\u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m m\u1edbi, xin g\u1eedi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1eddi m\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 T\u00f4n Th\u1ea5t Th\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y nay. B\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng \u1edf t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i M\u1edbi, v\u00e0 anh Th\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o h\u00e8 2019 \u1edf Porto.<\/p>\n
http:\/\/www.tapchithoidai.org\/ThoiDai38\/201938_TonThatThong.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n \u0110\u0103ng l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb Di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n Khai ph\u00f3ng:<\/p>\n T\u1eeb \u0110\u1ed8C QUY\u1ec0N TRI\u1ebeT H\u1eccC th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5…<\/a><\/p>\n T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5, ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u00e0y nay: H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: T\u00f4n Th\u1ea5t Th\u00f4ng<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n T\u00f3m t\u1eaft:<\/em><\/strong> <\/em><\/strong><\/span>B\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc trong th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 tai h\u1ea1i n\u00e0o x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn cho ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed7i ti\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c s\u1ebd c\u00f3 v\u00e0i so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean v\u0103n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda qua m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u00fang ta kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t r\u1ea5t s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng suy \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u00f4m nay. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn sau c\u00f9ng l\u00e0: \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/em><\/p>\n Xin c\u00e1m \u01a1n TS V\u0169 Quang Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 r\u00e0 so\u00e1t l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft.<\/em><\/p>\n D\u00e0n b\u00e0i<\/strong>:<\/span><\/p>\n ***<\/p>\n K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u00fac Constantine[1]<\/a> <\/span>\u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh trong \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3, Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb truy \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1, Constantine chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u Maxentius trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn \u00e1c li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 312, m\u00e0 Constantine t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tinh nhu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Maxentius. Nh\u1edd chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3, Constantine c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Theo quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh Mailand n\u0103m 313, gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, m\u00e0 s\u1eed s\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 <\/em><\/span>b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t Constantine<\/em>. V\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o theo Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i ngay tr\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00fac m\u1ea5t[2]<\/a> <\/span>v\u00e0o n\u0103m 337. Bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef1 xem Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t[3]<\/a>. \u00dd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chi ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\n B\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1ee9 hai<\/em> <\/span>l\u00e0 s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh n\u0103m 380 c\u1ee7a Theodosius \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf (347-395) n\u00e2ng Kit\u00f4 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o[4]<\/a>, sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u0103m 391 c\u1ea5m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u00edt \u1ecfi, v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf T\u00e2y La M\u00e3[5]<\/a> <\/span>ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 th\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i song song v\u1edbi nhau, v\u1eeba c\u1ea1nh tranh nhau nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng v\u1eeba li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p nhau \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. C\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh danh h\u00f2ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng cai tr\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, v\u1ed1n d\u0129 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3 Kit\u00f4. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a vua ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00f4ng qua tu vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Kit\u00f4 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng, chi ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n B\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t th\u1ee9 ba<\/em> <\/span>l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u0103m 529 c\u1ee7a Justinian I (482-565) \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda vi\u1ec7n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m Plato, l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1ch ngang ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd Hy L\u1ea1p trong \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf. \u1ede \u0110\u00f4ng La M\u00e3, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kinh \u0111\u00f4 Contantinople, nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1ed3ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau, cho n\u00ean c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i khoan dung, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf T\u00e2y La M\u00e3 th\u00ec c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1 v\u00e0 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 sinh t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai trong khu v\u1ef1c T\u00e2y La M\u00e3, t\u1ea1m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y \u00c2u h\u00f4m nay. Lu\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Kit\u00f4. Tu vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n trong nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u0103m lo \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n cho gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, m\u00e0 Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i song song v\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u; gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3ng lu\u00f4n vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c chi ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Kit\u00f4 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh lu\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n trong \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c khi ch\u00fang v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 Th\u00e1nh Kinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 7, sau g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e1nh n\u1ea1n ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf T\u00e2y La M\u00e3, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o sang Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ni\u1ec1m tin m\u1edbi, ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c do s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 th\u00ec do c\u00e1c toan t\u00ednh c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ngo\u00e0i ra th\u00ec t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u00e1o Kit\u00f4 c\u00f2n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 1000 n\u0103m sau tr\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00f3i tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 mang t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm l\u00ean n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u cho \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00e0m khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu cho nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n kh\u00ed, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9 v\u0129nh c\u1eedu. L\u00f2ng tin v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf to\u00e0n n\u0103ng, to\u00e0n tr\u00ed v\u00e0 to\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao c\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 b\u00e1c \u00e1i, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c, nh\u00e2n h\u1eadu, t\u1eeb t\u00e2m, trung t\u00edn, hi\u1ec1n h\u00f2a, ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9, v\u00ec Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng cho t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3<\/span>[6]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 chi ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng, Th\u00e1nh Kinh ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf, cho n\u00ean ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n tranh c\u00e3i, ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i g\u00ec t\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n (\u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m, c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n sau \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 Kit\u00f4, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3, l\u00e0 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o; ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Kit\u00f4. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5, ch\u1ee9 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t n\u1eafm l\u1ea1i vai tr\u00f2 ch\u0103m lo \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n cho gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf th\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n, \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o l\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd th\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Kit\u00f4 n\u1eafm l\u1ea1i vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t l\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y hi\u1ec7n nay.) <\/em><\/p>\n N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o chi ph\u1ed1i l\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u00e2n sinh quan, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 quan c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i \u0111i k\u00e8m c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n. C\u1ea3 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u? Quy lu\u1eadt chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ra sao? Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t ra, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm t\u00f2i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi minh b\u1ea1ch trong Th\u00e1nh Kinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. Ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i kh\u00f3 tha th\u1ee9, s\u1ebd b\u1ecb T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh k\u1ebft \u00e1n nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i phi\u00ean t\u00f2a Galileo Galilei n\u0103m 1633 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i th\u00eam v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng tai h\u1ea1i m\u00e0 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ti\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i l\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng to l\u1edbn. Ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00f2ng 31 n\u0103m c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb 306 \u0111\u1ebfn 337, Constantine \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf tr\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u00d4ng d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cho nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, cho ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 mi\u1ec5n thu\u1ebf cho gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 cao trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh ho\u00e0ng tri\u1ec1u. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o trong \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, c\u00f3 l\u00fac quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean l\u00fd bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Rome <\/span>[7]<\/a>.<\/p>\n \u00dd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a vua ch\u00faa v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u. H\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n cao c\u1ea5p cho vua ch\u00faa v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u00e0 th\u1edd l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba k\u1ebf theo lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p[8]<\/a>. Lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3 c\u00f2n khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u01b0a gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cai tr\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1[9]<\/a>. Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn ki\u00eam ch\u1ee9c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 7, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Kit\u00f4, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec m\u1ea5y: M\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng CSVN, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p cho ph\u00e9p l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh duy nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 Marx-Lenin. Ai d\u00e1m b\u01b0\u1edbc ra kh\u1ecfi lu\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p th\u1eb3ng tay. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 b\u1ebf t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng sau n\u00e0y t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ebf t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea3ng CSVN kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi thay \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm ra l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u1ec1 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0n n\u0103m. Tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i ph\u00e2n x\u1eed tranh ch\u1ea5p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc d\u1ee5 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng <\/span>Inter Caetera<\/em> <\/span>trong tranh ch\u1ea5p gi\u1eefa T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15[10]<\/a>. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c \u1edf cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc d\u1ee5 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng <\/span>Romanus Pontifex<\/em> <\/span>th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1455 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a cho B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Nam ch\u00e2u Phi[11]<\/a>. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3, trong nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5, s\u1ef1 tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 vua ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u.<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 k\u00ecm h\u00e3m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7[12]<\/a>. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u m\u1edbi t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ra kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng ki\u1ec1m t\u1ecfa c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean, khi c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3n khoa h\u1ecdc trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Kit\u00f4, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o s\u1ef1 gian l\u1eadn c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i Th\u00e1nh Kinh theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea9m. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m cho gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ch\u1ec9 trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng khi qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai s\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e3nh vai tr\u00f2 \u0111i ti\u00ean phong, ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi mong ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai ph\u00f3ng, l\u00e0m xung l\u1ef1c cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, trong \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tinh th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 khi v\u1eeba tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u v\u00e3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u, khi s\u1ef1 thanh c\u1ea3nh khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho gi\u00e0u sang v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tha h\u00f3a trong bi\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e0u sang quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e8o l\u00e1i gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh th\u1ea7n Kit\u00f4.<\/p>\n T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u00e2n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh nh\u1eefng tai h\u1ecda n\u00e0o? Trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian h\u00f4m nay, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u1eed l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u00f4m nay:<\/p>\n 2.a X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb k\u00ecm h\u00e3m v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n N\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4m nay, nh\u01b0 Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Protagoras v.v\u2026 K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n La M\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng Hy L\u1ea1p, t\u00e0n s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n s\u0129, b\u1eaft h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u vong t\u1ea1i Rome, n\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb t\u00e0n l\u1ee5i. Khi vi\u1ec7n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m Plato b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda v\u00e0o n\u0103m 529, bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1ch ngang ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t cho n\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc huy ho\u00e0ng b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Hy L\u1ea1p duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y La M\u00e3, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng thu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Aristotle, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a quan ch\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. Aristotle nghi\u1ec5m nhi\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1eeb thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Aristotle \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u sai l\u1ea1c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12, khi phong tr\u00e0o d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u m\u1edbi d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh, \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu, \u0111\u1eb7t nghi v\u1ea5n, ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n, tri\u1ec3n khai. C\u0169ng nh\u1edd th\u1ebf m\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Aristotle, tri\u1ebft l\u00fd th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kinh vi\u1ec7n (Scholasticism<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean b\u00e0n c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed5 x\u1ebb. Ngo\u00e0i ra, s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng, cho d\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u. M\u00e3i 300 n\u0103m sau, trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i huy ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15, d\u00f9 Aristotle v\u1eabn c\u00f2n quan tr\u1ecdng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1 b\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho Plato, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Plato c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n Ph\u1ea3i th\u00eam 300 n\u0103m n\u1eefa, \u1edf cao \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i khai s\u00e1ng cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, tri\u1ebft l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecba v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 do. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n tham kh\u1ea3o b\u1ed5 sung, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd b\u1ea5t di d\u1ecbch. Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i v\u00e0o h\u1eadu tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho nh\u1eefng tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi m\u1ebb h\u01a1n v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy nghi\u1ec7m (empiricism<\/em>), duy l\u00fd (rationalism<\/em>), duy th\u1ee9c (idealism<\/em>). \u00dd ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh \u201eTh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf \u2013 tr\u1ea7n gian \u2013 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201c b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi: \u201ech\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u2013 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean h\u00e0i h\u00f2a \u2013 tri th\u1ee9c ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t[13]<\/a>\u201c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng cao \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a lu\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch <\/span>Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00fd t\u00ednh thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/em> <\/span>c\u1ee7a Immanuel Kant xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1781. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u1ea7m ng\u1eafm c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o danh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea5m l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1828. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng quen thu\u1ed9c trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Th\u00e1nh Kinh, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5.<\/p>\n So s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u01a1n 50 n\u0103m qua, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u1eafm \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 Marx-Lenin. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho thanh ni\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh, \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1ecb k\u00ecm h\u00e3m su\u1ed1t h\u01a1n hai th\u1ebf h\u1ec7. Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1n sinh vi\u00ean mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m lu\u1eadn \u00e1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ebfm ra t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n Marx-Lenin, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n th\u00ec ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, internet ch\u01b0a c\u00f3, s\u00e1ch v\u1edf li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u00ec nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1i b\u1ecf bi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n: gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n li\u00ean l\u1ee5y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1edf ngo\u00e0i lu\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn quanh qu\u1ea9n trong l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m Marx-Lenin, t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u1ecb ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm trong d\u00f2ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Aristotle v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0n n\u0103m.<\/p>\n V\u00ec ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabm ch\u00e2n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 h\u01a1n 1.000 n\u0103m, m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 m\u1edbi d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy, nh\u1edd th\u1ebf h\u1ecd m\u1edf mang tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi l\u1ea1, d\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 v\u00e0 19. V\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f4m nay, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ng\u1eafn th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u1ea5y sau 100 n\u0103m hay kh\u00f4ng? 50 n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f4i qua v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u00ed ph\u1ea1m. Th\u00eam 50 n\u0103m n\u1eefa, li\u1ec7u thanh ni\u00ean, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 Marx-Lenin \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai ph\u00f3ng \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 hay kh\u00f4ng? V\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn? Ai l\u00e0m? L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y \u1edf ph\u1ea7n 4 b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/p>\n 2.b Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 k\u00ecm h\u00e3m trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i xin n\u00eau l\u00ean hai th\u00ed d\u1ee5 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u trong hai l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n V\u1ec1 y khoa<\/strong>: Kh\u00f4ng ai nghi ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng, Claudius Galenus (129-216) l\u00e0 v\u1ecb t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh y khoa c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Galenus l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt sau n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean v\u00ec l\u00fd do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, sau khi gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Kit\u00f4 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3, vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed5 x\u1ebb th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong y khoa l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m b\u1ecb gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u1ea5m v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng S\u00e1ng T\u1ea1o, vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed5 x\u1ebb \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb k\u1ebft v\u00e0o t\u1ed9i x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m b\u1ec1 tr\u00ean, cho n\u00ean khoa ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt b\u00e1c s\u0129 y\u00eau ngh\u1ec1, can \u0111\u1ea3m ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh l\u00e9n l\u00fat trong b\u00ed m\u1eadt. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m <\/span>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ea7y Thu\u1ed1c<\/em> <\/span>(c\u1ee7a Noah Gordon, L\u00ea Chu C\u1ea7u d\u1ecbch, nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Lao \u0110\u1ed9ng) di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Galenus v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00eam ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 su\u1ed1t h\u01a1n 1000 n\u0103m. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1543, l\u00fac b\u00e1c s\u0129 Andreas Vesalius ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 <\/span>C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em> <\/span>(De humani corporis fabrica libri septem)<\/em>, ng\u00e0nh ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt y khoa m\u1edbi \u0111i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t kh\u00fac quanh quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4m nay. M\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n 1.200 n\u0103m d\u1eabm ch\u00e2n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Galenus cho \u0111\u1ebfn Vesalius, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, m\u1ed5 x\u1ebb c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n V\u1ec1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/strong>: Thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecba t\u00e2m[14]<\/a> <\/span>(Geocentrism<\/em>) v\u1edbi hai khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 Aristotle (384-322 tr\u01b0\u1edbc CN) v\u00e0 Ptolemy (100-170 sau CN) \u0111\u00e3 chi ph\u1ed1i ng\u00e0nh thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc su\u1ed1t h\u01a1n 1.500 n\u0103m. Thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecba t\u00e2m cho r\u1eb1ng, qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean \u1edf trung t\u00e2m, c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00e1c k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi quay quanh qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t. Thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecba t\u00e2m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Th\u00e1nh Kinh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1. Su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 1.500 n\u0103m, kh\u00f4ng ai d\u00e1m ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ed1n d\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 sai l\u1ea1c \u1ea5y nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. C\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf b\u1ecb k\u00ecm h\u00e3m h\u01a1n 1.500 n\u0103m, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 can \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Kinh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, s\u1ef1 li\u00ean minh v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa Aristotle, Ptolemy v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m: lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh h\u00e0o quang c\u1ee7a Aristotle bi\u1ec7n minh che ch\u1edf, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Aristotle \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u2013 c\u01a1 quan h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn tinh th\u1ea7n cho gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u2013 b\u1ea3o ch\u1ee9ng. Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i l\u00f9i b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ee9c c\u1ea3n v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi, sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft nh\u1eadt t\u00e2m (Heliocentrism<\/em>), m\u00e0 s\u1eed s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eb7ng cho danh hi\u1ec7u \u201ecu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Copernicus\u201c trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y, d\u00f9 ch\u01b0a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean. Qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00e1c quay quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay ch\u00fang ta xem kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n c\u00e3i, nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Copernicus l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 bom t\u1ea5n trong gi\u1edbi y\u00eau khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n l\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft l\u00fd th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, cho n\u00ean s\u00e1ch v\u1edf li\u00ean quan b\u1ecb gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u1ea5m l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1ecb tr\u00f9 d\u1eadp, m\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Giordano Bruno b\u1ecb \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh, Galileo Galilei b\u1ecb \u00e1n chung th\u00e2n, sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3n th\u00fac t\u1ea1i gia cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac ch\u1ebft. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u1edf ph\u1ea7n 3 b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh, Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean hay kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb n\u00e0o mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n th\u00ec ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u. Ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea5y th\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf v\u0129 m\u00f4 th\u00ec r\u00f5 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n H\u01a1n 50 n\u0103m qua, kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Marx-Lenin l\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Marx-Lenin. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5p kinh ph\u00ed cho nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kinh t\u1ebf ngo\u00e0i lu\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean \u2013 n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tinh hoa c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o cho m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng duy nh\u1ea5t: kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Marx-Lenin. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng, Marx mu\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7[15]<\/a> <\/span>v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c nh\u1eefng ai theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 v\u1ecb t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 Adam Smith \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n <\/span>Ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em>[16]<\/a><\/strong><\/em> <\/span>c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1776.<\/p>\n Chuy\u1ec7n bu\u1ed3n c\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 sau khi \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3ng CSVN xem l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 n\u00f3, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1p th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o l\u00ean nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng[17]<\/a>, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i cao h\u1ee9ng m\u00f3c th\u00eam c\u00e1i \u0111u\u00f4i <\/span>\u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/em> <\/span>cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Marx-Lenin, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb <\/span>kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/em> <\/span>v\u00e0 <\/span>\u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng XHCN<\/em>, ch\u00fang h\u00e0i h\u00f2a nhau hay m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn nhau nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u1eeda?<\/p>\n L\u00fac nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Kinh t\u1ebf Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch Th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 Kinh t\u1ebf T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2019, t\u00f4i ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi 1000 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00e1ch li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi 100 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kinh t\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u1ea5y mang m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, c\u1ea7n tranh lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. Trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00e1ch b\u00e0n b\u1ea1c nghi\u00eam t\u00fac v\u1ec1 <\/span>Kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng XHCN<\/em>. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng ai n\u1eafm v\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, hay t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n vi\u1ec7c <\/span>\u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng XHCN<\/em> <\/span>trong kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i? Ri\u00eang c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1eb7t hai c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nhau l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n bu\u1ed3n c\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb v\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u1ed9i dung. Ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 Marx-Lenin, \u0111\u1ea3ng CSVN \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh sai l\u1ea1c, k\u00e9o l\u00f9i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, h\u01a1n hai th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 thanh ni\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb che d\u1ea5u nhi\u1ec1u tri th\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i ph\u1ed3n vinh cho lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Kh\u00f4ng d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, Vi\u1ec7t Nam ta kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean s\u00e1nh vai c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n So v\u1edbi hai th\u00ed d\u1ee5 y khoa v\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u00f3 v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0o \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 can \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u01b0 b\u00e1c s\u0129 Vesalius hay h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Copernicus, c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 Marx-Lenin? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng, v\u00ec ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n 2.c Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 b\u1ecb k\u00ecm h\u00e3m v\u00ec ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n T\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n trung c\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng s\u00e1ch v\u1edf l\u00fac \u1ea5y r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm hoi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec l\u00ean gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u1ecfi v\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7u thu\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u00fac Johannes Gutenberg ph\u00e1t minh ra m\u00e1y in v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15, ng\u00e0nh in \u1ea5n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh, s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 in h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Kit\u00f4 lo s\u1ee3, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 sau khi Copernicus ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft nh\u1eadt t\u00e2m. V\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u0103m 1559, gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ban b\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c s\u00e1ch c\u1ea5m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn (Index Librorum Prohibitorum<\/em>), th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 <\/span>Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c La M\u00e3<\/em> <\/span>(Index Romanus<\/em>). T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng Paul VI h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c La M\u00e3 n\u0103m 1965, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 6.000 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00e1ch trong ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng theo tinh th\u1ea7n Th\u00e1nh Kinh v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Kit\u00f4. V\u00e0i nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m c\u00f3 s\u00e1ch b\u1ecb ghi trong Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c La M\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 l\u00e0: tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, Ren\u00e9 Descartes, r\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u khai s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 Francis Bacon, John Locke, David Hume, Blaise Pascal, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Denis Diderot, Immanuel Kant, ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1eaby l\u1eebng trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 Victor Hugo, Michel de Montaigne, Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir v.v\u2026 Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i v\u0103n minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7.<\/p>\n \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay th\u00ec sao? ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f2n tinh vi th\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed9c h\u01a1n Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c La M\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u! Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i La M\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in \u1ea5n, khi h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u1ed9i dung \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam ta, s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft xong ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 60 nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0nh in \u1ea5n v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00f3p ngh\u1eb9t ngay t\u1eeb trong tr\u1ee9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi lu\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng Marx-Lenin. K\u1ebb thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i l\u00e0 ai? L\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3, l\u00e0 thanh ni\u00ean sinh vi\u00ean, l\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 Marx-Lenin. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u1edf tr\u00ean v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i <\/span>internet<\/em> <\/span>h\u00f4m nay, c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng che d\u1ea5u v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n tri th\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng tai h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y trong th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 v\u1eabn x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f4m nay, d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y hay h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c, \u1edf nh\u1eefng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao hay th\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau trong m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0: \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ebd x\u00f3i m\u00f2n tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ef1 do trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u01b0 duy, tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 khi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, k\u00ecm h\u00e3m t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, cho n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, n\u00f3i g\u00ec t\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t minh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi m\u1ebb mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1? \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c: con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do c\u00f3 l\u00fd tr\u00ed ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng hai m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1ed3n l\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n lo s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb r\u00ecnh m\u00f2 theo d\u00f5i, th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c nghi k\u1ef5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chung quanh. L\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng hai m\u1eb7t k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y sang th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tai h\u1ecda cho nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, l\u00f2ng y\u00eau chu\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 do, ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. L\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng hai m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e2u d\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i xin n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 tai h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o l\u00f9i v\u0103n minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, hy v\u1ecdng qua \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tai h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ng\u00e0y nay l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia. T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Nicolaus Copernicus, m\u00e0 s\u1eed s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eb7ng cho danh hi\u1ec7u <\/span>c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Copernicus<\/em> <\/span>trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n H\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Copernicus l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Balan, c\u00f3 l\u00fac l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Kit\u00f4 Ba Lan. Chuy\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thi\u00ean v\u0103n kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Copernicus, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng say s\u01b0a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thi\u00ean v\u0103n thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay do s\u1ef1 \u0111am m\u00ea c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0, d\u00f9 Copernicus l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ngoan \u0111\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ch\u00f9n tay, khi \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1eadp m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft l\u00fd th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Kit\u00f4. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n Su\u1ed1t 1.500 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecba t\u00e2m, l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, v\u1ed1n d\u0129 r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n Th\u00e1nh Kinh. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1530, Copernicus kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 r\u1eb1ng, thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecba t\u00e2m l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea1c khi \u00f4ng quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1edbi l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00e1c quay quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 quan trong th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Kit\u00f4, n\u00f3 h\u1ea1 b\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Kit\u00f4 v\u1ed1n d\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n h\u01a1n 1.500 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch b\u01b0ng b\u00edt v\u00e0 \u0111e d\u1ecda Copernicus ph\u1ea3i im l\u1eb7ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. D\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1eed gia \u0111\u1eddi sau, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i c\u0169ng xin ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t r\u1eb1ng, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec \u00e1p l\u1ef1c t\u00e2m l\u00fd m\u00e0 Copernicus gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u trong v\u00f2ng quen bi\u1ebft nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p, cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac s\u1eafp ch\u1ebft v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd cho xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng khai t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201eV\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh<\/em>\u201c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1543.<\/p>\n V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp tay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Kit\u00f4 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu: h\u1ecd t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Copernicus kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, h\u1ecd l\u00ean \u00e1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 thuy\u1ebft nh\u1eadt t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Copernicus, h\u1ecd r\u0103n \u0111e d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111em ra x\u1eed \u00e1n n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t n\u1ed5i danh. Xin \u0111\u01a1n c\u1eed hai nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u:<\/p>\n Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Giordano Bruno (1548-1600): Ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Copernicus m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf x\u1ee9 \u00dd n\u0103m 1576, l\u01b0u vong tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y sang n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c trong ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. V\u00ec nh\u1edb qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 sau khi Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 Sixtus V m\u1ea5t, Bruno hy v\u1ecdng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh d\u1ec5 th\u1edf h\u01a1n n\u00ean tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u00dd n\u0103m 1590. Ch\u1ec9 ba n\u0103m sau, Bruno b\u1ecb b\u1eaft gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 Rome v\u00e0 b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh v\u00ec t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3n gi\u00e1o, l\u01b0\u1ee1i b\u1ecb c\u1ed9t ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00eau ca g\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb thi\u00eau s\u1ed1ng. S\u00e1ch v\u1edf c\u1ee7a Bruno b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c La M\u00e3 (Index Romanus<\/em>) su\u1ed1t 400 n\u0103m cho \u0111\u1ebfn 1966. V\u00e0 m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2000, Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng Johannes Paul II m\u1edbi h\u1ee7y b\u1ea3n \u00e1n v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i danh d\u1ef1 cho Bruno.<\/p>\n Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt th\u1ee9 hai c\u00f2n n\u1ed5i danh h\u01a1n l\u00e0 Galileo Galilei (1564-1641), m\u1ed9t trong t\u1ee9 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u00ec \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Copernicus, Galilei \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i r\u0103n \u0111e nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1630 (g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau khi Copernicus m\u1ea5t), t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh d\u1ec5 th\u1edf h\u01a1n nh\u1edd t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch, Galilei cho xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m <\/span>\u0110\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0nh tinh<\/em> <\/span>(Dialogo<\/em>), trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, Copernicus ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 l\u00fd v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 thuy\u1ebft nh\u1eadt t\u00e2m. V\u00ec t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3, Galileo Galilei b\u1ecb t\u00f2a \u00e1n d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o (inquisition court<\/em>) c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i k\u1ebft \u00e1n chung th\u00e2n n\u0103m 1633, sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n th\u00fac t\u1ea1i gia. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, Galilei ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u00e0, c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t m\u1ecdi quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i su\u1ed1t t\u00e1m n\u0103m cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac ch\u1ebft[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n C\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Copernicus \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng r\u0103n \u0111e, l\u00e0m c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thi\u00ean v\u0103n, \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i v\u0103n minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. T\u00e2m l\u00fd s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i khai s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17\/18 m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n Nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao nh\u01b0 Copernicus th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a c\u00f3, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng so s\u00e1nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 Marx-Lenin, vi\u1ec7c r\u0103n \u0111e c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thu\u1ed9c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 do th\u00ec Vi\u1ec7t Nam ta kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Chu H\u1ea3o g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5. Nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trung c\u1ed5, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng n\u00ean c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m nguy h\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u1ea3ng CSVN \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebft r\u1ed3i nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n Ri\u00eang trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 h\u01a1n: Ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Marx-Lenin m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi m\u1ebb \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n v\u00e0o. M\u1ed9t \u00edt chuy\u00ean gia c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a (mi\u1ec1n Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1975) c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i ra kh\u1ecfi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ed \u00f3c, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y ra ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c. Sau quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0i ba cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n tri\u1ec7t c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 nh\u1ea7m to. Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh logic m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Marxist kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: khi m\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u1ef1 do to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u01b0a tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft tinh trong tim \u00f3c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, khi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd sai l\u1ea1c, hu\u1ed1ng h\u1ed3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea5t di d\u1ecbch v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx-Lenin v\u1ed1n d\u0129 tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau v\u1eabn c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch v\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng? Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u voi \u0111u\u00f4i chu\u1ed9t. Bao nhi\u00eau th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i v\u00ec ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 Marx-Lenin? Bao nhi\u00eau th\u1eadp ni\u00ean n\u1eefa s\u1ebd c\u00f2n m\u1ea5t \u0111i, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn?<\/p>\n \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian qu\u00e1 ng\u1eafn, qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng, cho n\u00ean t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 xin l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Immanuel Kant v\u1ec1 khai s\u00e1ng[19]<\/a>, xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t g\u1ee3i \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, m\u1ed9t xung l\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t impulse cho gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c tr\u1ea7m t\u01b0 suy ngh\u0129.<\/p>\n Khi \u0111i t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a cho kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201ckhai s\u00e1ng\u201d th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17\/18, c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn tr\u1ee9 danh c\u1ee7a Immanuel Kant \u2013 <\/span>Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: Khai s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u2013<\/em> <\/em><\/span>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean <\/span>Nguy\u1ec7t san Berlin<\/em>[20]<\/a><\/strong><\/em> <\/em><\/em><\/span>th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1784. B\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn d\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 m\u01b0\u1eddi trang, v\u00e0 cho d\u00f9 ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n khai s\u00e1ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Kant c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh c\u00e3i, nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u0169ng n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb chung nh\u1ea5t so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c.<\/em><\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9.1783, m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00f4 danh[21]<\/a> <\/span>vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch khi\u00eau kh\u00edch, nh\u00e2n danh m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai s\u00e1ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed5 h\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Kit\u00f4, qua \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 \u1edf nh\u00e0 th\u1edd m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng. V\u1ecb m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 Tin l\u00e0nh Johann Friedrich Z\u00f6llner, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u1edf Berlin, tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n khi\u00eau kh\u00edch kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a khai s\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 Z\u00f6llner, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u201cKhai s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? So v\u1edbi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi <\/span>ch\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 g\u00ec<\/em>, khai s\u00e1ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi minh b\u1ea1ch, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 khai s\u00e1ng! Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u! <\/span>[22]<\/a>\u201d.<\/p>\n C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 Z\u00f6llner \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf m\u00e0n cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Tri\u1ebft gia Moses Mendelssohn tham gia tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u201cV\u1ec1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: Khai s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/em>[23]<\/a><\/strong><\/em>\u201d \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean <\/span>Nguy\u1ec7t san Berlin<\/em> <\/em><\/span>th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1784. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, hai th\u00e1ng sau l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Immanuel Kant, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u trong m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fa r\u1eb1ng, \u201et\u00f4i ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 [c\u1ee7a Mendelssohn]; n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn b\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y, v\u1ed1n d\u0129 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed5 sung, n\u1ebfu v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng [gi\u1eefa hai b\u00e0i]\u201c <\/span>[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ch\u00fang ta xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh trong b\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Kant[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Kant b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u00fang v\u00e0o c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, c\u00e2u n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t t\u1eed trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u khai s\u00e1ng:<\/p>\n \u201c<\/em>Khai s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh do l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh g\u00e2y ra. Ch\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh<\/strong><\/em> <\/em><\/span>l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai d\u1eabn d\u1eaft. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 do<\/em> <\/em><\/span>l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh<\/strong><\/em>, khi nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, m\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ai d\u1eabn d\u1eaft.<\/em> <\/em><\/span>Sapere aude<\/strong><\/em>[26]<\/a><\/strong><\/em>! H\u00e3y c\u00f3 can \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/em> <\/em><\/span>c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh<\/strong><\/em>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m c\u1ee7a khai s\u00e1ng<\/em>\u201d <\/span>[27]<\/a>.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n suy ngh\u0129 theo l\u00fd t\u00ednh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 x\u00e1c t\u00edn c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n do b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t ra. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft do ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfp thu tri th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n[28]<\/a>. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Kant l\u00e0 nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00fd t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng \u201cnguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00fd t\u00ednh\u201d. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ed1ng lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, n\u1ebfu m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh \u1ea5y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean[29]<\/a>. Theo Kant, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u201cch\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh\u201d l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 t\u1ea1i Ph\u1ed5, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o:<\/p>\n \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c<\/em> <\/em><\/span>v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/em><\/strong> <\/em><\/span>th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c khai s\u00e1ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh do ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh g\u00e2y ra\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n N\u1ebfu so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n nay tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Kit\u00f4 su\u1ed1t h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m t\u1eeb th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Th\u1eed n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta: Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7n nay \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec m\u1ea5y so v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u00fac Kit\u00f4 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o n\u0103m 380 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda Vi\u1ec7n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m Plato n\u0103m 529, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3. G\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi n\u00f3, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t khe kh\u1eaft ng\u00e0y nay xem ra c\u00f2n h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 \u201cCh\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch c\u1ea5m l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh\u201d (Index Romanus<\/em>) c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Kit\u00f4 La M\u00e3 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tri th\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang ch\u1eadm th\u00eam v\u00e0i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7[30]<\/a>. Cho n\u00ean, n\u1ebfu xem khai s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, th\u00ec h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng <\/span>ch\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh<\/em> <\/em><\/span>theo tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Kant. Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u01a1n 300 n\u0103m qua, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, v\u0103n minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng hoa sau khi h\u1ecd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00f2 b\u00f3 v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng do ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Kit\u00f4 t\u1ea1o ra su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 k\u00ecm k\u1eb9p g\u00f2 b\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng qui \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u1eb7t ngh\u00e8o su\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u1ed1ng hai m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng <\/span>ch\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh<\/em>, hay n\u00f3i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang bi\u1ebft, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ecd v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 cho b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, t\u1ef1 khai s\u00e1ng cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ri\u00eang l\u1ebb. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Kant r\u1ea5t hy v\u1ecdng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 khai s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do, b\u1edfi v\u00ec:<\/p>\n \u201c\u1ede c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ngay c\u1ea3 trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 [\u0111ang c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c], nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 tay v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf c\u00e1i g\u00f4ng c\u00f9m<\/em>\n
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