{"id":700,"date":"2017-07-03T16:53:14","date_gmt":"2017-07-03T15:53:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/short\/?p=700"},"modified":"2017-07-03T16:53:15","modified_gmt":"2017-07-03T15:53:15","slug":"einstein-va-bergson-cuoc-tranh-luan-lam-thay-doi-nhan-thuc-ve-thoi-gian","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/short\/2017\/07\/03\/einstein-va-bergson-cuoc-tranh-luan-lam-thay-doi-nhan-thuc-ve-thoi-gian\/","title":{"rendered":"Einstein v\u00e0 Bergson – Cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

LTS: B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch t\u1eeb ba ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u201cNh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia: Einstein, Bergson v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian\u201d (2015) c\u1ee7a Jimena Canales, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ilinois Ubarna Champaign. Vi\u1ec7c Tia S\u00e1ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u1ed9i dung quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a NXB Princeton University Press v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

\n

\"\"<\/a>
\nL\u00fd do Einstein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u00ec \u201cnh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng quang \u0111i\u1ec7n\u201d thay v\u00ec thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Bergson. \u1ea2nh: Einstein nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i Nobel n\u0103m 1921. Ngu\u1ed3n: Albert Einstein Archives \/ Princeton University Press.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y m\u00f9ng 6 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1922, Einstein \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u00f4ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd qu\u00ean. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tri\u1ebft gia n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3: k\u00fd \u1ee9c, linh c\u1ea3m, k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n. Cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt th\u00e2n m\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 mong \u0111\u1ee3i. Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia \u0111\u00e3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00e1i chi\u1ec1u, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 xung kh\u1eafc nhau, trong c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian. T\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p \u2013 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Ph\u00e1p \u2013 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nhau tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc.\u00a0\u201cCu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa tri\u1ebft gia v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. N\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t v\u1edf k\u1ecbch. Cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u t\u1eeb m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u s\u1ebd c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn trong su\u1ed1t ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7.<\/p>\n

Tri\u1ebft gia \u1ea5y t\u00ean l\u00e0 Henri Bergson. Trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i, uy t\u00edn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ng\u00e0y nay l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng [so v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc]. Bergson \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi Socrates, Copernicus, Kant, Simon Bol\u00edvar, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi Don Juan. Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc John Dewey, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng M\u1ef9, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd r\u1eb1ng \u201ckh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f9ng b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Bergson.\u201d William James, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1n\u00a0Creative Evolution (1907)\u00a0(S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o) c\u1ee7a Bergson l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p m\u00e0u th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1\u201d, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u \u201cs\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean m\u1edbi\u201d.\u00a0 V\u1edbi James,\u00a0Matter and Memory (1896)\u00a0(V\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 K\u00fd \u1ee9c) [m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Bergson] \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra \u201cm\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ki\u1ec3u Copernic, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u2018Principles\u2019\u00a0(C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd) c\u1ee7a Berkeley hay\u00a0\u2018Critique\u2019\u00a0(Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n) c\u1ee7a Kant.\u201d Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Jean Wahl c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201cn\u1ebfu\u00a0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau\u00a0 c\u1ea7u\u00a0 n\u00eau\u00a0 t\u00ean b\u1ed1n\u00a0 tri\u1ebft gia v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t, th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng: Socrates, Plato \u2013 g\u1ed9p hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u2013 Descartes, Kant v\u00e0 Bergson.\u201d<\/p>\n

Danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Bergson \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nguy h\u1ea1i sau khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi ch\u00e0ng trai tr\u1ebb. Nh\u01b0ng Einstein c\u0169ng v\u1eady. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i cho \u00f4ng. V\u00e0i th\u00e1ng sau, gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho Einstein kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u2013 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i danh ti\u1ebfng cho \u00f4ng. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho \u00f4ng \u201cb\u1edfi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Einstein v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng quang \u0111i\u1ec7n\u201d \u2013 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean cho tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u1edf m\u1ee9c m\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb1ng sau quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a Bergson \u1edf Paris ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e9t gi\u1ea3i Nobel gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u201ch\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1ea5y,\u201d nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng. T\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec b\u00ed m\u1eadt l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Bergson \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u1edf Paris.\u201d Bergson \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u201c\u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn\u201d h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u2013 v\u00e0 do v\u1eady n\u00f3 \u201cv\u1ed1n d\u0129 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc.\u201d<\/p>\n

L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf Einstein v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf Paris. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u01a1i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1ecb so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft gia n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. Trong b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Einstein v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t b\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ec9nh. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng quang \u0111i\u1ec7n, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c mang l\u1ea1i cho \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng, m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u2013 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u00f4ng l\u00ean v\u1ecb th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng khi \u1ea5y v\u1eabn \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t nghi v\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Bergson c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi trao gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c cho tri\u1ebft gia, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p huy ho\u00e0ng nh\u1edd ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ec9 qua l\u0103ng k\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 v\u00e0 ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u th\u1eddi gian theo ki\u1ec3u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u00ec \u00fd \u00f4ng ta l\u00e0 g\u00ec? H\u00f3a ra, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Bergson c\u0169ng g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Einstein v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o c\u00e1i ng\u00e0y \u201cth\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\u201d khi hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eb7p nhau, Bergson \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 \u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd tr\u00e1nh. Cho t\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea5y, nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn h\u01a1n Einstein r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i trong kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eeda gi\u1edd. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p x\u1ea5c x\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u00e9p ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u. \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f2n Einstein h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0i, Ng\u00e0i Einstein \u1ea1,\u201d \u00f4ng n\u00f3i. Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u00f4ng vang l\u00ean kh\u1eafp ph\u00f2ng. \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ee9 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng Bergson \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft r\u1ed3i,\u201d-\u00a0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, h\u1ecda s\u0129 Wyndham Lewis gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u2013 \u201cnh\u01b0ng thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 thay v\u1eeba m\u1edbi n\u00eau ra \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u00f4ng \u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i.\u201d<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i sau kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t ph\u00fat \u2013 trong ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00f3i ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tr\u00edch d\u1eabn: \u201cCh\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ea3\u201d1<\/sup>. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi th\u1eadt khi\u00eau kh\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Einstein n\u00f3i sau \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i h\u00f4m \u1ea5y c\u00f2n g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i h\u01a1n n\u1eefa: \u201cCh\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u1eddi gian kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian t\u00e2m l\u00fd.\u201d Ngay t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 Einstein \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf m\u00e0n cho cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn qua vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian: hi\u1ec3u theo ki\u1ec3u v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u theo ki\u1ec3u t\u00e2m l\u00fd. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 Einstein \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp, hai c\u00e1ch chi\u00eam nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i. V\u1edbi Einstein, ch\u00fang th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e0i h\u01a1n \u2013 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hai l\u0103ng k\u00ednh ch\u00ednh ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian trong su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i. Vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian do Einstein ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m Bergson ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9. Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft h\u1eb3n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Einstein.\u00a0L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta [Einstein] l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t m\u1edb tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc si\u00eau h\u00ecnh c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p v\u00e0o khoa h\u1ecdc, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc,\u201d Bergson vi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

Einstein \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng Bergson \u0111\u00e3 thua trong cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd tr\u1ebb. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Bergson m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i ch\u00fang xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3. V\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Bergson \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a \u201ct\u00ednh duy l\u00fd\u201d tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u201ctr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c\u201d. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m khi c\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n theo k\u1ecbp c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1edfi ch\u00fang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ecd n\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c. Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1m coi l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang. Do v\u1eady b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u201cs\u1ef1 tho\u00e1i tr\u00e0o sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Bergson v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i \u2013 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i\u201d.\u00a0 Quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0, sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc suy t\u00e0n d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda b\u1edfi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111ang l\u00ean c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng n\u00e0y chi ph\u1ed1i h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian trong su\u1ed1t n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i. Nh\u1edd Einstein, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u201cb\u1ecb ph\u1ebf tru\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cao ng\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3\u201d, r\u01a1i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng \u201cni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi\u201d c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb \u201clo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf\u201d v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n sau khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u201cxua tan gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u1ecfi t\u00e2m tr\u00ed ch\u00fang ta\u201d. Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng, \u201ct\u1ef1 th\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng gian, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n th\u1eddi gian\u201d l\u00e0 hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cb\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tan khu\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bergson, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, l\u1ea1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng Th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u00e1nh c\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2013 v\u00e0 \u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ki\u1ec3u Darwin t\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n hay v\u1eadt l\u00fd. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y khi \u0111\u1ebfm x\u1ec9a t\u1edbi, Bergson th\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ebft hoa thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef th\u1eddi gian. \u00d4ng g\u1eafn n\u00f3 v\u1edbi\u00a0\u00e9lan vital,\u00a0m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i th\u00e0nh \u201cvital impulse\u201d (\u0111\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng).\u00a0\u0110\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, xen l\u1eabn nhau xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 mang t\u1edbi cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng d\u00e2ng l\u00ean, n\u1ea3y sinh ra nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd, v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o hi\u1ec3u th\u1ea5u h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Bergson l\u00ean v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y \u1edf Gertrude Stein, T. S. Elliot, Virginia Woolf, William Faulkner, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 v\u0103n kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9t g\u1eaby, xo\u1eafn v\u1eb7n, xoay v\u00f2ng trong gi\u1ecdng tr\u1ea7n thu\u1eadt n\u01a1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

\u201cV\u1eady, th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 g\u00ec\u201d, th\u00e1nh Augustine \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi trong\u00a0Confessions\u00a0(T\u1ef1 th\u00fa) c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian. Ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec l\u1ea1i tr\u1ef1c quan h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea3: \u201cN\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ai h\u1ecfi t\u00f4i, th\u00ec t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft; nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec c\u1ea3.\u201d Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u ch\u1eef n\u00e0y, vi\u1ebft \u1edf B\u1eafc Phi\u00a0\u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 397-398, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 mang t\u00ednh ti\u00ean tri c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u 1500 n\u0103m sau. Satosi Watanabe, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp b\u01b0\u1edbc Bergson trung th\u00e0nh nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: \u201cQuan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y [c\u1ee7a Augustine], sau m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, v\u1eabn th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n quan \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc.\u201d C\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i khi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u1eddi gian\u00a0c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 hai.<\/p>\n

Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o tu\u1ed5i ba m\u01b0\u01a1i, Bergson \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. \u201cC\u00e1i th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd,\u201d \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, \u201cc\u00e1i th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng b\u1eb1ng nhau,\u00a0c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bergson th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a Einstein qua \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n sai l\u1ea1c. Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed5i t\u1ea1i sao ai \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u \u0111\u1ebfn, theo ki\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u1ea5y tr\u00f9ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi gi\u1edd ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i sao Einstein l\u1ea1i\u00a0c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. Bergson t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n cho t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u1edf c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u00ec sao c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u. N\u1ebfu kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u00ec \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0o c\u1ea3.\u201d \u00f4ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn. Ph\u1ea3i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mua \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u201c\u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 m\u1ea5y gi\u1edd,\u201d Bergson th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng \u201cbi\u1ebft b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 m\u1ea5y gi\u1edd\u201d \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa s\u1ed1 gi\u1edd ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cs\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra\u201d\u00a0c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong cu\u1ed9c n\u00ean khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd l\u01b0u t\u00e2m t\u1edbi n\u00f3. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta \u2013\u00a0 trong khi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i.T\u1ef1 th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u1eabn th\u1eddi gian, \u00f4ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua vi\u1ec7c kh\u1edbp m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o c\u1ea3:<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n m\u00e1y m\u00f3c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta t\u1ef1 mua vui b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch so s\u00e1nh ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nhau; ch\u00fang s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n; n\u00f3i ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00ec ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00fang\u00a0 ch\u1ee9\u00a0 ch\u1eb3ng\u00a0v\u00ec\u00a0ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u00fang s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t l\u00fd do t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00ec nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec anh ta ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m di\u1ec5n ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Bergson l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Einstein c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201cd\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u\u201d \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh dung t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. \u201cCh\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 v\u00ec\u201d kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Einstein \u201cgi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u00e0y, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi mang t\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c quan c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta\u201d \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Einstein khi\u1ebfn ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd, b\u1edfi ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1ec1 tnh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi mang t\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c quan c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ni\u1ec1m tin tr\u1ef1c quan n\u00e0y, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Einstein ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Bergson \u0111\u00e3 chi\u00eam nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 gi\u00fap l\u01b0u \u00fd v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh n\u00f3. Quay l\u1ea1i n\u0103m 1889, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng coi nh\u1eb9 n\u00f3: \u201cKhi m\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta d\u00f5i theo b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y kim t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 l\u1eafc, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian, nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129; t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c.\u201d C\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 k\u00ec l\u1ea1, c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o trong hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i g\u1eafn cho \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady: t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta mua n\u00f3, t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3, v\u00e0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i lu\u00f4n di\u1ec5n ra quanh ch\u00fang ta, nh\u01b0ng \u2013 th\u1eadt ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd \u2013 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p vai tr\u00f2 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ngay c\u1ea3 trong thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a (theo c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Herbert Spencer) c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n sinh c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u1edbi qua s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u0169. L\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edd \u0111i s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n,\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3\u00a0kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edbi: \u201cTa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng trong th\u1eddi gian tr\u1ef1c c\u1ea3m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i.\u201d \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn m\u00e0 Bergson m\u00f4 t\u1ea3? Bergson \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 \u1ea5y. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 qua nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u00f3. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ren\u00e9 Descartes, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 \u0111ang g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nguy hi\u1ec3m. Einstein, nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp b\u01b0\u1edbc Descartes m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng. Bergson \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00e2u n\u00f3i qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft: \u201cEinstein l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i Descartes.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bergson ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng Einstein ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng hi\u1ec3u \u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u00f4ng gi\u00e3i b\u00e0y v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n r\u1eb1ng Einstein kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u00f4ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u201cc\u1eadu ta kh\u00f4ng quen v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p n\u1eefa.\u201d\u00a0 Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 l\u1ebd Einstein c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u201c\u0111\u1ecdc cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i\u201d, [m\u00e0 anh ta] ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u201cnh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y hay kia, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 hi\u1ec3u t\u00f4i, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u00f4i, th\u00ec v\u1eabn ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.\u201d<\/p>\n

Trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn, Einstein \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 g\u00ec trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian. \u0110\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t cho tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. \u00d4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, \u0111\u01b0a ra hai l\u1ed1i suy ngh\u0129 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian, th\u1eddi gian t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Th\u1eddi gian t\u00e2m l\u00fd l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, trong khi th\u1eddi gian v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. Th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ebb nh\u1ea1t, thi\u1ebfu ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn, hay nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nho nh\u1ecf v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1eddi gian t\u00e2m l\u00fd. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111o th\u1eddi gian, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi gian theo c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian theo \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd.\u00a0V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 khi \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eadt k\u00fd c\u1ee7a Franz Kafka, ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ri\u00eang t\u01b0 \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u1ea5y, m\u1ed9t \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i\u201d th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i\u201d.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c nhau qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi gian theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ea5t chu\u1ea9n th\u1eddi gian \u0103n s\u00e1ng, tr\u01b0a v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a hai s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c. Nh\u01b0ng\u00a0 khi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c nhanh th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang n\u1eefa. Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 trong v\u00f2ng cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua ng\u1ef1a), sai s\u00f3t trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng; t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi qua nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u00e2m l\u00fd kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. Trong m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1edfi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n x\u1ea3y ra g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang [nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian] l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

Theo Einstein, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan gi\u1eefa t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd. \u201cT\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng, th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac v\u1eeba l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u1eeba l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian v\u1eadt l\u00fd,\u201d \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u1edf Paris. Nh\u01b0ng qua vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1eddi gian theo t\u00e2m l\u00fd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Einstein nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian theo t\u00e2m l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3.\u00a0\u201cCh\u00fang ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac trong tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy logic m\u00e0 th\u00f4i\u201d. V\u00ec t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u201cm\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 sai l\u1ea7m \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang l\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Einstein \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a sai l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y. Thay v\u00ec tin v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ed3ng l\u1ea5n gi\u1eefa nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1eddi gian theo t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd (m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t trong hai \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u00edt ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n c\u00e1i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i), \u00f4ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang l\u00e0 hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t: m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tinh th\u1ea7n (nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c theo t\u00e2m l\u00fd),\u00a0ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201ckh\u00e1ch quan\u201d: th\u1eddi gian v\u1eadt l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Bergson v\u00e0 Einstein \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1eddi gian theo ki\u1ec3u t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 theo ki\u1ec3u v\u1eadt l\u00fd, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng suy lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u1edbi Einstein, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, \u201cth\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian theo ki\u1ec3u t\u00e2m l\u00fd l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd.\u201d Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi Bergson, b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u2013 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c nhau \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00fa v\u1ecb h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1edd \u0111i vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Duy Kh\u00e1nh <\/em><\/strong>d\u1ecbch
\n——-
\n1<\/sup> Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n:\u00a0Il n\u2019y a donc pas\u00a0 un temps des philosophes. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u c\u00e2u v\u0103n n\u00e0y theo ngh\u0129a \u201ckh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian ki\u1ec3u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 t\u00f4i v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ecdn\u00a0hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Source: Einstein v\u00e0 Bergson – Cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

LTS: B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch t\u1eeb ba ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u201cNh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia: Einstein, Bergson v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian\u201d (2015) c\u1ee7a<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false},"categories":[330],"tags":[147,563,564,565,566],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p8jhJx-bi","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/short\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/700"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/short\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/short\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/short\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/short\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=700"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/short\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/700\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/short\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=700"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/short\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=700"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/short\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=700"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}