C\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng bao tr\u00f9m nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh “\u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1” (“Meta-fiction” hay “Grand Narratives”). <\/p>\n
\nTrong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n m\u00e0 Voloshinov g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn\u201d, bao tr\u00f9m l\u00ean m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng . V\u1ec1 sau, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia H\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 (\u201cMeta-fiction\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cGrand Narratives\u201d).<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 n\u00e0y bao tr\u00f9m m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c. Kito gi\u00e1o, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o, Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\u2026 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1. Khoa h\u1ecdc, D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7… c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia Ph\u00e1p Jacques Derrida g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3i ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n
Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ra s\u1ee9c c\u1ed5 v\u0169 cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t, ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c; s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i Nh\u00e2n lu\u1eadn (humanism – quan ni\u1ec7m l\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m) v\u00e0 \u00c2u trung lu\u1eadn (Eurocentrism \u2013 quan ni\u1ec7m l\u1ea5y Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m) v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n
Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ebft vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fang. M\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng chung, v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng chung \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n