Giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1c s\u0129, lu\u1eadt gia, gi\u00e1o s\u0129, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, khoa h\u1ecdc gia th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng cho ch\u00fang[14]<\/a>\u201c. L\u1eddi k\u1ebft \u00e1n \u0111anh th\u00e9p \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 h\u00f3a th\u00e2n v\u00e0o bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 Marx\u00a0kh\u01a1i d\u1eady, nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00fang hay sai ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 Marx\u00a0c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt si\u00eau ph\u00e0m, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 h\u00f3a th\u00e2n v\u00e0o t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi hi\u1ec7u tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng g\u00ec. Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, khi m\u00e0 gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng sung t\u00fac nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay th\u00ec l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Marx\u00a0c\u00f3 v\u1ebb c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7u v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng nghi ng\u1edd.<\/p>\n

Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n b\u00e0n v\u1ec1\u00a0v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n<\/em>, Marx\u00a0v\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0ng Marx\u00a0v\u00e0 Engel ch\u1ec9 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft trong v\u00e0i c\u00e2u ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i cho n\u00ean ai hi\u1ec3u th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec t\u1ef1 h\u1ecd s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Marx\u00a0vi\u1ebft: \u201eQuy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb l\u00ean giai c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c[15]<\/a>\u201c. C\u00e1c b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 nh\u01b0 Stalin, Mao, Pol Pot \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2m ng\u00f4n, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft \u00e1n Marx\u00a0v\u00ec t\u1ed9i \u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00e2n danh ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u00e2n danh Marx\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c cho h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh cho h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u phi\u1ec1n to\u00e1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0, Karl Marx\u00a0ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 g\u00ec trong gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng nh\u1eadn l\u00e3nh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, cho n\u00ean c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n, ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft chung cu\u1ed9c s\u1ebd th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II,\u00a0v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n<\/em>, Marx\u00a0ch\u1ec9 r\u1eb1ng \u201eNh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m: x\u00f3a b\u1ecf s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n[16]<\/a>\u201c<\/em>\u00a0v\u00e0 xem \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf sau khi \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb. Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3, Marx\u00a0v\u00e0 Engels\u00a0c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh 10 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u201esau khi \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n[17]<\/a>\u201c. C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m t\u1eaft trong v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0: T\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t s\u1edf h\u1eefu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, x\u00f3a b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba k\u1ebf, t\u1eadp trung ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0o trong tay nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, qu\u1ed1c h\u1eefu h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng doanh nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c doanh l\u00ean th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. Tr\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00f4m nay th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n. Nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 th\u00ec kh\u00e1c. L\u00fac \u1ea5y, gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f2n ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm trong ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1m thi\u1ebfu nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m. Khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc xong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n, \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f3a th\u00e2n v\u00e0o v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m th\u00ec m\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 tr\u1ec5. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u Marx\u00a0v\u00e0 Engels vi\u1ebft \u201ekh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o[19]<\/a>\u201c.<\/p>\n

Karl Marx<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu Adam Smith\u00a0c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn l\u00ean c\u00e1c kinh t\u1ebf gia t\u1ef1 do T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c, th\u00ec Karl Marx\u00a0c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n l\u00ean phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 100 n\u0103m sau. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai sinh phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 Ferdinand Lassalle, Wilhelm Liebknecht, August Bebel\u00a0l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ea7n g\u0169i Karl Marx, h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n xem \u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady trong m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. N\u1ebfu xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 c\u00f3 t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 sau 1945 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n vai tr\u00f2 g\u00ec t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c, th\u00ec h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Karl Marx\u00a0v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm trong gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (SPD) v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

Cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i Bad Godesberg th\u00e1ng 11.1959, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea3ng SPD v\u1eabn trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh\u00a0Heidelberger Programm[20]<\/strong><\/a><\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9.1925. Theo \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ea1ch ra t\u1eeb Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1848 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng: \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p, c\u00f4ng h\u1eefu h\u00f3a, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3, t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n, tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1 giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, san b\u1eb1ng giai c\u1ea5p v.v\u2026 \u0110i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c nhau ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0, phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch ra, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh trong ngh\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0111\u1ea3ng SPD \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0: ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch chung c\u01b0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tham gia quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong doanh nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch gia \u0111\u00ecnh, nam n\u1eef b\u00ecnh quy\u1ec1n v.v\u2026<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t<\/em>, T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 may m\u1eafn khi \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (SPD) m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Marx, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c h\u1ecd ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ngh\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111a nguy\u00ean, cho n\u00ean t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Karl Marx\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c thu h\u00fat nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Karl Marx. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Marx r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn, cho d\u00f9 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo xu h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 thu\u1ed9c Li\u00ean minh C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c (CDU\/CSU). \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i\u00a0nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em>\u00a0c\u1ee7a Alfred M\u00fcller-Armack[21]<\/a>\u00a0r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng mang \u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Marx.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 hai<\/em>, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 may m\u1eafn t\u00ecnh c\u1edd cho T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c khi \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (SPD) li\u00ean t\u1ee5c th\u1ea5t c\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n su\u1ed1t 20 n\u0103m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb 1949, cho n\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Marx\u00a0kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em ra th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m trong th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn, m\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng mang t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c l\u00e0m cho kinh t\u1ebf T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 th\u00ec m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Kinh t\u1ebf Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 gi\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i kinh t\u1ebf theo h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Marx\u00a0kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 n\u00e0o n\u1eefa t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950. Gi\u1ea3 d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (SPD) n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Karl Marx v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf, th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y h\u00f4m nay, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

.\/.<\/p>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: T\u00f4n Th\u1ea5t Th\u00f4ng<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ghi ch\u00fa th\u00eam<\/em><\/strong>: B\u00e0i bi\u00ean kh\u1ea3o n\u00e0y nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong ba \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c trong ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ba nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf (Adam Smith, Karl Marx v\u00e0 John Maynard Keynes), thu\u1ed9c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201eTh\u1ea7n K\u1ef3 Kinh T\u1ebf T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1949-1969. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u2013 L\u00fd Thuy\u1ebft \u2013 Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch<\/em>\u201c. Gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Tri Th\u1ee9c do Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Chu H\u1ea3o k\u00fd v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6.2018. Sau \u201es\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Chu H\u1ea3o\u201c, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ban gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Tri Th\u1ee9c b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c in \u1ea5n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi b\u1ecb ng\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ebfn gi\u1edd ph\u00fat cu\u1ed1i v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11.2018, nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Tri Th\u1ee9c cho ph\u00e9p in nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t 80% (!) \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c Karl Marx n\u00e0y, cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i tr\u01a1 tr\u1ebdn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i x\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed3n. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00fat b\u00e0i n\u00e0y ra kh\u1ecfi s\u00e1ch. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea3i xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung b\u00e0i bi\u00ean kh\u1ea3o n\u00e0y v\u00e0o trang 457, ngay tru\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u201eJohn Maynard Keynes\u201c. Xin c\u00e1m \u01a1n.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Nh\u00e2\u0301p chu\u00f4\u0323t ta\u0323i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00ea\u0309 ta\u0309i PDF file<\/a><\/h5>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u0110\u1ecdc th\u00eam:<\/p>\n

+ S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Chu H\u1ea3o b\u1ecb UBKT TW \u0110\u1ea3ng k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt<\/a> d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i k\u00fd th\u01b0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3<\/a>\u00a0v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/a> Chu H\u1ea3o, sau \u0111\u00f3 Chu H\u1ea3o v\u1eabn \u1edf l\u1ea1i NXB Tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u00f4ng cho bi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u1edf NXB n\u00e0y v\u1eabn b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/a>.<\/p>\n

+ S\u00e1ch Th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 kinh t\u1ebf T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1949-1969<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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\"TKKT-TD-Cover-Page-1\"<\/td>\n <\/p>\n

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T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: T\u00f4n Th\u1ea5t Th\u00f4ng
\nNh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n: Tri Th\u1ee9c + Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam
\nXu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n: th\u00e1ng gi\u00eang 2019
\nK\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc: 14 x 21cm, 525 trang
\nGi\u00e1 b\u00eca: 198.000 \u0110VN<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Abelshauser, Werner.
    \n<\/em>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1eeb 1945 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay. Deutsche Wirtschaftsgeschichte von 1945 bis zur Gegenwart.
    \nISBN 978-38-3890-204-3.<\/li>\n
  2. B\u00f6hm<\/em>, Franz.
    \n<\/em>T\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 trong kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng (S\u01b0u t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 bi\u00ean t\u1eadp b\u1edfi Ernst-Joachim Mestm\u00e4cker).\u00a0<\/em>Freiheit und Ordnung in der Marktwirtschaft. ISBN 3-7890-0492-8.<\/li>\n
  3. Euchner, Walter
    \n<\/em>Karl Marx. ISBN 3-406-08505-9<\/li>\n
  4. Eucken<\/em>, Walter
    \n<\/em>Nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf. Grunds\u00e4tze der Wirtschaftspolitik. ISBN 31-6345-548-4<\/li>\n
  5. Hardach, Karl
    \n<\/em>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u1ee9c trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. Wirtschaftsgeschichte Deutschlands im 20. Jahrhundert. ISBN 3-525-33380-3<\/li>\n
  6. Linss, Vera.
    \n<\/em>Nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft gia kinh t\u1ebf quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. Die wichtigsten Wirtschaftsdenker. ISBN 978-3-86539-922-9<\/li>\n
  7. Marx<\/em>, Karl v\u00e0 Engels<\/em>, Friedrich
    \n<\/em>Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Manifest der kommunistischen Partei. ISBN 3-320-00280-5<\/li>\n
  8. Skousen, Mark
    \n<\/em>Ba nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf. The Big Three in Economics.
    \nISBN 0-7656-1694-7 ho\u1eb7c 978-0-7656-1694-4<\/li>\n
  9. Starbatty, Joachim ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean
    \n<\/em>Nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft gia kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Klassiker des \u00f6konomischen Denkens. ISBN 978-3-86820-126-0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Ghi ch\u00fa<\/strong><\/p>\n

    [1]<\/a>\u00a0Xem\u00a0 W. Euchner trang 7<\/em><\/p>\n

    [2]<\/a>\u00a0V. Linss, trang 122<\/em><\/p>\n

    [3]<\/a>\u00a0Xem Marx<\/em>\u00a0\/ Engels trang 77, kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u201eTuy\u00ean Ng\u00f4n \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n\u201c,<\/em><\/p>\n

    [4]<\/a>\u00a0C\u00e2u kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean bia m\u1ed9 Karl Marx<\/em>\u00a0\u1edf ngh\u0129a trang Highgate, London<\/em><\/p>\n

    [5]<\/a>\u00a0Xem J. Starbatty \u2013 Alfred E. Ott, t\u1eadp II, trang 7<\/em><\/p>\n

    [6]<\/a>\u00a0Xem M. Skousen trang 86<\/em><\/p>\n

    [7]<\/a>\u00a0Xem M. Skousen trang 84<\/em><\/p>\n

    [8]<\/a>\u00a0Xem V. Linss trang 125<\/em><\/p>\n

    [9]<\/a>\u00a0Robert Wesson (1920-1991), gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Santa Barbara, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam M\u1ef9.<\/em><\/p>\n

    [10]<\/a>\u00a0Xem M. Skousen trang 67<\/em><\/p>\n

    [11]<\/a>\u00a0Xem M. Skousen trang 66<\/em><\/p>\n

    [12]<\/a>\u00a0Xem Marx<\/em>\u00a0\/ Engels trang 10<\/em><\/p>\n

    [13]<\/a>\u00a0Xem Marx<\/em>\u00a0\/ Engels trang 24<\/em><\/p>\n

    [14]<\/a>\u00a0Xem Marx<\/em>\u00a0\/ Engels trang 14-15<\/em><\/p>\n

    [15]<\/a>\u00a0Xem Marx<\/em>\u00a0\/ Engels trang 51<\/em><\/p>\n

    [16]<\/a>\u00a0Xem Marx<\/em>\u00a0\/ Engels trang 37<\/em>. Ti\u1ebfp sau \u0111\u00f3 Marx<\/em>\u00a0Engels<\/em>\u00a0gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a b\u1ecf t\u01b0 h\u1eefu t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u01b0 h\u1eefu c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n sinh s\u1ed1ng.<\/em><\/p>\n

    [17]<\/a>\u00a0Xem Marx<\/em>\u00a0\/ Engels trang 31<\/em><\/p>\n

    [18]<\/a>\u00a0Xem Marx<\/em>\u00a0\/ Engels trang 50-51<\/em><\/p>\n

    [19]<\/a>\u00a0Xem M. Skousen trang 67 (tr\u00edch c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a GS Robert Wesson)<\/em><\/p>\n

    [20]<\/a>\u00a0Xem\u00a0http:\/\/www.marxists.org\/deutsch\/geschichte\/deutsch\/spd\/1925\/heidelberg.htm<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

    [21]<\/a>\u00a0Alfred M\u00fcller-Armack c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf Ludwig Erhard l\u00e0 hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i Kinh t\u1ebf Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

    Source: KARL MARX v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn \u00ab Di\u1ec5n \u0110\u00e0n Khai Ph\u00f3ng<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: T\u00f4n Th\u1ea5t Th\u00f4ng, CHLB \u0110\u1ee9c X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi n\u1ea1n th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 ba. \u0110\u1ea5y<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false},"categories":[79],"tags":[112,178,1190,67,411,1038,1108],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p8jhJx-sJ","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/short\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1781"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/short\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/short\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/short\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/short\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1781"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/short\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1781\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1786,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/short\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1781\/revisions\/1786"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/short\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1781"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/short\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1781"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/short\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1781"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}