Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1eed Si\u00eam l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t, ch\u1ed1ng xo\u0301i m\u00f2n, r\u1eeda tr\u00f4i, ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau \u0111\u1ea5t, canh t\u00e1c v\u00f9ng cao. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam quan t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u0103n ho\u0301a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh, c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c danh nh\u00e2n ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u, c\u00e1c g\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebft ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n T\u00ccM \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG H\u1eccC T\u1eacP<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Qu\u00ea g\u00f4\u0301c cu\u0309a GS.TS Nguy\u00ea\u0303n T\u01b0\u0309 Si\u00eam la\u0300 la\u0300ng Th\u01b0 \u0110i\u00ea\u0300n, thu\u00f4\u0323c phu\u0309 Tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0300ng An (nay thu\u00f4\u0323c xa\u0303 Ninh Nh\u00e2\u0301t, tha\u0300nh ph\u00f4\u0301 Ninh Bi\u0300nh), nh\u01b0ng h\u01a1n n\u01b0\u0309a th\u00ea\u0301 k\u1ef7 qua \u00f4ng \u0111\u0103\u0323t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u00ea\u0301n kh\u0103\u0301p ca\u0301c mi\u00ea\u0300n \u0111\u00e2\u0301t n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u gi\u01b0\u0303 gi\u0300n ta\u0300i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e2\u0301t \u0111ai, khuy\u00ea\u0301n n\u00f4ng va\u0300 khuy\u00ea\u0301n l\u00e2m. La\u0300ng c\u00f4\u0309 \u0111\u00f4\u0300ng chi\u00eam nu\u0301i \u0111a\u0301 na\u0300y thu\u00f4\u0323c khu di ti\u0301ch Tra\u0300ng An n\u00f4\u0309i ti\u00ea\u0301ng la\u0300 \u201c\u0111\u00e2\u0301t ho\u0323c\u201d. \u201cTh\u01b0 \u0110i\u00ea\u0300n \u201d \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c l\u00e2\u0301y t\u01b0\u0300 y\u0301 c\u00e2u th\u01a1 \u201cTh\u01b0 \u0111i\u00ea\u0300n v\u00f4 thu\u00ea\u0301 t\u01b0\u0309 t\u00f4n canh\u201d \u2013 Ru\u00f4\u0323ng la\u0300 sa\u0301ch thi\u0300 kh\u00f4ng m\u00e2\u0301t thu\u00ea\u0301, con cha\u0301u n\u00ean v\u01b0\u0300a ho\u0323c v\u01b0\u0300a c\u00e2\u0301y c\u00e2\u0300y. Nguy\u00ea\u0303n T\u01b0\u0309 la\u0300 do\u0300ng ho\u0323 hi\u00ea\u0301u ho\u0323c, co\u0301 nhi\u00ea\u0300u ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i \u0111\u1ed7 \u0111a\u0323t cao, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c s\u01b0\u0309 sa\u0301ch ghi nh\u00e2\u0323n \u201cV\u00f4\u0301n do\u0300ng thi l\u00ea\u0303, \u0111\u01a1\u0300i \u0111\u01a1\u0300i v\u0103n ho\u0323c\u201d, da\u0323y ho\u0323c kh\u0103\u0301p n\u01a1i, la\u0300m quan nhi\u00ea\u0300u, ma\u0300 cu\u0303ng t\u01b0\u0300 quan kh\u00f4ng i\u0301t. Danh nh\u00e2n ti\u00eau bi\u00ea\u0309u co\u0301 nha\u0300 nho Nguy\u00ea\u0303n T\u01b0\u0309 D\u01b0\u0323 la\u0300 Tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0309ng ha\u0300o cu\u0309a Nho\u0301m Tra\u0300ng An Th\u00e2\u0301t Ha\u0300o v\u01a1\u0301i \u201cH\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0\u01a1\u0301c 24 \u0111i\u00ea\u0300u\u201d n\u00f4\u0309i ti\u00ea\u0301ng (1772) va\u0300 Nguy\u00ea\u0303n T\u01b0\u0309 M\u1eabn ta\u0301c gia\u0309 \u201cNinh Bi\u0300nh \u0110i\u0323a chi\u0301 Kha\u0309o bi\u00ean\u201d (vi\u00ea\u0301t 1852, Nha\u0300 xu\u00e2\u0301t ba\u0309n Chi\u0301nh tri\u0323 Qu\u00f4\u0301c gia, 2001). Nha\u0300 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c Nguy\u00ea\u0303n T\u01b0\u0309 T\u01b0\u01a1ng la\u0300 Ta\u0301n t\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u00e2n vu\u0323 d\u00e2\u0301y binh la\u0303nh \u0111a\u0323o phong tra\u0300o C\u00e2\u0300n V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01a1\u0309 tr\u00e2\u0301n S\u01a1n Nam (Nam \u0110i\u0323nh va\u0300 Ninh Bi\u0300nh nga\u0300y nay) \u0111a\u0303 hy sinh \u01a1\u0309 nha\u0300 lao Ninh Bi\u0300nh (1898). Sinh n\u0103m 1942, su\u00f4\u0301t tu\u00f4\u0309i th\u01a1 cu\u0309a GS.TS Nguy\u00ea\u0303n T\u01b0\u0309 Si\u00eam tra\u0309i qua cu\u00f4\u0323c Kha\u0301ng chi\u00ea\u0301n ch\u00f4\u0301ng Pha\u0301p, cha\u0323y gi\u0103\u0323c va\u0300 ca\u0301i \u0111o\u0301i tri\u00ea\u0300n mi\u00ean v\u1eabn in trong tri\u0301 nh\u01a1\u0301 \u00f4ng. Th\u01a1\u0300i \u00e2\u0301y Ninh Bi\u0300nh ch\u01b0a co\u0301 tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0300ng c\u00e2\u0301p 3, ho\u0323c h\u00ea\u0301t l\u01a1\u0301p 7 (1957) cu\u0303ng la\u0300 lu\u0301c \u00f4ng pha\u0309i r\u01a1\u0300i qu\u00ea l\u00ean Ha\u0300 N\u00f4\u0323i t\u01b0\u0323 ki\u00ea\u0301m s\u00f4\u0301ng \u0111\u00ea\u0309 ho\u0323c h\u00ea\u0301t trung ho\u0323c. Kha\u0301c v\u01a1\u0301i cha anh, \u00f4ng cho\u0323n ngh\u00ea\u0300 n\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 vi\u0300 mu\u00f4\u0301n cho gia \u0111i\u0300nh \u0111\u01a1\u0303 kh\u00f4\u0309, qu\u00ea mi\u0300nh \u0111\u01a1\u0303 ngh\u00e8o. Tuy la\u0300m nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u, gia\u0309ng da\u0323y va\u0300 khuy\u00ea\u0301n n\u00f4ng, \u00f4ng v\u1eabn da\u0300nh th\u01a1\u0300i gian \u0111\u00ea\u0309 t\u01b0\u0323 ho\u0323c, ti\u0300m \u0111o\u0323c va\u0300 vi\u00ea\u0301t v\u00ea\u0300 ngh\u00ea\u0300 nghi\u00ea\u0323p, v\u00ea\u0300 vu\u0300ng \u0111\u00e2\u0301t c\u00f4\u0301 \u0111\u00f4 va\u0300 con ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i cu\u0309a qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u0300nh. <\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n B\u01af\u1edaC \u0110\u1ea6U V\u00c0O NGH\u1ec0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Sau khi t\u00f4\u0301t nghi\u00ea\u0323p \u0110a\u0323i ho\u0323c N\u00f4ng nghi\u00ea\u0323p Ha\u0300 N\u00f4\u0323i, \u00f4ng nh\u00e2\u0323n vi\u00ea\u0323c ta\u0323i Tra\u0323m Nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u C\u00e2y Nhi\u00ea\u0323t \u0111\u01a1\u0301i T\u00e2y Hi\u00ea\u0301u (nay la\u0300 Trung t\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u C\u00e2y \u0103n qua\u0309 Phu\u0309 Qu\u1ef3), phu\u0323c vu\u0323 sa\u0309n xu\u00e2\u0301t cu\u0309a ca\u0301c n\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0300ng v\u01a1\u0301i \u0111i\u0323a ba\u0300n hoa\u0323t \u0111\u00f4\u0323ng chu\u0309 y\u00ea\u0301u la\u0300 mi\u00ea\u0300n \u201ctuy\u00ea\u0301n l\u01b0\u0309a\u201d t\u01b0\u0300 Khu 4 cu\u0303 \u0111\u00ea\u0301n gi\u01a1\u0301i tuy\u00ea\u0301n Vi\u0303nh Linh. Nh\u01a1\u0301 v\u00ea\u0300 nh\u01b0\u0303ng nga\u0300y na\u0300y, \u00f4ng lu\u00f4n nh\u0103\u0301c t\u01a1\u0301i ca\u0301c b\u00e2\u0323c \u0111a\u0300n anh nh\u01b0: Mai Xu\u00e2n, \u0110oa\u0300n Tri\u00ea\u0323u Nha\u0323n, Ng\u00f4 V\u0103n Hoa\u0300ng \u2013 nh\u01b0\u0303ng ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i \u0111a\u0303 di\u0300u d\u0103\u0301t \u00f4ng trong nh\u01b0\u0303ng b\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c ch\u00e2\u0323p ch\u01b0\u0303ng va\u0300o ngh\u00ea\u0300. C\u00f4ng vi\u00ea\u0323c chi\u0301nh cu\u0309a \u00f4ng t\u00e2\u0323p trung va\u0300o nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u ba\u0309o v\u00ea\u0323 \u0111\u00e2\u0301t, ch\u00f4\u0301ng xo\u0301i mo\u0300n r\u01b0\u0309a tr\u00f4i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2\u0301t d\u00f4\u0301c, ph\u00e2n bo\u0301n cho c\u00e2y l\u00e2u n\u0103m, tu\u00e2\u0300n hoa\u0300n ch\u00e2\u0301t h\u01b0\u0303u c\u01a1 nh\u01b0 m\u00f4\u0323t gia\u0309i pha\u0301p duy tri\u0300 \u0111\u00f4\u0323 phi\u0300 nhi\u00eau va\u0300 s\u01b0\u0309 du\u0323ng b\u00ea\u0300n v\u01b0\u0303ng ta\u0300i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e2\u0301t Vi\u00ea\u0323t Nam. Th\u01a1\u0300i chi\u00ea\u0301n, \u0111i b\u00f4\u0323, \u0111a\u0323p xe \u00f4ng rong ru\u00f4\u0309i kh\u0103\u0301p mi\u00ea\u0300n \u0111i\u00ea\u0300u tra \u0111\u00e2\u0301t, la\u0300m th\u01b0\u0323c nghi\u00ea\u0323m. \u0110\u00eam v\u00ea\u0300 v\u01a1\u0301i c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e8n \u00f4\u0301ng b\u01b0\u01a1ng la\u0323i tranh thu\u0309 \u0111o\u0323c ca\u0301c ta\u0300i li\u00ea\u0323u ti\u0300m ki\u00ea\u0301m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c. Th\u01a1\u0300i \u00e2\u0301y sa\u0301ch ba\u0301o tham kha\u0309o la\u0300 \u201ccu\u0309a hi\u00ea\u0301m\u201d, cu\u00f4\u0301n \u201cT\u01b0\u0300 nguy\u00ean\u201d gia\u0301 b\u0103\u0300ng m\u00e2\u0301y tha\u0301ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00f4ng cu\u0303ng pha\u0309i \u0111\u0103\u0323t tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c ta\u0323i hi\u00ea\u0323u sa\u0301ch cu\u0303 Tra\u0300ng Ti\u00ea\u0300n m\u01a1\u0301i mua \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c; i\u0301t tha\u0301ng sau bom \u0111a\u0301nh va\u0300o la\u0301n, bay m\u00e2\u0301t. Co\u0300n \u201cT\u01b0\u0300 \u0111i\u00ea\u0309n Anh Vi\u00ea\u0323t\u201d thi\u0300 \u0111a\u0300nh pha\u0309i che\u0301p tay m\u00f4\u0323t ph\u00e2\u0300n t\u01b0\u0300 Th\u01b0 vi\u00ea\u0323n Qu\u00f4\u0301c gia m\u1ed7i l\u00e2\u0300n l\u0103\u0323n l\u00f4\u0323i ra Thu\u0309 \u0111\u00f4. Xo\u0301i mo\u0300n \u0111\u00e2\u0301t g\u00e2y t\u00f4\u0309n th\u00e2\u0301t r\u00e2\u0301t l\u01a1\u0301n, nh\u01b0ng h\u00f4\u0300i \u00e2\u0301y ch\u01b0a nhi\u00ea\u0300u ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i \u0111\u00ea\u0309 y\u0301. \u0110\u01b0a ma\u0301y l\u00ean ca\u0300y \u01a1\u0309 \u0111\u00f4\u0323 d\u00f4\u0301c 30 \u2013 40 \u0111\u00f4\u0323 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c coi la\u0300 ha\u0300nh \u0111\u00f4\u0323ng anh hu\u0300ng. Ca\u0301ch la\u0300m nguy hi\u00ea\u0309m na\u0300y kh\u00f4ng ng\u01a1\u0300 \u0111a\u0303 ki\u0301ch thi\u0301ch tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0323t \u0111\u00e2\u0301t, san nh\u01b0\u0303ng qua\u0309 \u0111\u00f4\u0300i xanh tha\u0300nh \u0111\u00e2\u0301t tr\u00f4\u0301ng \u0111\u00f4\u0300i tro\u0323c. Khi \u0111o \u0111a\u0323c \u00f4ng m\u01a1\u0301i b\u00e2\u0301t ng\u01a1\u0300 r\u0103\u0300ng c\u01b0\u0301 m\u00e2\u0301t 1 cm \u0111\u00e2\u0301t thi\u0300 \u0111a\u0303 m\u00e2\u0301t ha\u0300ng tr\u0103m t\u00e2\u0301n l\u01a1\u0301p m\u0103\u0323t \u0111\u00e2\u0301t qui\u0301 gia\u0301 ma\u0300 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean pha\u0309i t\u00f4\u0301n ha\u0300ng th\u00ea\u0301 k\u1ef7 m\u01a1\u0301i ta\u0323o l\u00e2\u0323p \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c. Kh\u00f4ng th\u00ea\u0309 x\u00e2y ca\u0301c tra\u0323m quan tr\u0103\u0301c t\u00f4\u0301n ke\u0301m, \u00f4ng ki\u00ean tri\u0300 quan tr\u0103\u0301c m\u00e2\u0301t \u0111\u00e2\u0301t b\u0103\u0300ng h\u00ea\u0323 co\u0323c Poliakov t\u01b0\u0323 ch\u00ea\u0301: co\u0323c g\u1ed7, th\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c nh\u00f4m, du\u0300 \u0111\u01a1n gia\u0309n nh\u01b0ng la\u0300m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c nhanh cho\u0301ng \u01a1\u0309 nhi\u00ea\u0300u \u0111i\u00ea\u0309m. Tuy kh\u00f4ng th\u00ea\u0309 \u0111\u01b0a ra con s\u00f4\u0301 tuy\u00ea\u0323t \u0111\u00f4\u0301i, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01a1\u0300 s\u00f4\u0301 li\u00ea\u0323u quan tr\u0103\u0301c da\u0300y co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 du\u0300ng toa\u0301n th\u00f4\u0301ng k\u00ea so sa\u0301nh \u0111\u00ea\u0309 k\u00ea\u0301t lu\u00e2\u0323n \u0111a\u0301ng tin s\u01b0\u0323 sai kha\u0301c gi\u01b0\u0303a 2 bi\u00ea\u0323n pha\u0301p canh ta\u0301c co\u0301 va\u0300 kh\u00f4ng co\u0301 ch\u00f4\u0301ng xo\u0301i mo\u0300n, r\u01b0\u0309a tr\u00f4i. Nhi\u00ea\u0300u tra\u0323m nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u va\u0300 n\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0300ng \u0111a\u0303 \u01b0\u0301ng du\u0323ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng pha\u0301p na\u0300y va\u0300o th\u01b0\u0323c t\u00ea\u0301 \u0111\u00ea\u0309 gi\u01b0\u0303 \u0111\u00e2\u0301t, gi\u01b0\u0303 n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c, ba\u0309o v\u00ea\u0323 v\u01b0\u01a1\u0300n c\u00e2y. Trong \u0111\u00ea\u0300 ta\u0300i ph\u00e2n bo\u0301n ma\u0300 \u00f4ng chu\u0309 tri\u0300, k\u1ef9 thu\u00e2\u0323t sa\u0309n xu\u00e2\u0301t nhanh ph\u00e2n h\u01b0\u0303u c\u01a1 ta\u0323i ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c \u0111a\u0301nh gia\u0301 la\u0300 gia\u0309i pha\u0301p hi\u00ea\u0323u qua\u0309 duy tri\u0300 v\u01b0\u01a1\u0300n ca\u0300 ph\u00ea, cao su va\u0300 c\u00e2y \u0103n qua\u0309 vi\u0300 ca\u0309 va\u0323n hecta c\u00e2\u0300n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c bo\u0301n \u0111u\u0301ng vu\u0323 kh\u00f4ng d\u00ea\u0303 gi\u0300 \u0111a\u0301p \u01b0\u0301ng b\u0103\u0300ng ph\u00e2n chu\u00f4\u0300ng trong khi bo\u0301n ri\u00eang re\u0303 ph\u00e2n khoa\u0301ng co\u0301 nguy c\u01a1 la\u0300m ch\u00f4\u0323t r\u00ea\u0303 c\u00e2y tr\u00f4\u0300ng va\u0300 la\u0300m chai \u0111\u00e2\u0301t, ch\u01b0a k\u00ea\u0309 \u0111\u00ea\u0301n l\u01b0\u01a1\u0323ng ho\u0301a ho\u0323c d\u01b0 th\u01b0\u0300a la\u0300m \u00f4 nhi\u00ea\u0303m ngu\u00f4\u0300n n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n TI\u1ebeP C\u1eacN V\u1edaI KHOA H\u1eccC N\u00d4NG NGHI\u1ec6P TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n N\u0103m 1970, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c g\u01b0\u0309i \u0111i la\u0300m nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u sinh ta\u0323i Matxc\u01a1va va\u0300 ba\u0309o v\u00ea\u0323 lu\u00e2\u0323n v\u0103n Ti\u00ea\u0301n si\u0303 \u201cTh\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1c h\u01a1\u0323p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi \u1ea9m \u2013 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d ta\u0323i tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0300ng \u0110a\u0323i ho\u0323c T\u00f4\u0309ng h\u01a1\u0323p L\u00f4m\u00f4n\u00f4s\u00f4p n\u0103m 1974 d\u01b0\u01a1\u0301i s\u01b0\u0323 h\u01b0\u01a1\u0301ng d\u1eabn cu\u0309a GS D.S.Orlov. Cu\u0300ng n\u0103m \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c c\u01b0\u0309 tham d\u01b0\u0323 H\u00f4\u0323i nghi\u0323 Qu\u00f4\u0301c t\u00ea\u0301 Th\u00f4\u0309 nh\u01b0\u01a1\u0303ng l\u00e2\u0300n th\u01b0\u0301 10 nh\u01b0 m\u00f4\u0323t tha\u0300nh vi\u00ean trong \u0110oa\u0300n \u0111a\u0323i bi\u00ea\u0309u cu\u0309a Chi\u0301nh phu\u0309 Ca\u0301ch ma\u0323ng l\u00e2m th\u01a1\u0300i mi\u00ea\u0300n Nam Vi\u00ea\u0323t Nam. Hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m sau ta\u0323i H\u00f4\u0323i nghi\u0323 Qu\u00f4\u0301c t\u00ea\u0301 Th\u00f4\u0309 nh\u01b0\u01a1\u0303ng l\u00e2\u0300n th\u01b0\u0301 15, Mexico, \u00f4ng thay m\u0103\u0323t T\u00f4\u0309 ch\u01b0\u0301c Nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u qua\u0309n ly\u0301 \u0111\u00e2\u0301t qu\u00f4\u0301c t\u00ea\u0301 IBSRAM ba\u0301o ca\u0301o \u201cNh\u01b0\u0303ng ti\u00ea\u0301n b\u00f4\u0323 trong nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u \u0111\u00e2\u0301t d\u00f4\u0301c va\u0300 chua \u01a1\u0309 ch\u00e2u \u00c1\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c H\u00f4\u0323i Th\u00f4\u0309 nh\u01b0\u01a1\u0303ng Qu\u00f4\u0301c t\u00ea\u0301 trao K\u1ef7 ni\u00ea\u0323m ch\u01b0\u01a1ng. <\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1eed Si\u00eam (b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i) t\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110HTH Maxcova, 1974<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Th\u01a1\u0300i gian \u01a1\u0309 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u00f4ng may m\u0103\u0301n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c ti\u00ea\u0301p xu\u0301c v\u01a1\u0301i kh\u00f4\u0301i th\u01b0 ti\u0323ch quy\u0301 gia\u0301 v\u00ea\u0300 th\u00f4\u0309 nh\u01b0\u01a1\u0303ng, \u0111i\u0323a ly\u0301, n\u00f4ng ho\u0323c va\u0300 g\u0103\u0323p g\u01a1\u0303 ho\u0323c ho\u0309i nhi\u00ea\u0300u nha\u0300 khoa ho\u0323c chuy\u00ean nga\u0300nh ha\u0300ng \u0111\u00e2\u0300u th\u00ea\u0301 gi\u01a1\u0301i nh\u01b0 D.S.Orlov, V.A.Kovda, V.M.Fridland, P.Duchaufour, F.R.Mormann, M.M. Kononova, V.V.Ponomareva, L.N.Alexandrova, va\u0300 nh\u01b0\u0303ng ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i kha\u0301c ma\u0300 nh\u01b0\u0303ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn cu\u0309a ho\u0323 co\u0301 a\u0309nh h\u01b0\u01a1\u0309ng quy\u00ea\u0301t \u0111i\u0323nh t\u01a1\u0301i h\u01b0\u01a1\u0301ng nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u cu\u0309a \u00f4ng sau na\u0300y. Tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0300ng \u0110a\u0323i ho\u0323c T\u00f4\u0309ng h\u01a1\u0323p Lomonosov v\u00f4\u0301n lu\u00f4n d\u1eabn \u0111\u00e2\u0300u v\u00ea\u0300 ca\u0301c khoa ho\u0323c c\u01a1 ba\u0309n va\u0300 nga\u0300nh mu\u0303i nho\u0323n. \u00d4ng ho\u0309i th\u00e2\u0300y D.S Orlov r\u0103\u0300ng: \u201c\u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i lu\u1eadn v\u0103n thu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, sau n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ra sao?\u201d. Th\u00e2\u0300y ba\u0309o: \u201cC\u00e0ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u c\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng\u201d, l\u01a1\u0300i khuy\u00ean \u0111o\u0301 giu\u0301p \u00f4ng v\u01b0\u0303ng t\u00e2m k\u00ea\u0301t h\u01a1\u0323p hai thu\u00f4\u0323c ti\u0301nh na\u0300y cu\u0309a nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u va\u0300o ca\u0301c c\u00f4ng tri\u0300nh cu\u0309a mi\u0300nh. Qua\u0309 \u0111u\u0301ng nh\u01b0 v\u00e2\u0323y, hi\u00ea\u0309u bi\u00ea\u0301t \u0111\u0103\u0323c tr\u01b0ng ch\u00e2\u0301t h\u01b0\u0303u c\u01a1 va\u0300 m\u00f4\u0301i li\u00ean k\u00ea\u0301t ch\u00e2\u0301t h\u01b0\u0303u c\u01a1-khoa\u0301ng chi\u0301nh la\u0300 c\u01a1 s\u01a1\u0309 \u0111\u00ea\u0309 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00ea\u0300 xu\u00e2\u0301t gia\u0309i pha\u0301p tu\u00e2\u0300n hoa\u0300n ch\u00e2\u0301t h\u01b0\u0303u c\u01a1, l\u00e2\u0301y ch\u00e2\u0301t dinh d\u01b0\u01a1\u0303ng t\u01b0\u0300 sinh kh\u00f4\u0301i \u0111\u00ea\u0309 phu\u0323c h\u00f4\u0300i \u0111\u00f4\u0323 phi\u0300 nhi\u00eau va\u0300 gia\u0309m thi\u00ea\u0309u \u00f4 nhi\u00ea\u0303m \u0111\u00e2\u0301t. V\u00ea\u0300 n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c va\u0300o gi\u01b0\u0303a lu\u0301c cu\u00f4\u0323c chi\u00ea\u0301n tranh k\u00ea\u0301t thu\u0301c, cu\u0300ng v\u01a1\u0301i ca\u0301c chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u00e2\u0300u nga\u0300nh nh\u01b0: L\u00ea Duy Th\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c, Cao Li\u00eam, Tr\u00e2\u0300n Kha\u0309i, \u00f4ng tham gia \u0110oa\u0300n \u0111i\u00ea\u0300u tra l\u00e2\u0323p ba\u0309n \u0111\u00f4\u0300 \u0111\u00e2\u0301t mi\u00ea\u0300n Nam Vi\u00ea\u0323t Nam va\u0300 g\u0103\u0301n bo\u0301 v\u01a1\u0301i ca\u0301c hoa\u0323t \u0111\u00f4\u0323ng nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u cu\u0309a Vi\u00ea\u0323n Th\u00f4\u0309 nh\u01b0\u01a1\u0303ng N\u00f4ng ho\u0301a trong 20 n\u0103m ti\u00ea\u0301p theo t\u01b0\u0300 m\u00f4\u0323t nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u vi\u00ean \u0111\u00ea\u0301n vi\u0323 tri\u0301 Pho\u0301 Vi\u00ea\u0323n tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0309ng. N\u0103m 1982-1983 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c c\u01b0\u0309 \u0111i la\u0300m nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u vi\u00ean trao \u0111\u00f4\u0309i (visiting scientist) ta\u0323i Vi\u00ea\u0323n Nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u Lu\u0301a Qu\u00f4\u0301c t\u00ea\u0301 (IRRI, Philippin) hoa\u0300n tha\u0300nh chuy\u00ean \u0111\u00ea\u0300 \u201cPh\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ru\u1ed9ng l\u00faa ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d d\u01b0\u01a1\u0301i s\u01b0\u0323 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn cu\u0309a nha\u0300 khoa ho\u0323c n\u00f4\u0309i ti\u00ea\u0301ng F.N. Ponnamperuma. Chuy\u00ea\u0301n \u0111i na\u0300y \u0111a\u0303 giu\u0301p \u00f4ng co\u0301 ca\u0301i nhi\u0300n s\u00e2u h\u01a1n va\u0300 r\u00f4\u0323ng h\u01a1n v\u00ea\u0300 \u0111\u00e2\u0301t lu\u0301a, go\u0301p ph\u00e2\u0300n va\u0300o canh ta\u0301c lu\u0301a n\u0103ng su\u00e2\u0301t cao va\u0300 b\u00ea\u0300n v\u01b0\u0303ng \u01a1\u0309 n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c ta. <\/span><\/p>\n Trong khu\u00f4n kh\u00f4\u0309 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u0300nh h\u01a1\u0323p ta\u0301c Pha\u0301p-Vi\u00ea\u0323t Nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u h\u00ea\u0323 th\u00f4\u0301ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u00ea\u0323p \u0111\u00f4\u0300ng b\u0103\u0300ng s\u00f4ng H\u00f4\u0300ng, n\u0103m 1986 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c c\u01b0\u0309 \u0111\u00ea\u0301n Vi\u00ea\u0323n Nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u N\u00f4ng ho\u0323c Pha\u0301p (INRA, Montpellier) \u0111\u00ea\u0309 th\u01b0\u0323c hi\u00ea\u0323n chuy\u00ean \u0111\u00ea\u0300 \u201cNghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u so s\u00e1nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p\u201d d\u01b0\u01a1\u0301i s\u01b0\u0323 h\u01b0\u01a1\u0301ng d\u1eabn khoa ho\u0323c cu\u0309a GS A.P. Conesa. \u00d4ng r\u00e2\u0301t bu\u00f4\u0300n khi kh\u00f4ng tra\u0309 l\u01a1\u0300i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c c\u00e2u ho\u0309i ta\u0323i sao cu\u00f4\u0301i nh\u01b0\u0303ng n\u0103m 1930 Vi\u00ea\u0323t Nam \u0111a\u0303 xu\u00e2\u0301t kh\u00e2\u0309u ga\u0323o ma\u0300 nay pha\u0309i nh\u00e2\u0323p ca\u0309 tri\u00ea\u0323u t\u00e2\u0301n b\u00f4\u0323t m\u1ef3, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng la\u0323i cu\u0303ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c h\u01b0\u01a1\u0309ng ni\u00ea\u0300m vui v\u00f4 b\u01a1\u0300 khi \u01a1\u0309 H\u00f4\u0323i tha\u0309o cu\u0309a Ma\u0323ng l\u01b0\u01a1\u0301i Qua\u0309n ly\u0301 \u0110\u00e2\u0301t ch\u00e2u \u00c1 (Bangkok, 1990) \u00f4ng th\u00f4ng tin r\u0103\u0300ng Vi\u00ea\u0323t Nam \u0111a\u0303 xu\u00e2\u0301t kh\u00e2\u0309u ga\u0323o, ca\u0301c \u0111a\u0323i bi\u00ea\u0309u c\u01b0\u0301 ho\u0309i \u0111i ho\u0309i la\u0323i \u201cTh\u00e2\u0323t sao?\u201d. Trong th\u00e2m t\u00e2m \u00f4ng nghi\u0303 Vi\u00ea\u0323t Nam co\u0301 nh\u01b0\u0303ng loa\u0323i \u0111\u00e2\u0301t t\u00f4\u0301t nh\u00e2\u0301t th\u00ea\u0301 gi\u01a1\u0301i (ch\u0103\u0309ng ha\u0323n \u0111\u00e2\u0301t n\u00e2u \u0111o\u0309 bazan), khi\u0301 h\u00e2\u0323u thi\u0301ch h\u01a1\u0323p, n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u00f4ng minh, ch\u0103\u0301c ch\u0103\u0301n ca\u0301c c\u00e2y kha\u0301c nh\u01b0 ca\u0300 ph\u00ea, cao su, \u0111i\u00ea\u0300u cu\u0303ng pha\u0309i co\u0301 vi\u0323 th\u00ea\u0301 x\u01b0\u0301ng \u0111a\u0301ng va\u0300 t\u01b0\u0300 \u0111\u00e2\u0301y \u00f4ng da\u0300nh h\u0103\u0309n th\u01a1\u0300i gian cho vi\u00ea\u0323c nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u \u0111\u00e2\u0301t \u0111\u00f4\u0300i tr\u00f4\u0300ng c\u00e2y l\u00e2u n\u0103m. GS Nguy\u00ea\u0303n T\u01b0\u0309 Si\u00eam \u0111a\u0303 tham gia nhi\u00ea\u0300u H\u00f4\u0323i nghi\u0323, H\u00f4\u0323i tha\u0309o qu\u00f4\u0301c t\u00ea\u0301 v\u00ea\u0300 n\u00f4ng nghi\u00ea\u0323p, chu\u0309 tri\u0300 ca\u0301c H\u00f4\u0323i tha\u0309o v\u00ea\u0300 ta\u0300i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e2\u0301t t\u00f4\u0309 ch\u01b0\u0301c ta\u0323i Vi\u00ea\u0323t Nam. Nh\u01b0\u0303ng di\u0323p \u0111o\u0301 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00ea\u0300u tranh thu\u0309 ho\u0323c ho\u0309i kinh nghi\u00ea\u0323m cu\u0309a ca\u0301c n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c, kh\u01a1\u0309i tha\u0309o ca\u0301c nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u song ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng va\u0300 ti\u0300m ki\u00ea\u0301m c\u01a1 h\u00f4\u0323i \u0111\u00ea\u0309 g\u01b0\u0309i ca\u0301c ca\u0301n b\u00f4\u0323 tre\u0309 ra n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c ngoa\u0300i \u0111a\u0300o ta\u0323o. <\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n GS Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1eed Si\u00eam (th\u1ee9 2 t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i sang) – d\u1ef1 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i Mexico, 1995<\/p>\n <\/p>\n G\u1eaeN B\u00d3 V\u1edaI N\u00d4NG NGHI\u1ec6P V\u00c0 N\u00d4NG D\u00c2N<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n GS.TS Nguy\u00ea\u0303n T\u01b0\u0309 Si\u00eam \u0111a\u0303 kinh qua ca\u0301c vi\u0323 tri\u0301 c\u00f4ng ta\u0301c kha\u0301c nhau: Pho\u0301 Vi\u00ea\u0323n tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0309ng Vi\u00ea\u0323n Th\u00f4\u0309 nh\u01b0\u01a1\u0303ng N\u00f4ng ho\u0301a, Pho\u0301 Vu\u0323 tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0309ng Vu\u0323 H\u01a1\u0323p ta\u0301c Qu\u00f4\u0301c t\u00ea\u0301, Cu\u0323c tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0309ng Cu\u0323c Khuy\u00ea\u0301n n\u00f4ng va\u0300 Khuy\u00ea\u0301n l\u00e2m, Tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0309ng ban Qua\u0309n ly\u0301 ca\u0301c d\u01b0\u0323 a\u0301n B\u00f4\u0323 N\u00f4ng nghi\u00ea\u0323p va\u0300 Pha\u0301t tri\u00ea\u0309n N\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. \u1ede c\u01b0\u01a1ng vi\u0323 na\u0300o \u00f4ng cu\u0303ng hoa\u0300n tha\u0300nh xu\u00e2\u0301t s\u0103\u0301c c\u00f4ng vi\u00ea\u0323c va\u0300 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u01a1\u0300 xa r\u01a1\u0300i ca\u0301c y\u0301 t\u01b0\u01a1\u0309ng nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u01a1\u0301i chuy\u00ea\u0309n giao c\u00f4ng ngh\u00ea\u0323 va\u0300 \u0111a\u0300o ta\u0323o l\u01a1\u0301p tre\u0309. Th\u01a1\u0300i gian \u0111a\u0309m nh\u00e2\u0323n tra\u0301ch nhi\u00ea\u0323m Pho\u0301 vu\u0323 tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0309ng Vu\u0323 H\u01a1\u0323p ta\u0301c Qu\u00f4\u0301c t\u00ea\u0301 cu\u0303ng la\u0300 lu\u0301c Vi\u00ea\u0323t Nam chu\u00e2\u0309n bi\u0323 gia nh\u00e2\u0323p ASEAN, v\u01a1\u0301i nh\u01b0\u0303ng hi\u00ea\u0309u bi\u00ea\u0301t thu \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c trong kho\u0301a t\u00e2\u0323p hu\u00e2\u0301n n\u0103m 1995 v\u00ea\u0300 \u0111a\u0300m pha\u0301n Qu\u00f4\u0301c t\u00ea\u0301 (CCMD, Ottawa) \u00f4ng \u0111a\u0303 go\u0301p ph\u00e2\u0300n ti\u0301ch c\u01b0\u0323c va\u0300o ca\u0301c hoa\u0323t \u0111\u00f4\u0323ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng tha\u0309o v\u01a1\u0301i ca\u0301c \u0111\u00f4\u0301i ta\u0301c khu v\u01b0\u0323c va\u0300 qu\u00f4\u0301c t\u00ea\u0301, b\u0103\u0301t \u0111\u00e2\u0300u m\u00f4\u0323t th\u01a1\u0300i k\u1ef3 h\u01a1\u0323p ta\u0301c s\u00e2u r\u00f4\u0323ng cu\u0309a nga\u0300nh n\u00f4ng nghi\u00ea\u0323p. La\u0300 Cu\u0323c tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0309ng nh\u01b0ng GS.TS Nguy\u00ea\u0303n T\u01b0\u0309 Si\u00eam kh\u00f4ng ng\u00e2\u0300n nga\u0323i l\u00f4\u0323i ru\u00f4\u0323ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f4\u0323t Khuy\u00ea\u0301n n\u00f4ng vi\u00ean th\u00f4n ba\u0309n, \u0111\u00ea\u0300 xu\u00e2\u0301t va\u0300 th\u01b0\u0323c thi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng pha\u0301p khuy\u00ea\u0301n n\u00f4ng theo nhu c\u00e2\u0300u n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n (farmer demand-driven) thay vi\u0300 khuy\u00ea\u0301n n\u00f4ng ki\u00ea\u0309u cung c\u00e2\u0301p (supply extension). Theo \u00f4ng chia se\u0309 thi\u0300 khi la\u0300m vi\u00ea\u0323c v\u01a1\u0301i \u0111i\u0323a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng co\u0301 nh\u01b0\u0303ng \u0111i\u00ea\u0300u b\u00e2\u0301t ng\u01a1\u0300 thu\u0301 vi\u0323, \u0111a\u0301ng nh\u01a1\u0301 la\u0300 v\u01a1\u0301i Gia\u0301m \u0111\u00f4\u0301c S\u01a1\u0309 N\u00f4ng nghi\u00ea\u0323p Vi\u0303nh Phu\u0301 Pha\u0323m Th\u01b0\u0301c. Cho \u0111\u00ea\u0301n tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, d\u00e2n vu\u0300ng cao cu\u0309a t\u1ec9nh ch\u01b0a bao gi\u01a1\u0300 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c \u0103n no, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i ch\u1ec9 co\u0301 vo\u0309n v\u1eb9n 400 m2 \u0111\u00e2\u0301t, b\u01b0\u0303a \u0103n chu\u0309 y\u00ea\u0301u la\u0300 s\u0103\u0301n thay c\u01a1m. Vu\u0300ng tru\u0303ng r\u00f4\u0323ng nh\u01b0ng vu\u0323 \u0110\u00f4ng bo\u0309 ho\u0301a hoa\u0300n toa\u0300n do n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c ru\u0301t ch\u00e2\u0323m. \u00d4ng \u0111a\u0303 c\u00f4\u0309 vu\u0303 h\u00ea\u0301t lo\u0300ng cho vi\u00ea\u0323c du\u0300ng gi\u00f4\u0301ng lu\u0301a ng\u0103\u0301n nga\u0300y \u01a1\u0309 2 vu\u0323 chi\u0301nh \u0111\u00ea\u0309 da\u0300nh ra \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c 130 nga\u0300y v\u01b0\u0300a \u0111u\u0309 cho 1 vu\u0323 ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00f4ng gieo b\u00e2\u0300u, nh\u01a1\u0300 v\u00e2\u0323y d\u00e2n vu\u0300ng nhi\u00ea\u0300u \u0111\u00f4\u0300i i\u0301t ru\u00f4\u0323ng \u0111a\u0303 \u0111u\u0309 va\u0300 d\u01b0 ga\u0323o \u0103n. \u0110\u00e2y la\u0300 ba\u0300i ho\u0323c th\u01b0\u0323c ti\u00ea\u0303n sinh \u0111\u00f4\u0323ng, n\u00ea\u0301u tr\u00ean quan \u0111i\u00ea\u0309m quy hoa\u0323ch th\u00f4\u0309 nh\u01b0\u01a1\u0303ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u00e2\u0300n kh\u00f4ng ai da\u0301m tr\u00f4\u0300ng ng\u00f4 tr\u00ean ch\u00e2n \u0111\u00e2\u0301t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c x\u00ea\u0301p loa\u0323i la\u0300 \u201cthung lu\u0303ng l\u00e2\u0300y thu\u0323t\u201d. Chi\u0323u tra\u0301ch nhi\u00ea\u0323m qua\u0309n ly\u0301 ca\u0301c d\u01b0\u0323 a\u0301n ODA \u00f4ng ch\u0103m lo s\u01b0\u0309 du\u0323ng hi\u00ea\u0323u qua\u0309 ngu\u00f4\u0300n v\u00f4\u0301n sao cho \u0111\u00f4\u0300ng v\u00f4\u0301n vay \u0111\u00ea\u0301n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c v\u01a1\u0301i ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i d\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f4i pha \u01a1\u0309 ca\u0301c b\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c trung gian, gia\u0309m chi phi\u0301 chuy\u00ea\u0309n giao, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u01a1\u0300ng chuy\u00ean gia trong n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c. Lu\u0301c c\u00e2\u0300n \u00f4ng cu\u0303ng quy\u00ea\u0301t \u0111oa\u0301n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00ea\u0309 ca\u0301c quy \u0111i\u0323nh c\u01b0\u0301ng nh\u0103\u0301c la\u0300m thi\u00ea\u0323t d\u00e2n. Nh\u01a1\u0301 khi la\u0300m Gia\u0301m \u0111\u00f4\u0301c d\u01b0\u0323 a\u0301n \u0110a da\u0323ng ho\u0301a N\u00f4ng nghi\u00ea\u0323p, ti\u00eau chu\u00e2\u0309n b\u0103\u0301t bu\u00f4\u0323c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0300ng ki\u0301nh c\u00e2y gi\u00f4\u0301ng cao su ti\u00ea\u0309u \u0111i\u00ea\u0300n pha\u0309i la\u0300 tr\u00ean 15 mm, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e2y con stum ch\u1ec9 m\u01a1\u0301i \u0111a\u0323t 12 mm; n\u00ea\u0301u cho tr\u00f4\u0300ng \u00f4ng se\u0303 la\u0303nh \u0111u\u0309 h\u00e2\u0323u qua\u0309 khi c\u00e2y ch\u00ea\u0301t, v\u01b0\u01a1\u0300n c\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng va\u0300o khai tha\u0301c \u0111u\u0301ng ha\u0323n. Kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f4\u0300ng thi\u0300 \u00f4ng se\u0303 an toa\u0300n, nh\u01b0ng ha\u0300ng va\u0323n b\u00e2\u0300u gi\u00f4\u0301ng se\u0303 bo\u0309 \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u, h\u00f4\u0301 \u0111a\u0303 \u0111a\u0300o, ph\u00e2n \u0111a\u0303 bo\u0301n se\u0303 u\u00f4\u0309ng phi\u0301 c\u00f4ng cu\u0309a. H\u01a1n n\u01b0\u0303a, n\u00ea\u0301u ha\u0300ng nga\u0300n hecta cao su tr\u00f4\u0300ng ch\u00e2\u0323m 1 n\u0103m se\u0303 thi\u00ea\u0323t ha\u0323i ba\u0323c t\u1ef7 cho \u0111\u00f4\u0300ng ba\u0300o d\u00e2n t\u00f4\u0323c ngh\u00e8o pha\u0309i \u0111i vay v\u00f4\u0301n. Sau khi tham kha\u0309o Vi\u00ea\u0323n Nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u Cao su \u00f4ng ky\u0301 quy\u00ea\u0301t \u0111i\u0323nh \u201cTr\u00f4\u0300ng !\u201d v\u01a1\u0301i bi\u00ea\u0323n pha\u0301p ch\u0103m so\u0301c \u0111\u0103\u0323c bi\u00ea\u0323t. Quy\u00ea\u0301t \u0111i\u0323nh kho\u0301 kh\u0103n \u0111o\u0301 \u0111a\u0303 tha\u0300nh c\u00f4ng, ha\u0300ng nga\u0300n hecta cao su cu\u0309a \u0111\u00f4\u0300ng ba\u0300o ngh\u00e8o \u01a1\u0309 huy\u00ea\u0323n S\u00f4ng Hinh (Phu\u0301 Y\u00ean) \u0111\u00ea\u0301n n\u0103m 2013 sau 4 n\u0103m ca\u0323o mu\u0309 \u0111a\u0303 cho bi\u0300nh qu\u00e2n 1,5 t\u00e2\u0301n mu\u0309 kh\u00f4\/ha, cao h\u01a1n ca\u0309 n\u0103ng su\u00e2\u0301t cao su T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean (1,2 \u2013 1,4 t\u00e2\u0301n\/ha).<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n CH\u1eb6NG \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG NGHI\u00caN C\u1ee8U PH\u1ee4C V\u1ee4 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N N\u00d4NG NGHI\u1ec6P<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Ch\u0103\u0323ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0300ng nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u khoa ho\u0323c chuy\u00ea\u0309n giao c\u00f4ng ngh\u00ea\u0323 h\u01a1n 50 n\u0103m qua cu\u0309a GS.TS Nguy\u00ea\u0303n T\u01b0\u0309 Si\u00eam lu\u00f4n g\u0103\u0301n bo\u0301 v\u01a1\u0301i pha\u0301t tri\u00ea\u0309n n\u00f4ng nghi\u00ea\u0323p, n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. Ca\u0301c \u0111\u00ea\u0300 ta\u0300i ma\u0300 \u00f4ng t\u00e2m huy\u00ea\u0301t kha\u0301 \u0111a da\u0323ng v\u01a1\u0301i h\u01b0\u01a1\u0301ng nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u chi\u0301nh la\u0300 Ba\u0309o v\u00ea\u0323 \u0111\u00e2\u0301t ch\u00f4\u0301ng xo\u0301i mo\u0300n; phu\u0323c h\u00f4\u0300i \u0111\u00e2\u0301t thoa\u0301i ho\u0301a; la\u0300m gi\u00e2\u0300u \u0111\u00e2\u0301t tr\u00f4\u0300ng Vi\u00ea\u0323t Nam th\u00f4ng qua tu\u00e2\u0300n hoa\u0300n ch\u00e2\u0301t h\u01b0\u0303u c\u01a1 \u0111\u00ea\u0309 h\u01b0\u01a1\u0301ng t\u01a1\u0301i m\u00f4\u0323t n\u00ea\u0300n n\u00f4ng nghi\u00ea\u0323p cacbon th\u00e2\u0301p. \u0110\u00e2y cu\u0303ng la\u0300 h\u01b0\u01a1\u0301ng chu\u0309 \u0111a\u0323o xuy\u00ean su\u00f4\u0301t qua\u0301 tri\u0300nh nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u cu\u0309a \u00f4ng. Theo \u0111i\u0323nh h\u01b0\u01a1\u0301ng nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u na\u0300y, GS.TS Nguy\u00ea\u0303n T\u01b0\u0309 Si\u00eam \u0111a\u0303 co\u0301 nh\u01b0\u0303ng \u0111o\u0301ng go\u0301p \u0111a\u0301ng khi\u0301ch l\u00ea\u0323 th\u00ea\u0309 hi\u00ea\u0323n qua h\u01a1n 150 ba\u0300i ba\u0301o chuy\u00ean kha\u0309o va\u0300 ph\u00f4\u0309 bi\u00ea\u0301n khoa ho\u0323c \u0111\u0103ng ta\u0309i tr\u00ean ca\u0301c Ta\u0323p chi\u0301 trong va\u0300 ngoa\u0300i n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c. Ca\u0301c \u0111\u00ea\u0300 ta\u0300i nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u c\u01a1 ba\u0309n va\u0300 \u01b0\u0301ng du\u0323ng v\u00ea\u0300 \u0111\u00e2\u0301t co\u0301 hi\u00ea\u0323u qua\u0309 ti\u0301ch c\u01b0\u0323c a\u0301p du\u0323ng va\u0300o th\u01b0\u0323c ti\u00ea\u0303n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c \u0111a\u0301nh gia\u0301 cao, trong s\u00f4\u0301 \u0111o\u0301 \u0111a\u0301ng quan t\u00e2m la\u0300 ca\u0301c nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u d\u01b0\u01a1\u0301i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c \u0111u\u0301c k\u00ea\u0301t trong ta\u0301c ph\u00e2\u0309m \u201c\u0110\u00e2\u0301t \u0111\u00f4\u0300i nu\u0301i Vi\u00ea\u0323t Nam \u2013 Thoa\u0301i ho\u0301a va\u0300 Phu\u0323c h\u00f4\u0300i\u201d (1999, \u0111\u00f4\u0300ng ta\u0301c gia\u0309 v\u01a1\u0301i GS Tha\u0301i Phi\u00ean) va\u0300 th\u01b0\u01a1\u0300ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c tri\u0301ch d\u1eabn cho \u0111\u00ea\u0301n nay:<\/span><\/p>\n 1. Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 x\u00f3i m\u00f2n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o x\u00f3i m\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea5t:<\/em><\/span> \u0110\u00ea\u0309 d\u01b0\u0323 ba\u0301o xo\u0301i mo\u0300n ti\u00ea\u0300m n\u0103ng ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i ta s\u01b0\u0309 du\u0323ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u0300nh m\u00e2\u0301t \u0111\u00e2\u0301t ph\u00f4\u0309 du\u0323ng (USLE) cu\u0309a Wischmeier & Schmith: A = R.K.L.S.C.P, mu\u00f4\u0301n v\u00e2\u0323y c\u00e2\u0300n pha\u0309i xa\u0301c \u0111i\u0323nh ca\u0301c h\u00ea\u0323 s\u00f4\u0301 qua th\u01b0\u0323c nghi\u00ea\u0323m. M\u00f4\u0323t c\u00f4\u0323ng s\u01b0\u0323 xu\u00e2\u0301t s\u0103\u0301c cu\u0309a \u00f4ng la\u0300 NCS Nguy\u00ea\u0303n Tro\u0323ng Ha\u0300 \u0111a\u0303 la\u0300m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c \u0111i\u00ea\u0300u ma\u0300 trong th\u01a1\u0300i chi\u00ea\u0301n tranh \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00ea\u0309, \u0111o\u0301 la\u0300 xa\u0301c \u0111i\u0323nh ca\u0301c h\u00ea\u0323 s\u00f4\u0301 cu\u0309a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u0300nh USLE cho Vi\u00ea\u0323t Nam, \u0111\u0103c bi\u00ea\u0323t la\u0300 R (ch\u1ec9 s\u00f4\u0301 \u0111\u00f4\u0323 xo\u0301i mo\u0300n cu\u0309a m\u01b0a) va\u0300 K (h\u00ea\u0323 s\u00f4\u0301 ti\u0301nh xo\u0301i mo\u0300n cu\u0309a \u0111\u00e2\u0301t) mang ti\u0301nh \u0111i\u0323a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng va\u0300 phu\u0323 thu\u00f4\u0323c va\u0300o loa\u0323i \u0111\u00e2\u0301t. TS Nguy\u00ea\u0303n Tro\u0323ng Ha\u0300 \u0111a\u0303 khai toa\u0301n h\u01a1n 70.000 gia\u0301 tri\u0323 cu\u0309a 235 tra\u0323m \u0111o m\u01b0a thu th\u00e2\u0323p trong 54 n\u0103m. Nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u ch\u1ec9 ra r\u0103\u0300ng co\u0301 \u0111\u00ea\u0301n 41 \u0111\u00ea\u0301n 62% l\u01b0\u01a1\u0323ng m\u01b0a v\u01b0\u01a1\u0323t ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0303ng g\u00e2y xo\u0301i (25 mm\/h); n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u01a1\u0323ng g\u00e2y xo\u0301i cu\u0309a ha\u0323t m\u01b0a la\u0300 r\u00e2\u0301t l\u01a1\u0301n (28.000 \u0111\u00ea\u0301n 41.000 J\/m2\/n\u0103m, t\u01b0\u0301c la\u0300 12 \u2013 30 l\u00e2\u0300n cao h\u01a1n \u01a1\u0309 vu\u0300ng \u00f4n \u0111\u01a1\u0301i). H\u00ea\u0323 s\u00f4\u0301 xo\u0301i mo\u0300n K cu\u0309a \u0111\u00e2\u0301t \u0111a\u0303 nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u la\u0300 t\u01b0\u0300 trung bi\u0300nh (0.90) \u0111\u00ea\u0301n cao (0,31), s\u00f4\u0301 li\u00ea\u0323u cho phe\u0301p l\u00e2\u0323p ba\u0309n \u0111\u00f4\u0300 \u0111\u0103\u0309ng tri\u0323 ch\u1ec9 s\u00f4\u0301 xo\u0301i mo\u0300n do m\u01b0a K ma\u0300 \u0111\u00ea\u0301n nay nhi\u00ea\u0300u c\u00f4ng tri\u0300nh nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u v\u1eabn tham kha\u0309o \u0111\u00ea\u0309 d\u01b0\u0323 ba\u0301o xo\u0301i mo\u0300n ti\u00ea\u0300m n\u0103ng. <\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n GS Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1eed Si\u00eam \u0111ang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t d\u1ed1c, T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean, 1998<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 2. Nguy c\u01a1 x\u00f3i m\u00f2n r\u1eeda tr\u00f4i v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c:<\/span><\/em> N\u00ea\u0301u nh\u01b0\u0303ng n\u0103m 1960-70, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng pha\u0301p Poliakov ch\u1ec9 co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 cho th\u00e2\u0301y nguy c\u01a1 la\u0323m du\u0323ng c\u01a1 gi\u01a1\u0301i g\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0323t \u0111\u00e2\u0301t va\u0300 xo\u0301i mo\u0300n m\u0103\u0323t va\u0300 bi\u00ea\u0323n pha\u0301p pho\u0300ng ch\u00f4\u0301ng chu\u0309 y\u00ea\u0301u la\u0300 canh ta\u0301c \u0111\u00f4\u0300ng m\u01b0\u0301c, ha\u0323n ch\u00ea\u0301 x\u01a1\u0301i xa\u0301o, \u0111a\u0300o h\u00f4\u0301 cu\u0323t va\u0300 ca\u0300y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2\u0323t thi\u0300 sang giai \u0111oa\u0323n 1990-2000 trong khu\u00f4n kh\u00f4\u0309 Ma\u0323ng l\u01b0\u01a1\u0301i Nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u \u0110\u00e2\u0301t d\u00f4\u0301c ch\u00e2u \u00c1, cu\u0300ng v\u01a1\u0301i GS Tha\u0301i Phi\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111a\u0303 pha\u0301t tri\u00ea\u0309n h\u00ea\u0323 th\u00f4\u0301ng lyzimet \u0111\u00e2\u0300u ti\u00ean \u01a1\u0309 Vi\u00ea\u0323t Nam va\u0300 thi\u00ea\u0301t l\u00e2\u0323p ca\u0301c \u00f4 xo\u0301i mo\u0300n tr\u00ean ca\u0301c loa\u0323i \u0111\u00e2\u0301t chi\u0301nh n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c ta. K\u00ea\u0301t qua\u0309 r\u00e2\u0301t thuy\u00ea\u0301t phu\u0323c r\u0103\u0300ng nguy c\u01a1 m\u00e2\u0301t \u0111\u00e2\u0301t, m\u00e2\u0301t n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c va\u0300 ch\u00e2\u0301t dinh d\u01b0\u01a1\u0303ng t\u0103ng vo\u0323t khi \u0111\u00e2\u0301t bi\u0323 m\u00e2\u0301t th\u01b0\u0323c bi\u0300. L\u01b0\u01a1\u0323ng th\u00e2\u0301t thoa\u0301t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c x\u00ea\u0301p theo th\u01b0\u0301 t\u01b0\u0323: D\u01b0\u01a1\u0301i r\u01b0\u0300ng < C\u00e2y l\u00e2u n\u0103m < C\u00e2y ha\u0300ng n\u0103m < \u0110\u00e2\u0301t tr\u00f4\u0301ng. No\u0301i ca\u0301ch kha\u0301c, chi\u00ea\u0301n l\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c gi\u01b0\u0303 \u0111\u00e2\u0301t pha\u0309i \u0111i theo h\u01b0\u01a1\u0301ng phu\u0309 xanh \u0111\u00e2\u0301t tr\u00f4\u0301ng \u0111\u00f4\u0300i tro\u0323c, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u01a1\u0300ng c\u00e2y l\u01b0u ni\u00ean va\u0300 ta\u0323o l\u00e2\u0323p tha\u0309m r\u01b0\u0300ng. K\u00ea\u0301t qua\u0309 cu\u0303ng ca\u0309nh ba\u0301o r\u0103\u0300ng nguy c\u01a1 xo\u0301i mo\u0300n l\u01a1\u0301n nh\u00e2\u0301t la\u0300 th\u01a1\u0300i k\u1ef3 t\u01b0\u0300 1 \u0111\u00ea\u0301n 5 n\u0103m sau khi khai hoang, \u0111\u0103\u0323c bi\u00ea\u0323t la\u0300 khi m\u0103\u0323t \u0111\u00e2\u0301t bi\u0323 x\u01a1\u0301i xa\u0301o va\u0300o \u0111\u00e2\u0300u vu\u0323 m\u01b0a. Trung bi\u0300nh co\u0301 t\u01a1\u0301i tr\u00ean 50% l\u01b0\u01a1\u0323ng m\u01b0a bi\u0323 cu\u00f4\u0301n tr\u00f4i tr\u00ean m\u0103\u0323t \u0111\u00e2\u0301t g\u00e2y ra r\u01b0\u0309a tr\u00f4i ma\u0323nh me\u0303 keo se\u0301t, ch\u00e2\u0301t mu\u0300n qui\u0301 gia\u0301 ke\u0301o theo ca\u0301c kim loa\u0323i ki\u00ea\u0300m la\u0300 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ha\u0300ng \u0111\u00e2\u0300u g\u00e2y chua ho\u0301a h\u00e2\u0300u h\u00ea\u0301t \u0111\u00e2\u0301t \u0111\u00f4\u0300i. Ti\u0301nh m\u1eabn ca\u0309m \u0111\u00f4\u0301i v\u01a1\u0301i r\u01b0\u0309a tr\u00f4i cu\u0309a ca\u0301c ch\u00e2\u0301t dinh d\u01b0\u01a1\u0303ng th\u01b0\u0323c v\u00e2\u0323t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c pha\u0301t hi\u00ea\u0323n theo th\u01b0\u0301 t\u01b0\u0323: NH4+ – NO3- > K+ > Ca2+ – Mg2+ > PO4-. Pha\u0301t hi\u00ea\u0323n na\u0300y co\u0301 ti\u0301nh ch\u00e2\u0301t nguy\u00ean t\u0103\u0301c ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn trong vi\u00ea\u0323c xa\u0301c \u0111i\u0323nh ch\u00ea\u0301 \u0111\u00f4\u0323 bo\u0301n ph\u00e2n cho c\u00e2y tr\u00f4\u0300ng nhi\u00ea\u0323t \u0111\u01a1\u0301i Vi\u00ea\u0323t Nam.<\/span><\/p>\n 3. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea5t do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam so v\u1edbi \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1:<\/span><\/em> Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u0300nh \u0110a\u0301nh gia\u0301 Thoa\u0301i ho\u0301a \u0110\u00e2\u0301t do Con ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i \u01a1\u0309 Nam va\u0300 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 (GLADSOD) do Li\u00ean hi\u00ea\u0323p qu\u00f4\u0301c chu\u0309 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng (1991-1997) tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u01a1\u0309 D\u01b0\u0303 li\u00ea\u0323u v\u00ea\u0300 \u0111\u00e2\u0301t, s\u01b0\u0309 du\u0323ng m\u00f4\u0323t h\u00ea\u0323 th\u00f4\u0301ng nh\u00e2\u0301t \u0111\u00ea\u0309 \u0111a\u0301nh gia\u0301 m\u01b0\u0301c \u0111\u00f4\u0323 ta\u0301c \u0111\u00f4\u0323ng va\u0300 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n thoa\u0301i ho\u0301a \u0111\u00e2\u0301t nh\u00e2n ta\u0301c c\u00e2\u0301p qu\u00f4\u0301c gia va\u0300 toa\u0300n c\u00e2\u0300u. V\u00ea\u0300 phi\u0301a Vi\u00ea\u0323t Nam, GS.TS Nguy\u00ea\u0303n T\u01b0\u0309 Si\u00eam va\u0300 GS.TS Tha\u0301i Phi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c m\u01a1\u0300i tham gia \u0111a\u0303 \u0111o\u0301ng go\u0301p cho vi\u00ea\u0323c \u0111a\u0301nh gia\u0301 va\u0300 l\u00e2\u0323p Ba\u0309n \u0111\u00f4\u0300 \u0111\u00e2\u0301t thoa\u0301i ho\u0301a nh\u00e2n ta\u0301c 1\/5.000.000 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 (1997). Ri\u00eang v\u00ea\u0300 Vi\u00ea\u0323t Nam, k\u00ea\u0301t qua\u0309 thu \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c cho th\u00e2\u0301y: n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c ta la\u0300 1 trong 5 n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 bi\u0323 xo\u0301i mo\u0300n do n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c c\u00e2\u0301p \u0111\u00f4\u0323 t\u01b0\u0300 trung bi\u0300nh \u0111\u00ea\u0301n nguy hi\u00ea\u0309m; la\u0300 1 trong 8 n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c co\u0301 thoa\u0301i ho\u0301a ho\u0301a ho\u0323c \u0111\u00e2\u0301t \u0111a\u0301ng k\u00ea\u0309 va\u0300 ca\u0301c bi\u00ea\u0323n pha\u0301p canh ta\u0301c \u0111\u00e2\u0301t va\u0300 bi\u00ea\u0323n pha\u0301p sinh ho\u0323c ch\u00f4\u0301ng xo\u0301i mo\u0300n co\u0301 hi\u00ea\u0323u qua\u0309 r\u00f5 r\u00ea\u0323t nh\u00e2\u0301t. Thoa\u0301i ho\u0301a v\u00e2\u0323t ly\u0301 \u0111\u00e2\u0301t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f4\u0301i i\u0301t nghi\u00eam tro\u0323ng co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 la\u0300 do \u0111\u00e2\u0301t nhi\u00ea\u0300u se\u0301t, \u00e2\u0309m \u01b0\u01a1\u0301t va\u0300 hoa\u0323t \u0111\u00f4\u0323ng pha\u0301 r\u01b0\u0300ng, san u\u0309i \u0111\u00e2\u0301t giai \u0111oa\u0323n \u0111o\u0301 ch\u01b0a bi\u00ea\u0309u thi\u0323 ra r\u00f5 ne\u0301t \u01a1\u0309 t\u1ef7 l\u00ea\u0323 ba\u0309n \u0111\u00f4\u0300 nho\u0309, co\u0300n ca\u0301c b\u00e2\u0323c thang truy\u00ea\u0300n th\u00f4\u0301ng kha\u0301 \u00f4\u0309n \u0111i\u0323nh trong khi nhi\u00ea\u0300u n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c trong khu v\u01b0\u0323c chi\u0323u ta\u0301c \u0111\u00f4\u0323ng kh\u00f4\u0301c li\u00ea\u0323t h\u01a1n cu\u0309a sa ma\u0323c, gio\u0301 ma\u0323nh, ca\u0301t bay, v.v. Chi\u0301nh nh\u01b0\u0303ng b\u00e2\u0323c thang lu\u0301a n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c \u00f4\u0309n \u0111i\u0323nh cu\u0309a Hoa\u0300ng Su Phi\u0300, Mu\u0300 Cang Cha\u0309i, Sa Pa (Vi\u00ea\u0323t Nam), \u01a1\u0309 Banawe (Philipines) va\u0300 bang Kadmandu (Nepal) ma\u0300 \u00f4ng co\u0301 di\u0323p quan sa\u0301t \u0111a\u0303 cho y\u0301 t\u01b0\u01a1\u0309ng v\u00ea\u0300 canh ta\u0301c b\u00ea\u0300n v\u01b0\u0303ng ca\u0309 v\u01a1\u0301i c\u00e2y tr\u00f4\u0300ng ca\u0323n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f4\u0300i d\u00f4\u0301c sau na\u0300y \u0111\u00ea\u0309 \u01b0\u0301ng pho\u0301 v\u01a1\u0301i bi\u00ea\u0301n \u0111\u00f4\u0309i khi\u0301 h\u00e2\u0323u. <\/span><\/p>\n 4. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea5t:<\/span><\/em>Tham gia Ma\u0323ng l\u01b0\u01a1\u0301i \u0111\u00e2\u0301t d\u00f4\u0301c va\u0300 \u0111\u00e2\u0301t chua ch\u00e2u \u00c1 (ASIALAND NETWORK) cu\u0309a T\u00f4\u0309 ch\u01b0\u0301c Nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u va\u0300 Qua\u0309n ly\u0301 \u0110\u00e2\u0301t Qu\u00f4\u0301c t\u00ea\u0301 (IBSRAM, 1991- 2005) v\u01a1\u0301i t\u01b0 ca\u0301ch \u0110i\u00ea\u0300u ph\u00f4\u0301i vi\u00ean phi\u0301a Vi\u00ea\u0323t Nam, la\u0300 di\u0323p \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u0323c thi nh\u01b0\u0303ng y\u0301 t\u01b0\u01a1\u0309ng nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u suy ng\u1eabm \u0111a\u0303 l\u00e2u. Kha\u0309o sa\u0301t va\u0300 so sa\u0301nh ca\u0301c m\u1eabu \u0111\u00e2\u0301t thoa\u0301i ho\u0301a t\u01b0\u0300 kh\u0103\u0301p n\u01a1i \u0111a\u0303 nh\u00e2\u0323n di\u00ea\u0323n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c ca\u0301c \u0111\u0103\u0323c tr\u01b0ng cu\u0309a qua\u0301 tri\u0300nh thoa\u0301i ho\u0301a la\u0300: \u0110\u00e2\u0301t bi\u0323 m\u00e2\u0301t t\u00e2\u0300ng Ao, t\u00e2\u0300ng A1 mo\u0309ng, \u0111\u00e2\u0301t m\u00e2\u0301t c\u00e2\u0301u tru\u0301c tr\u01a1\u0309 n\u00ean ch\u0103\u0323t c\u01b0\u0301ng, th\u00e2\u0301m n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c ke\u0301m, ha\u0323t k\u00ea\u0301t l\u01a1\u0301n (> 1 mm) gia\u0309m \u0111i m\u00f4\u0323t n\u01b0\u0309a va\u0300 \u0111oa\u0300n la\u0323p d\u00ea\u0303 bi\u0323 ra\u0303 trong n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c. \u0110o\u0301 la\u0300 do ca\u0301c li\u00ean k\u00ea\u0301t C-R2O3 qua\u0301 nhi\u00ea\u0300u la\u0300m cho \u0111\u00e2\u0301t bi\u0323 keo tu\u0323 r\u0103\u0301n ch\u0103\u0301c khi m\u00e2\u0301t n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c, nh\u01b0ng la\u0323i tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nha\u0303o khi g\u0103\u0323p n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c. H\u00ea\u0323 qua\u0309 la\u0300 \u0111\u00f4\u0323 \u00e2\u0309m c\u00e2y he\u0301o t\u0103ng l\u00ean ke\u0301o theo \u0111\u00f4\u0323 \u00e2\u0309m h\u01b0\u0303u hi\u00ea\u0323u gia\u0309m. Suy gia\u0309m mu\u0300n va\u0300 \u0111a\u0323m la\u0300 d\u00e2\u0301u hi\u00ea\u0323u r\u00f5 nh\u00e2\u0301t trong \u0111\u00e2\u0301t thoa\u0301i ho\u0301a. Th\u01b0\u0323c t\u00ea\u0301 la\u0300 sau khi khai hoang 30 \u2013 35 n\u0103m, t\u00f4\u0309ng s\u00f4\u0301 mu\u0300n (C%) trong ca\u0301c \u0111\u00e2\u0301t gia\u0309m t\u01a1\u0301i 45 \u2013 60%, ma\u0300 chu\u0309 y\u00ea\u0301u do bi\u0323 tr\u00f4i \u01a1\u0309 th\u00ea\u0309 di \u0111\u00f4\u0323ng li\u00ean k\u00ea\u0301t h\u01a1\u0300 v\u01a1\u0301i R2O3. Kim loa\u0323i ki\u00ea\u0300m bi\u0323 r\u01b0\u0309a ma\u0323nh la\u0300m \u0111\u00e2\u0301t chua, pHKCl gia\u0309m 0,5 \u0111\u00ea\u0301n 1,0 \u0111\u01a1n vi\u0323; CEC gia\u0309m t\u01b0\u0300 28 me xu\u00f4\u0301ng 13 me\/100 g \u0111\u00e2\u0301t ch\u1ec9 sau 15 n\u0103m. T\u1ef7 l\u00ea\u0323 \u0111o\u0301ng go\u0301p cu\u0309a ph\u00e2\u0300n h\u01b0\u0303u c\u01a1 trong CEC gia\u0309m d\u1eabn \u0111\u00ea\u0301n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u0323c c\u00f4\u0301 \u0111i\u0323nh l\u00e2n t\u0103ng vo\u0323t t\u01b0\u0300 300 \u2013 400 ppm l\u00ean tr\u00ean 1.000 ppm. Khi m\u00e2\u0301t 1% C thi\u0300 c\u00f4\u0301 \u0111i\u0323nh l\u00e2n t\u0103ng th\u00eam t\u01a1\u0301i 50 ppm P t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0\u0301ng v\u01a1\u0301i ha\u0300ng tr\u0103m t\u00e2\u0301n l\u00e2n\/ha. N\u00ea\u0301u ca\u0309i ta\u0323o \u0111\u00e2\u0301t b\u0103\u0300ng bo\u0301n ph\u00e2n thi\u0300 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2\u0301y \u0111\u00e2u ra v\u00f4i, l\u00e2n bo\u0301n cho \u0111u\u0309, ma\u0300 c\u00e2\u0300n pha\u0309i ta\u0301c \u0111\u00f4\u0323ng va\u0300o ca\u0301c \u0111i\u00ea\u0300u ki\u00ea\u0323n g\u00e2y ra thoa\u0301i ho\u0301a. \u00dd t\u01b0\u01a1\u0309ng \u00e2\u0301y \u0111a\u0303 d\u1eabn \u00f4ng \u0111\u00ea\u0301n ca\u0301c nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u \u01b0\u0301ng du\u0323ng va\u0300 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u00ea\u0301 xu\u00e2\u0301t la\u0300m ru\u00f4\u0323ng b\u00e2\u0323c thang d\u00e2\u0300n thay vi\u0300 ru\u00f4\u0323ng b\u00e2\u0323c thang la\u0300m nhanh b\u0103\u0300ng c\u01a1 gi\u01a1\u0301i; gi\u01b0\u0303 tha\u0309m co\u0309, phu\u0309 \u0111\u00e2\u0301t, tr\u00f4\u0300ng xen, ta\u0323o b\u00f4\u0300n quanh ta\u0301n c\u00e2y \u2013 nh\u01b0\u0303ng bi\u00ea\u0323n pha\u0301p \u0111\u01a1n gia\u0309n ma\u0300 hi\u00ea\u0323u qua\u0309. V\u00ea\u0300 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng pha\u0301p nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u01a1\u0309 t\u00f4\u0309ng h\u01a1\u0323p ca\u0301c k\u00ea\u0301t qua\u0309 thu \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c \u00f4ng \u0111a\u0303 \u0111\u00ea\u0300 xu\u00e2\u0301t \u201cKhung \u0111a\u0301nh gia\u0301 s\u01b0\u0309 du\u0323ng \u0111\u00e2\u0301t b\u00ea\u0300n v\u01b0\u0303ng\u201d cho \u0111\u00ea\u0301n nay v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c s\u01b0\u0309 du\u0323ng cho \u0111\u00e2\u0301t d\u00f4\u0301c. Ca\u0301c k\u00ea\u0301t qua\u0309 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c c\u00f4ng b\u00f4\u0301 trong ca\u0301c Tuy\u00ea\u0309n t\u00e2\u0323p cu\u0309a T\u00f4\u0309 ch\u01b0\u0301c Nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u va\u0300 Qua\u0309n ly\u0301 \u0111\u00e2\u0301t Qu\u00f4\u0301c t\u00ea\u0301 (IBSRAM, 1991-2007).<\/span><\/p>\n 5. Tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea5t: <\/em><\/span>T\u01b0\u0300 kha\u0301i ni\u00ea\u0323m c\u01a1 ba\u0309n \u201c\u0111\u00e2\u0301t kha\u0301c v\u01a1\u0301i \u0111a\u0301 b\u00f4\u0323t \u01a1\u0309 ch\u1ed7 co\u0301 thu\u00f4\u0323c ti\u0301nh phi\u0300 nhi\u00eau nh\u01a1\u0300 co\u0301 m\u0103\u0323t cacbon\u201d, \u00f4ng li\u00ean tu\u0323c nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u v\u00ea\u0300 ch\u00e2\u0301t h\u01b0\u0303u c\u01a1 va\u0300 qua\u0301 tri\u0300nh mu\u0300n ho\u0301a trong \u0111\u00e2\u0301t Vi\u00ea\u0323t Nam va\u0300 \u0111i \u0111\u00ea\u0301n nh\u00e2\u0323n \u0111i\u0323nh \u201cBa\u0309n ch\u00e2\u0301t cu\u0309a thoa\u0301i ho\u0301a \u0111\u00e2\u0301t la\u0300 suy thoa\u0301i ch\u00e2\u0301t h\u01b0\u0303u c\u01a1 trong \u0111\u00e2\u0301t\u201d. \u0110\u00e2\u0301t Vi\u00ea\u0323t Nam co\u0301 t\u00f4\u0301c \u0111\u00f4\u0323 khoa\u0301ng ho\u0301a r\u00e2\u0301t nhanh va\u0300 ti\u0301ch lu\u0303y mu\u0300n r\u00e2\u0301t ke\u0301m, vi\u0300 v\u00e2\u0323y c\u00e2\u0300n b\u00f4\u0309 sung ngu\u00f4\u0300n h\u01b0\u0303u c\u01a1 li\u00ean tu\u0323c \u0111\u00ea\u0309 duy tri\u0300 c\u00e2n b\u0103\u0300ng \u0111\u00f4\u0323ng theo chu tri\u0300nh \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c go\u0323i la\u0300 \u201ctu\u00e2\u0300n hoa\u0300n ch\u00e2\u0301t h\u01b0\u0303u c\u01a1\u201d. H\u01a1\u0323p ch\u00e2\u0301t h\u01b0\u0303u c\u01a1 r\u00e2\u0301t gi\u00e2\u0300u ca\u0301c nho\u0301m ch\u01b0\u0301c co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 chelat ho\u0301a ca\u0301c kim loa\u0323i n\u0103\u0323ng \u0111\u00f4\u0323c ha\u0323i, gia\u0309m c\u00f4\u0301 \u0111i\u0323nh l\u00e2n. M\u00f4\u0323t s\u00f4\u0301 ta\u0300n d\u01b0 c\u00e2y tr\u00f4\u0300ng la\u0323i gi\u00e2\u0300u N, K, Ca va\u0300 Mg. \u0110i\u00ea\u0300u \u0111o\u0301 gia\u0309i thi\u0301ch ta\u0323i sao C co\u0301 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u01a1\u0301i h\u00e2\u0300u h\u00ea\u0301t ca\u0301c ch\u1ec9 s\u00f4\u0301 \u0111\u00f4\u0323 phi\u0300 nhi\u00eau. \u00d4ng \u0111a\u0303 \u0111i \u0111\u00ea\u0301n nh\u01b0\u0303ng \u0111\u00ea\u0300 xu\u00e2\u0301t th\u01b0\u0323c t\u00ea\u0301 nh\u01b0: cho\u0323n c\u00e2y ph\u00e2n xanh thi\u0301ch h\u01a1\u0323p \u0111\u00ea\u0309 tr\u00f4\u0300ng xen tha\u0300nh b\u0103ng ch\u0103\u0301n v\u01b0\u0300a gi\u01b0\u0303 \u0111\u00e2\u0301t v\u01b0\u0300a ta\u0323o ch\u00e2\u0301t mu\u0300n; tra\u0309 la\u0323i mo\u0323i ta\u0300n d\u01b0 c\u00e2y co\u0309 tr\u00ean n\u01b0\u01a1ng; sa\u0309n xu\u00e2\u0301t sinh kh\u00f4\u0301i ta\u0323i ch\u1ed7; bo\u0301n ph\u00e2n n\u01b0\u0309a hoai mu\u0323c; phu\u0309 \u0111\u00e2\u0301t, tu\u0309 g\u00f4\u0301c, v.v. V\u01a1\u0301i ca\u0300 ph\u00ea tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2\u0301t bazan, gia\u0309i pha\u0301p na\u0300y co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 ti\u00ea\u0301t ki\u00ea\u0323m t\u01a1\u0301i 1\/3 ph\u00e2n khoa\u0301ng. Trong t\u00e2\u0323p \u0111oa\u0300n ph\u00e2n xanh ba\u0309n \u0111i\u0323a thi\u0300 ca\u0301c loa\u0323i mu\u00f4\u0300ng, c\u00f4\u0301t khi\u0301 va\u0300 \u0111\u00e2\u0323u m\u00e8o \u00f4ng nh\u00e2\u0323p t\u01b0\u0300 Tha\u0301i Lan to\u0309 ra la\u0300 thi\u0301ch h\u01a1\u0323p h\u01a1n ca\u0309. \u00d4ng ki\u00ean tri\u0300 quan \u0111i\u00ea\u0309m bo\u0301n ph\u00e2n la\u0300 m\u00f4\u0323t gia\u0309i pha\u0301p \u0111i\u00ea\u0300u ch\u1ec9nh m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0300ng \u0111\u00e2\u0301t ch\u01b0\u0301 kh\u00f4ng pha\u0309i \u0111\u01a1n thu\u00e2\u0300n la\u0300 b\u00f4\u0309 sung ch\u00e2\u0301t dinh d\u01b0\u01a1\u0303ng thi\u00ea\u0301u hu\u0323t. Pha\u0309i ta\u0323o \u0111i\u00ea\u0300u ki\u00ea\u0323n \u0111\u00ea\u0309 cho b\u00f4\u0323 r\u00ea\u0303 khai tha\u0301c t\u00f4\u0301i \u0111a dinh d\u01b0\u01a1\u0303ng s\u1eb5n co\u0301 trong \u0111\u00e2\u0301t. K\u00ea\u0301t qua\u0309 nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u cu\u0303ng kh\u0103\u0309ng \u0111i\u0323nh kh\u00f4ng loa\u0323i ph\u00e2n na\u0300o, h\u01b0\u0303u c\u01a1 hay ho\u0301a ho\u0323c, co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 thay th\u00ea\u0301 hoa\u0300n toa\u0300n cho nhau, co\u0301 nh\u01b0 v\u00e2\u0323y n\u0103ng su\u00e2\u0301t m\u01a1\u0301i \u00f4\u0309n \u0111i\u0323nh, \u0111\u00f4\u0323 phi\u0300 nhi\u00eau \u0111\u00e2\u0301t m\u01a1\u0301i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c duy tri\u0300 va\u0300 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0300ng tra\u0301nh bi\u0323 \u00f4 nhi\u00ea\u0303m. <\/span><\/p>\n 6. Bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng:<\/span><\/em> N\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c ta kh\u00f4ng co\u0301 mo\u0309 kali n\u00ean loa\u0323i ph\u00e2n na\u0300y pha\u0309i nh\u00e2\u0323p hoa\u0300n toa\u0300n, \u0111a\u0323m cu\u0303ng pha\u0309i mua ph\u00e2\u0300n l\u01a1\u0301n, co\u0300n ph\u00e2n l\u00e2n thi\u0300 \u0111a\u0303 khai tha\u0301c g\u00e2\u0300n h\u00ea\u0301t. Th\u01b0\u0323c tra\u0323ng \u0111o\u0301 th\u00f4i thu\u0301c \u00f4ng nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u n\u00e2ng cao hi\u00ea\u0323u su\u00e2\u0301t ph\u00e2n bo\u0301n v\u01a1\u0301i ca\u0301ch ti\u00ea\u0301p c\u00e2\u0323n qua\u0309n ly\u0301 t\u00f4\u0309ng h\u01a1\u0323p dinh d\u01b0\u01a1\u0303ng c\u00e2y tr\u00f4\u0300ng. Hi\u00ea\u0323u qua\u0309 ph\u00e2n khoa\u0301ng th\u00e2\u0301p tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c h\u00ea\u0301t la\u0300 do \u0111\u00e2\u0301t ngh\u00e8o mu\u0300n, kha\u0309 n\u0103ng gi\u01b0\u0303 ph\u00e2n ke\u0301m va\u0300 bo\u0301n m\u00e2\u0301t c\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4\u0301i gi\u01b0\u0303a ca\u0301c y\u00ea\u0301u t\u00f4\u0301. Ph\u00e2n \u0111a\u0323m ch\u1ec9 pha\u0301t huy hi\u00ea\u0323u l\u01b0\u0323c khi bo\u0301n c\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4\u0301i v\u01a1\u0301i l\u00e2n va\u0300 kali. \u0110\u00e2\u0301t gi\u00e2\u0300u s\u0103\u0301t, nh\u00f4m co\u0301 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u0323c gi\u01b0\u0303 ch\u0103\u0323t P r\u00e2\u0301t l\u01a1\u0301n, P d\u00ea\u0303 ti\u00eau c\u01b0\u0323c k\u1ef3 ngh\u00e8o, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00ea\u0309 kh\u0103\u0301c phu\u0323c ch\u1ec9 b\u0103\u0300ng bo\u0301n ph\u00e2n l\u00e2n ma\u0300 c\u00e2\u0300n la\u0300m gi\u00e2\u0300u mu\u0300n, bo\u0301n ph\u00e2n l\u00e2n la\u0300m nhi\u00ea\u0300u l\u00e2\u0300n, l\u01b0\u01a1\u0323ng nho\u0309 h\u1ed7n h\u01a1\u0323p v\u01a1\u0301i ph\u00e2n h\u01b0\u0303u c\u01a1 m\u01a1\u0301i co\u0301 hi\u00ea\u0323u qua\u0309. Ph\u00e2\u0300n l\u01a1\u0301n \u0111\u00e2\u0301t chua, nh\u01b0ng trung ho\u0300a \u0111\u00f4\u0323 chua b\u0103\u0300ng v\u00f4i la\u0300 kh\u00f4ng kha\u0309 thi, ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean bo\u0301n l\u01b0\u01a1\u0323ng v\u00f4i nho\u0309 va\u0300o vu\u0300ng r\u00ea\u0303 \u0111\u00ea\u0309 cung c\u00e2\u0301p Ca va\u0300 xu\u0301c ti\u00ea\u0301n hoa\u0323t \u0111\u00f4\u0323ng vi sinh v\u00e2\u0323t. Kha\u0309o sa\u0301t \u0111a\u0303 pha\u0301t hi\u00ea\u0323n r\u0103\u0300ng ngu\u00f4\u0300n kali sinh ho\u0323c trong c\u00e2y co\u0309 r\u00e2\u0301t nhi\u00ea\u0300u va\u0300 t\u00e2\u0323n du\u0323ng ngu\u00f4\u0300n na\u0300y \u0111a\u0303 ti\u00ea\u0301t ki\u00ea\u0323m \u0111a\u0301ng k\u00ea\u0309 ph\u00e2n kali nh\u00e2\u0323p n\u00f4\u0323i. Cung \u01b0\u0301ng ca\u0301c loa\u0323i ph\u00e2n t\u00f4\u0309ng h\u01a1\u0323p, nhi\u00ea\u0300u tha\u0300nh ph\u00e2\u0300n, t\u1ef7 l\u00ea\u0323 c\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4\u0301i ca\u0301c ch\u00e2\u0301t dinh d\u01b0\u01a1\u0303ng va\u0300 ph\u00f4\u0301i tr\u00f4\u0323n s\u1eb5n h\u01b0\u0303u c\u01a1-khoa\u0301ng la\u0300 h\u01b0\u01a1\u0301ng sa\u0309n xu\u00e2\u0301t ph\u00e2n bo\u0301n ma\u0300 \u00f4ng ki\u00ean tri\u0300 \u0111\u00ea\u0300 xu\u00e2\u0301t va\u0300 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c \u0111o\u0301n nh\u00e2\u0323n.<\/span><\/p>\n 7. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng – ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p cacbon th\u1ea5p:<\/span><\/em>C\u00e2\u0323p nh\u00e2\u0323t v\u01a1\u0301i ca\u0301c th\u00f4ng tin qu\u00f4\u0301c t\u00ea\u0301 cho \u00f4ng ca\u0301i nhi\u0300n kh\u00f4ng ha\u0323n ch\u00ea\u0301 trong sa\u0309n xu\u00e2\u0301t s\u01a1 c\u00e2\u0301p ma\u0300 \u0111i xa h\u01a1n th\u00ea\u0301 x\u00e2y d\u01b0\u0323ng m\u00f4\u0323t n\u00ea\u0300n n\u00f4ng nghi\u00ea\u0323p ca\u0301cbon th\u00e2\u0301p go\u0301p ph\u00e2\u0300n ti\u00ea\u0301n t\u01a1\u0301i m\u00f4\u0323t n\u00ea\u0300n kinh t\u00ea\u0301 cacbon th\u00e2\u0301p. N\u00f4ng nghi\u00ea\u0323p cu\u0309a n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c ta co\u0301 s\u01b0\u0301 m\u00ea\u0323nh cao ca\u0309 la\u0300 ba\u0309o \u0111a\u0309m l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u0323c, nh\u01b0ng cu\u0303ng la\u0300 nga\u0300nh pha\u0301t tha\u0309i l\u01a1\u0301n (36 \u2013 43% t\u00f4\u0309ng l\u01b0\u01a1\u0323ng pha\u0301t tha\u0309i khi\u0301 nha\u0300 ki\u0301nh chu\u0309 y\u00ea\u0301u t\u01b0\u0300 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i va\u0300 tr\u00f4\u0300ng lu\u0301a). Trong ca\u0301c d\u01b0\u0323 a\u0301n ma\u0300 \u00f4ng phu\u0323 tra\u0301ch ho\u0103\u0323c la\u0300m t\u01b0 v\u00e2\u0301n, \u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m t\u00f4\u0309ng k\u00ea\u0301t vi\u00ea\u0323c s\u01b0\u0309 du\u0323ng hi\u00ea\u0323u qua\u0309 sinh kh\u00f4\u0301i cho n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u01a1\u0323ng sinh ho\u0323c va\u0300 an toa\u0300n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u0323c, canh ta\u0301c lu\u0301a ca\u0309i ti\u00ea\u0301n, pha\u0301t tri\u00ea\u0309n khi\u0301 sinh ho\u0323c, x\u00e2y d\u01b0\u0323ng ca\u0301c vu\u0300ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u00ea\u0323p an toa\u0300n, nh\u01b0\u0303ng kinh nghi\u00ea\u0323m v\u00ea\u0300 \u0111a da\u0323ng ho\u0301a n\u00f4ng nghi\u00ea\u0323p, \u0111a da\u0323ng ho\u0301a n\u00f4ng sa\u0309n, th\u01b0\u0323c ha\u0300nh sa\u0309n xu\u00e2\u0301t t\u00f4\u0301t. <\/span><\/p>\n Ngoa\u0300i ca\u0301c c\u00f4ng tri\u0300nh khoa ho\u0323c k\u00ea\u0309 tr\u00ean, \u00f4ng co\u0300n la\u0300 \u0111\u00f4\u0300ng ta\u0301c gia\u0309 cu\u0309a nh\u01b0\u0303ng c\u00f4ng tri\u0300nh: C\u1ea9m nang ng\u00e0nh L\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p, 2006; \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea5t mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng cao \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, 2002; C\u00e2y ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, 2002; T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Th\u1ed5 nh\u01b0\u1ee1ng Anh-Vi\u1ec7t, 2001; T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Anh-Vi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00f9ng cao, 2001; \u0110\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam, 2000; Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh Gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng, 2000; \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u2013 Tho\u00e1i ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3\u00ec, 1999; Canh t\u00e1c b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t d\u1ed1c \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, 1998; Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 Ph\u00e2n bo\u0301n, 1976.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n GI\u1edaI THI\u1ec6U V\u00c0 TRUY\u1ec0N \u0110\u1ea0T TRI TH\u1ee8C N\u00d4NG NGHI\u1ec6P B\u1ea2N \u0110\u1ecaA V\u00c0 HI\u1ec6N \u0110\u1ea0I<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Chuy\u00ea\u0309n giao c\u00f4ng ngh\u00ea\u0323, truy\u00ea\u0300n ba\u0301 ki\u00ea\u0301n th\u01b0\u0301c truy\u00ea\u0300n th\u00f4\u0301ng va\u0300 gi\u01a1\u0301i thi\u00ea\u0323u ca\u0301c v\u00e2\u0301n \u0111\u00ea\u0300 m\u01a1\u0301i v\u00ea\u0300 khoa ho\u0323c n\u00f4ng nghi\u00ea\u0323p lu\u00f4n la\u0300 ni\u00ea\u0300m say m\u00ea cu\u0309a GS.TS Nguy\u00ea\u0303n T\u01b0\u0309 Si\u00eam th\u00ea\u0309 hi\u00ea\u0323n trong ca\u0301c sa\u0301ch chuy\u00ean kha\u0309o va\u0300 h\u01a1n 150 ba\u0300i ba\u0301o chuy\u00ean kha\u0309o va\u0300 ph\u00f4\u0309 bi\u00ea\u0301n khoa ho\u0323c \u0111\u0103ng ta\u0309i \u01a1\u0309 trong va\u0300 ngoa\u0300i n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c va\u0300 th\u01b0\u01a1\u0300ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c tri\u0301ch d\u1eabn tham kha\u0309o. Tuy kh\u00f4ng pha\u0309i gia\u0309ng vi\u00ean c\u01a1 h\u01b0\u0303u, \u00f4ng lu\u00f4n da\u0300nh th\u01a1\u0300i gian thi\u0301ch \u0111a\u0301ng cho vi\u00ea\u0323c \u0111a\u0300o ta\u0323o ca\u0301c chuy\u00ean gia tre\u0309. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c \u0111a\u0300o ta\u0323o ba\u0300i ba\u0309n, co\u0301 kinh nghi\u00ea\u0323m th\u01b0\u0323c t\u00ea\u0301 va\u0300 bi\u00ea\u0301t ngoa\u0323i ng\u01b0\u0303, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c m\u01a1\u0300i tham gia vi\u00ea\u0301t va\u0300 th\u00e2\u0309m \u0111i\u0323nh gia\u0301o tri\u0300nh tr\u00ean \u0111a\u0323i ho\u0323c, soa\u0323n t\u01b0\u0300 \u0111i\u00ea\u0309n chuy\u00ean nga\u0300nh. \u00d4ng cu\u0303ng la\u0300 gia\u0301o vi\u00ean th\u1ec9nh gia\u0309ng \u01a1\u0309 nhi\u00ea\u0300u trung t\u00e2m \u0111a\u0300o ta\u0323o. Ba\u0300i gia\u0309ng cu\u0309a \u00f4ng du\u0300 tr\u00ean gia\u0309ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0300ng hay cho n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n lu\u00f4n co\u0301 s\u01b0\u0301c cu\u00f4\u0301n hu\u0301t. Nhi\u00ea\u0300u ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c \u00f4ng \u0111a\u0300o ta\u0323o \u0111a\u0303 tr\u01a1\u0309 tha\u0300nh chuy\u00ean gia ta\u0300i n\u0103ng hay ca\u0301n b\u00f4\u0323 qua\u0309n ly\u0301 co\u0301 uy ti\u0301n. Sau khi ngh\u1ec9 h\u01b0u \u00f4ng ti\u00ea\u0301p tu\u0323c \u0111em hi\u00ea\u0309u bi\u00ea\u0301t cu\u0309a mi\u0300nh t\u01b0 v\u00e2\u0301n cho ca\u0301c d\u01b0\u0323 a\u0301n pha\u0301t tri\u00ea\u0309n n\u00f4ng nghi\u00ea\u0323p, n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u01a1\u0301i t\u01b0 ca\u0301ch chuy\u00ean gia trong n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c ho\u0103\u0323c chuy\u00ean gia qu\u00f4\u0301c t\u00ea\u0301. Trong th\u01a1\u0300i gian 2013-2015, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c B\u00f4\u0323 Ngoa\u0323i giao Canada tuy\u00ea\u0309n la\u0300m C\u00f4\u0301 v\u00e2\u0301n tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0309ng k\u1ef9 thu\u00e2\u0323t qu\u00f4\u0301c t\u00ea\u0301 cho d\u01b0\u0323 a\u0301n Pha\u0301t tri\u00ea\u0309n N\u00f4ng nghi\u00ea\u0323p do Canada ta\u0300i tr\u01a1\u0323. Ca\u0301c d\u01b0\u0323 a\u0301n h\u01a1\u0323p ta\u0301c n\u00f4ng nghi\u00ea\u0323p v\u01a1\u0301i Senegal tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c \u0111\u00e2y hay Sudan v\u01b0\u0300a qua \u00f4ng \u0111\u00ea\u0300u tham gia nhi\u00ea\u0323t tha\u0300nh va\u0300 \u0111\u00ea\u0309 la\u0323i d\u00e2\u0301u \u00e2\u0301n t\u00f4\u0301t \u0111\u1eb9p. Va\u0300o nh\u01b0\u0303ng nga\u0300y na\u0300y \u00f4ng v\u1eabn mi\u00ea\u0323t ma\u0300i cu\u0300ng ca\u0301c \u0111\u00f4\u0300ng nghi\u00ea\u0323p cu\u0309a Vi\u00ea\u0323n Ha\u0300n l\u00e2m Khoa ho\u0323c Xa\u0303 h\u00f4\u0323i Vi\u00ea\u0323t Nam tri\u00ea\u0309n khai ca\u0301c nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u pha\u0301t tri\u00ea\u0309n trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u0300nh Qu\u00f4\u0301c gia giai \u0111oa\u0323n 3 v\u00ea\u0300 vu\u0300ng T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean, nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u m\u00f4 hi\u0300nh Ca\u0301nh \u0111\u00f4\u0300ng l\u01a1\u0301n, th\u00ea\u0309 ch\u00ea\u0301 chi\u0301nh sa\u0301ch vu\u0300ng cho T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean va\u0300 T\u00e2y Nam B\u00f4\u0323. Hi\u00ea\u0323n nay, GS Nguy\u00ea\u0303n T\u01b0\u0309 Si\u00eam \u0111ang gi\u01b0\u0303 c\u01b0\u01a1ng vi\u0323 Tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0309ng ban N\u00f4ng nghi\u00ea\u0323p \u2013 Thu\u0309y l\u01a1\u0323i trong Ban soa\u0323n tha\u0309o Ba\u0301ch khoa Toa\u0300n th\u01b0 Vi\u00ea\u0323t Nam \u2013 m\u00f4\u0323t c\u00f4ng tri\u0300nh c\u00e2\u0323p nh\u00e2\u0323t ca\u0301c gia\u0301 tri\u0323 v\u0103n ho\u0301a va\u0300 tri\u0301 tu\u00ea\u0323 Vi\u00ea\u0323t. <\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Trong n\u1eeda h\u01a1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u, GS.TS Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1eed Si\u00eam \u0111\u00e3 may m\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4ng tham gia nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1ng t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o, song h\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p, chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi b\u00e0 con n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m vui \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, n\u1ec1n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh cao c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 cung \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf xanh s\u1ea1ch, m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong l\u00e0nh. \u0110\u00e3 15 n\u0103m sau tu\u1ed5i ngh\u1ec9 h\u01b0u \u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed chuy\u00ean gia trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c C\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n tr\u01b0\u1edfng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 vanhoavietbooks – B\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch “T\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m khoa h\u1ecdc<\/a>” t\u1eadp 14<\/span><\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ebook358.com\/public\/news-img-content\/images\/3(25).jpg?w=750\")
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